Epidermal Microfluidic Electrochemical Detection System: Enhanced Sweat Sampling and Metabolite Detection
Abstract
Despite tremendous recent efforts, noninvasive sweat monitoring is still far from delivering its early analytical promise. Here, we describe a flexible epidermal microfluidic detection platform fabricated through hybridization of lithographic and screen-printed technologies, for efficient and fast sweat sampling and continuous, real-time electrochemical monitoring of glucose and lactate levels. This soft, skin-mounted device judiciously merges lab-on-a-chip and electrochemical detection technologies, integrated with a miniaturized flexible electronic board for real-time wireless data transmission to a mobile device. Modeling of the device design and sweat flow conditions allowed optimization of the sampling process and the microchannel layout for achieving attractive fluid dynamics and rapid filling of the detection reservoir (within 8 min from starting exercise). The wearable microdevice thus enabled efficient natural sweat pumping to the electrochemical detection chamber containing the enzyme-modified electrode transducers. The fabricated device can be easily mounted on the epidermis without hindrance to the wearer and displays resiliency against continuous mechanical deformation expected from such epidermal wear. Amperometric biosensing of lactate and glucose from the rapidly generated sweat, using the corresponding immobilized oxidase enzymes, was wirelessly monitored during cycling activity of different healthy subjects. This ability to monitor sweat glucose levels introduces new possibilities for effective diabetes management, while similar lactate monitoring paves the way for new wearable fitness applications. The new epidermal microfluidic electrochemical detection strategy represents an attractive alternative to recently reported colorimetric sweat-monitoring methods, and hence holds considerable promise for practical fitness or health monitoring applications.
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Most wearable sweat-collecting microfluidic devices used silicone elastomers and lithography approaches for chip fabrication, but the hydrophilic property of these materials is primarily temporal.
“Most wearable sweat‐collecting microfluidic devices used silicone elastomers and lithography approaches for chip fabrication.[ 12 ] However, the hydrophilic property of these materials is primarily temporal.[ 13 ]”
From MicroSweat: A wearable microfluidic patch for noninvasive and reliable sweat collection enables human stress monitoring (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
On-body real-time monitoring with Martín et al.'s device showed an increase in amperometric sweat lactate current signal as the sweat sample entered and filled the detector reservoir.
“The continuous monitoring of the amperometric sweat lactate response from the subjects with the LOX-modified flow detector demonstrated an increase of the current signal as the sweat sample entered and filled the detector reservoir.”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [67]
The trend in measuring glucose levels from eccrine sweat matched that of blood glucose values.
“The trend in measuring glucose levels from eccrine sweat matched that of blood glucose values; however, the need to prevent sample contamination remains the next step for long-term non-invasive glucose measurements utilizing such technology.”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [67]
The same trend was seen when measuring glucose levels using GOX-modified electrodes.
“The same trend was seen when measuring glucose levels using GOX-modified electrodes.”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [67]
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- Authors
- Martín, A., Kim, J., Kurniawan, J. F., Sempionatto, J. R., Moreto, J. R., Tang, G., Campbell, A. S., Shin, A., Lee, M. Y., Liu, X., & Wang, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- San Diego State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Joseph
- ORCID
- Venue
- ACS Sensors
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2017-12-01
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1860-1868
- ISSN
- 2379-3694 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2768468300
- Cited by
- 475
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 26
- FWCI
- 16.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACS Sensors (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HDTRA 1-16-1-0013)
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (216981/2014-0)
- Center of Wearable Sensors, University of California, San Diego
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications
- Keywords
- sweat monitoring, electrochemical biosensing, glucose detection, lactate detection, wearable sensors, flexible electronics, screen-printed electrodes, enzyme electrodes, amperometric sensing, sweat sampling, wireless data transmission, exercise monitoring, diabetes management
- MeSH terms
- Dimethylpolysiloxanes, Enzymes, Immobilized, Epidermis, Glucose, Glucose Oxidase, Humans, Mixed Function Oxygenases, Monitoring, Physiologic, Sweat, Biosensing Techniques, Lactic Acid, Microfluidic Analytical Techniques, Electrochemical Techniques, Lab-On-A-Chip Devices, Limit of Detection
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