Cited by 1,333Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchWater Treatment and DisinfectionChemical Analysis and Environmental Impact

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Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, and Wastewater Treatment Plants

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Hu, Xindi C., Andrews, David Q., Lindstrom, Andrew B., Bruton, Thomas A., Schaider, Laurel A., Grandjean, Philippe, Lohmann, Rainer, Carignan, Courtney C., Blum, Arlene, Balan, Simona A., Higgins, Christopher P., Sunderland, Elsie M.·2016·Environmental Science & Technology Letters

DOI 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00260PMC PMC5062567

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Abstract

Drinking water contamination with poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) poses risks to the developmental, immune, metabolic, and endocrine health of consumers. We present a spatial analysis of 2013-2015 national drinking water PFAS concentrations from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (US EPA) third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR3) program. The number of industrial sites that manufacture or use these compounds, the number of military fire training areas, and the number of wastewater treatment plants are all significant predictors of PFAS detection frequencies and concentrations in public water supplies. Among samples with detectable PFAS levels, each additional military site within a watershed's eight-digit hydrologic unit is associated with a 20% increase in PFHxS, a 10% increase in both PFHpA and PFOA, and a 35% increase in PFOS. The number of civilian airports with personnel trained in the use of aqueous film-forming foams is significantly associated with the detection of PFASs above the minimal reporting level. We find drinking water supplies for 6 million U.S. residents exceed US EPA's lifetime health advisory (70 ng/L) for PFOS and PFOA. Lower analytical reporting limits and additional sampling of smaller utilities serving <10000 individuals and private wells would greatly assist in further identifying PFAS contamination sources.

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Self-citation

Authors: Hu, X. C., Andrews, D. Q., Lindstrom, A. B., Bruton, T. A., Schaider, L. A., Grandjean, P., Lohmann, R., Carignan, C. C., Blum, A., Balan, S. A., Higgins, C. P., & Sunderland, E. M.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Environmental Working Group , ,
Environmental Protection Agency (US)
University of California, Berkeley (US)
Silent Spring Institute (US)
University of Rhode Island (US)
California Department of Toxic Substances Control , 1001 I Street , , , (Formerly at the Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94705, United States)
Colorado School of Mines (US)
Corresponding author: Hu, Xindi C.
ORCID: Hu, Xindi C.
Andrews, David Q.
Lindstrom, Andrew B.
Bruton, Thomas A.
Schaider, Laurel A.
Grandjean, Philippe
Lohmann, Rainer
Carignan, Courtney C.
Blum, Arlene
Higgins, Christopher P.
Sunderland, Elsie M.
Venue: Environmental Science & Technology Letters
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2016-08-09
Volume: 3
Issue: 10
Pages: 344-350
ISSN: 2328-8930 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00260
PMC: PMC5062567
OpenAlex: W2497102241
Cited by: 1,333
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 142 · 2025: 188 · 2024: 171 · 2023: 159 · 2022: 168 · 2021: 157 · 2020: 136 · 2019: 89 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 8
FWCI: 45.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: other-oa
pubs.acs.org/page/policy/authorchoice_termsofuse.html (vor)
Locations: Environmental Science & Technology Letters (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Journal of Media Literacy Education (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P42 ES004705)
Richard and Susan Smith Family Foundation (NA)
Superfund Research Center, University of California (NA)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Chemical Analysis and Environmental Impact
Keywords: PFAS, perfluorinated compounds, drinking water contamination, PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFHxS, PFHpA, industrial site, wastewater treatment plants, aqueous film-forming foam, airports, spatial analysis, hydrologic units, public water supply

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Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, and Wastewater Treatment Plants

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