Perfluorochemicals in water reuse

Plumlee, Megan H.; Larabee, Jeannine; Reinhard, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.057

Cited by 138Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchWastewater Treatment and ReusePharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts

Perfluorochemicals in water reuse

Plumlee, Megan H., Larabee, Jeannine, Reinhard, Martin·2008·Chemosphere

DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.057

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Abstract

Faced with freshwater shortages, water authorities are increasingly utilizing wastewater reclamation to augment supplies. However, concerns over emerging trace contaminants that persist through wastewater treatment need to be addressed to evaluate potential risks. In the present study, perfluorinated surfactant residues were characterized in recycled water from four California wastewater treatment plants that employ tertiary treatment and one that treats primary sewage in a wetland constructed for both treatment and wildlife habitat. Effluent concentrations were compared with surface and groundwater from a creek where recycled water was evaluated as a potential means to augment flow (Upper Silver and Coyote Creeks, San Jose, CA). In the recycled water, 90-470 ng/l perfluorochemicals were detected, predominantly perfluorooctanoate (PFOA; 10-190 ng/l) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS; 20-190 ng/l). No significant removal of perfluorochemicals was observed in the wetland (total concentration ranged 100-170ng/l across various treatment stages); in this case, 2-(N-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamido) acetic acid (N-EtFOSAA), perfluorodecanesulfonate (PFDS), and PFOS were dominant. Though there is currently no wastewater discharge into the creeks, perfluorochemicals were found in the surface water and underlying groundwater at a total of 20-150 ng/l with PFOS and PFOA again making the largest contribution. With respect to ecotoxicological effects, perfluorochemical release via recycled water into sensitive ecosystems requires evaluation.

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Sources of PFAS in surface waters of Upper Silver and Coyote Creeks were attributed to urban runoff and atmospheric deposition.
“The sources of PFAS in surface waters were attributed to urban runoff and atmospheric deposition.”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Plumlee et al., 2008
PFOA and PFOS were detected in recycled water from five California WWTPs at concentrations of 10-190 ng/L and 20-190 ng/L, respectively.
“Both PFOA and PFOS were detected in recycled water at concentrations ranging from 10 to 190 ng L−1 and 20–190 ng L−1, respectively.”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Plumlee et al., 2008
Stream samples from Upper Silver and Coyote Creeks contained PFOA and PFOS at concentrations of 8-36 ng/L and 5-56 ng/L, respectively.
“Although wastewater was not being discharged, the stream samples collected from the Upper Silver and Coyote Creeks nevertheless contained PFOA and PFOS at concentrations of 8–36 ng L−1 and 5–56 ng L−1, respectively.”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Plumlee et al., 2008
Groundwater samples near Upper Silver and Coyote Creeks contained PFOA and PFOS at concentrations of ND-18 ng/L and 19-87 ng/L, respectively.
“Groundwater samples that were taken from near the creeks also contained PFOA and PFOS at concentrations ranging from ND – 18 ng L−1 and 19–87 ng L−1, respectively.”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Plumlee et al., 2008

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Authors: Plumlee, M. H., Larabee, J., & Reinhard, M.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author: Reinhard, Martin
ORCID: Plumlee, Megan H.
Reinhard, Martin
Venue: Chemosphere
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-08
Volume: 72
Issue: 10
Pages: 1541-1547
ISSN: 0045-6535 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.057
OpenAlex: W2136590395
Cited by: 138
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 5.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Chemosphere (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Keywords: perfluorochemicals, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, water reuse, reclaimed water, advanced wastewater treatment, constructed wetlands, trace contaminants, groundwater contamination, surface water contamination, flow enhancement, ecotoxicological risk, San Jose, California
MeSH terms: California, Caprylates, Conservation of Natural Resources, Fluorocarbons, Geography, Sulfonic Acids, United States, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Supply, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Water Purification, Wetlands

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Perfluorochemicals in water reuse

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