Novel perspectives on the bioaccumulation of PFCs–the concentration dependency
Abstract
The effects of exposure concentration on the bioaccumulation of four perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs): perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluoroocanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), was investigated using green mussels, Perna viridis. Mussels were exposed to concentrations of 1 μgL(-1) and 10 μgL(-1) of each PFC for 56 days, and the bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were found to range from 15 to 859 L/kg and from 12 to 473 L/kg at 1 μgL(-1) and 10 μgL(-1), respectively. For all compounds, the BAF was larger at the lower dosage. Results suggest that the bioaccumulation of PFCs is concentration dependent. This concentration dependency can be explained by a nonlinear adsorption mechanism, which was further supported by the experimental results. The sensitivity of BAF to exposure concentration was found to be positively related to perfluorinated chain length and the binding affinity of the compounds. Bioaccumulation of long chain carboxylates and sulfonates are more easily affected by concentration changes. The validity of the conventional kinetic method was examined by comparing the results with the fundamental steady-state method: in addition to the above-mentioned batch test, mussels were also subject to 24-day exposure (1 μgL(-1) and 10 μgL(-1)) followed by 24-day depuration. Contradictions were found in the resulting kinetic BAF and model curving fittings. A new kinetic model based on adsorption mechanism was proposed, which potentially provide more accurate description of the bioaccumulation process of PFCs.
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Even for the same species and same compound there may not be a universal value for bioaccumulation factors.
“Consequently, even for the same species and same com pound there may not be a universal value for bioaccumulation factors (Liu et al., 2011)”
From Strong bioaccumulation of a wide variety of PFAS in a contaminated terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem (2025) · cites this paper as Liu et al., 2011
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Liu, C., Gin, K. Y. H., Chang, V. W. C., Goh, B. P. L., & Reinhard, M.
- Affiliations
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- National Institute of Education (SG)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chang, Victor W. C.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2011-10-11
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 9758-9764
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2321243316
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 9.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- perfluorinated compounds, bioaccumulation, bioaccumulation factor, PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorodecanoic acid, Perna viridis, nonlinear sorption, adsorption kinetics, chain length, binding affinity, steady-state method, depuration, kinetic model
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Decanoic Acids, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Perna
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