Selective Electrochemical Production of Formate from Carbon Dioxide with Bismuth-Based Catalysts in an Aqueous Electrolyte
Abstract
For the efficient electroconversion of CO 2 to formate, CO and H 2 evolution must be suppressed. Herein, carbon-supported BiO x nanoparticles (BiO x /C) were investigated as a potential candidate for CO 2 reduction. In bicarbonate solutions, the BiO x /C catalysts exhibited a high Faradaic efficiency of 93.4% for formate from −1.37 to −1.70 V versus Ag/AgCl with a negligible amount of CO and H 2 . Stable partial current densities and high Faradaic efficiencies were also achieved in 0.5 M NaCl (12.5 mA cm –2 and 96.0%, respectively). The possible reaction pathways and kinetic parameters of formate formation were examined using systematic electrochemical methods, including Tafel, pH dependence, and in situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure analyses. From the results of these mechanistic studies, we propose that dual mechanisms are functional on the BiO x /C catalysts. Specifically, a two-electron and one-proton transfer reaction to adsorbed CO 2 or a chemical proton transfer reaction to CO 2 – anion are the possible rate-determining steps (RDSs) at low potentials, whereas a one-electron transfer reaction to CO 2 is the RDS at high potentials.
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To drive CO2RR and OER, a minimum voltage of 1.9 V is required.
“To drive CO 2 RR and OER, a minimum voltage of 1.9 V is required.”
From Advances in Blue Energy Fuels: Harvesting Energy from Ocean for Self‐Powered Electrolysis (2025) · cites this paper as [230]
The wave-energy-driven CO2RR system underwent field testing with a demonstration using four spherical TENGs.
“Furthermore, the wave-energy-driven CO 2 RR system underwent field testing with a demonstration using four spherical TENGs (Figure 5m).”
From Advances in Blue Energy Fuels: Harvesting Energy from Ocean for Self‐Powered Electrolysis (2025) · cites this paper as [230]
The TENG charges the capacitor up to 3.9 V for electrochemical power generation, yielding formic acid production at a rate of 0.067 μmol per 0.57 mg cm-2.
“Therefore, the TENG charges the capacitor up to 3.9 V for electrochemical power generation, yielding formic acid production at a rate of 0.067 μmol per 0.57 mg cm -2 , respectively (Figure 5l).”
From Advances in Blue Energy Fuels: Harvesting Energy from Ocean for Self‐Powered Electrolysis (2025) · cites this paper as [230]
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- Authors
- Lee, C. W., Hong, J. S., Yang, K. D., Jin, K., Lee, J. H., Ahn, H.-Y., Seo, H., Sung, N.-E., & Nam, K. T.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Nam, Ki Tae
- Venue
- ACS Catalysis
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2018-01-05
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 931-937
- ISSN
- 2155-5435 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2777166726
- Cited by
- 228
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 15
- FWCI
- 6.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACS Catalysis (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of Korea (2011-0031571)
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA2386-15-1-4019)
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (2E00000)
- Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Process Chemistry and Technology › Carbon dioxide utilization in catalysis
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques
- Keywords
- CO2 reduction, formate production, bismuth oxide nanoparticles, selective electrocatalysis, bicarbonate electrolyte, Faradaic efficiency, reaction mechanism, rate-determining step, proton transfer, in situ XANES
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