Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances in a Cohort of Women Firefighters and Office Workers in San Francisco
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Abstract
Abstract Background Studies in male firefighters have demonstrated increased exposures to carcinogenic compounds and increased rates of certain cancers compared to the general population. Many chemicals related to these occupational exposures have been associated with breast tumor development in animal and human studies, yet, there have been no studies on women firefighters due to their low numbers in most fire departments. To address this data gap, the Women Firefighters Biomonitoring Collaborative (WFBC) created a biological sample archive and analyzed levels of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) among women firefighters and office workers in San Francisco. Methods Active duty women firefighters (n=86) and office workers (n=84) were recruited from the San Francisco Fire Department and the City and County of San Francisco, respectively. Serum samples were collected and analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC MS/MS) to measure and compare PFAS levels between firefighters and office workers. For PFAS congeners detected in at least 70% of our study population, we examined differences in serum PFAS levels controlling for dietary, demographic and other confounders. Among firefighters, we assessed associations between occupational activities and PFAS levels. Results Eight of 12 PFAS congeners were detected at levels above the limit of detection and seven were detected in at least 70% of the study population. Four PFAS were detected in all study participants (PFNA, PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS). In regression models comparing PFAS levels by occupation and adjusting for potential confounders, firefighters had higher geometric mean (GM) concentrations of PFAS compared to office workers: 2.39 (95%CI = 1.64,3.48), 2.32 (95% CI = 1.17,4.62) and 1.26 (95% CI = 0.99, 1.59) times higher for PFHxS, PFUnDA and PFNA, respectively. In analyses limited to firefighters, PFAS levels varied by assigned position in the fire department—firefighters and officers had higher PFNA, PFOA, PFDA, and PFUnDA compared to drivers. Additionally, firefighters who reported having used firefighting foam had higher concentrations of PFOA compared firefighters who reported never having used foam. Conclusion Our study found ubiquitous exposures to PFAS among WFBC participants, with women firefighters exposed to higher levels of some PFAS compared to office workers, suggesting that some of these exposures may be occupationally related.
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Occupational exposure to PFAS in AFFF may present health risks to firefighters.
“Occupational exposure to PFAS in AFFF may also present health risks to firefighters [5,6,7].”
From In-Vitro and In-Silico Assessment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) Binding to Human Serum Albumin (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Trowbridge, J., Gerona, R. R., Lin, T., Rudel, R. A., Bessonneau, V., Buren, H., & Morello-Frosch, R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Silent Spring Institute (US)
- United Fire Service Women (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morello-Frosch, Rachel
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2020-02-26
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 3363-3374
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- PMC
- PMC7244264
- OpenAlex
- W3006980152
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 5.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (R01ES027051)
- California Breast Cancer Research Program (19BB-2900)
- International Association of Firefighters-Local 798
- San Francisco Firefighter Cancer Prevention Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Performance
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- perfluorinated compounds, PFAS exposure, women firefighters, occupational exposure, office workers, serum PFAS levels, PFHxS, perfluoroundecanoic acid, PFNA, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorodecanoic acid, firefighter health, San Francisco
- MeSH terms
- Chromatography, Liquid, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Male, San Francisco, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Firefighters
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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