The way forward in biochar research: targeting trade‐offs between the potential wins
Open accessAbstract
Biochar application to soil is currently widely advocated for a variety of reasons related to sustainability. Typically, soil amelioration with biochar is presented as a multiple‐‘win’ strategy, although it is also associated with potential risks such as environmental contamination. The most often claimed benefits of biochar (i.e. the ‘wins’) include (i) carbon sequestration; (ii) soil fertility enhancement; (iii) biofuel/bioenergy production; (iv) pollutant immobilization; and (v) waste disposal. However, the vast majority of studies ignore possible trade‐offs between them. For example, there is an obvious trade‐off between maximizing biofuel production and maximizing biochar production. Also, relatively little attention has been paid to mechanisms, as opposed to systems impacts, behind observed biochar effects, often leaving open the question as to whether they reflect truly unique properties of biochar as opposed to being simply the short‐term consequences of a fertilization or liming effect. Here, we provide an outline for the future of soil biochar research. We first identify possible trade‐offs between the potential benefits. Second, to be able to better understand and quantify these trade‐offs, we propose guidelines for robust experimental design and selection of appropriate controls that allow both mechanistic and systems assessment of biochar effects and trade‐offs between the wins. Third, we offer a conceptual framework to guide future experiments and suggest guidelines for the standardized reporting of biochar experiments to allow effective between‐site comparisons to quantify trade‐offs. Such a mechanistic and systems framework is required to allow effective comparisons between experiments, across scales and locations, to guide policy and recommendations concerning biochar application to soil.
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Conversion of forest residues to biochar in pellet form helps capture carbon from the environment and store it in the soil, thus reducing CO2 in the atmosphere, in addition to increasing soil productivity and enhancing soil carbon.
“Conversion of forest residues to biochar in the pellet form also helps to capture carbon from the environment and store it in the soil, thus reducing CO 2 in the atmosphere, in addition to increasing soil productivity and enhancing soil carbon [2,10].”
From Lifecycle Assessment and Techno-Economic Analysis of Biochar Pellet Production from Forest Residues and Field Application (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
The ‘Climate change mitigation vs. soil fertility’ section says biochar can sequester carbon in soil for extended periods and reports increased soil fertility, though fertility effects are highly variable. It does not establish these benefits specifically for biochar pellets made from forest residues, and it describes climate mitigation as a potential rather than a guaranteed reduction in atmospheric CO₂. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Biochar in climate change mitigation
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Self-citationBiochar boosts tropical but not temperate crop yields
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Biochar from commercially cultivated seaweed for soil amelioration
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Changes in soil nutrient availability explain biochar's impact on wheat root development
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Biochar for Soil Improvement: Evaluation of Biochar from Gasification and Slow Pyrolysis
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Phytolith‐rich biochar: A potential Si fertilizer in desilicated soils
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Biochar in the Agroecosystem–Climate-Change–Sustainability Nexus
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Treatment of sites contaminated with perfluorinated compounds using biochar amendment
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Sustainable Approach and Safe Use of Biochar and Its Possible Consequences
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Biochar increased soil respiration in temperate forests but had no effects in subtropical forests
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Emission of CO 2 from biochar‐amended soils and implications for soil organic carbon
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Chemically and biologically-mediated fertilizing value of manure-derived biochar
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Biochar Application Alleviated Negative Plant-Soil Feedback by Modifying Soil Microbiome
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Self-citationResponse of plant and soil microbes to biochar amendment of an arsenic-contaminated soil
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Self-citationBIOCHARS IN SOILS: TOWARDS THE REQUIRED LEVEL OF SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING
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Biochar: a potential route for recycling of phosphorus in agricultural residues
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Relative influence of soil- vs. biochar properties on soil phosphorus retention
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The effect of biochar management on soil and plant community properties in a boreal forest
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Self-citationEffects of biochar and crop straws on the bioavailability of cadmium in contaminated soil
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Biochar supply‐chain and challenges to commercialization
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A model for mechanistic and system assessments of biochar effects on soils and crops and trade‐offs
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Good for sewage treatment and good for agriculture: Algal based compost and biochar
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Biochar and crushed straw additions affect cadmium absorption in cassava-peanut intercropping system
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“Conversion of forest residues to biochar in the pellet form also helps to capture carbon from the environment and store it in the soil, thus reducing CO2 in the atmosphere, in addition to increasing soil productivity and enhancing soil carbon [2,10].”
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Gasifier as a cleaner cooking system in rural Kenya
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van de Voorde, T. F. J., Bezemer, Т. M., van Groenigen, J. W., Jeffery, S., & Mommer, L. (2014) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/13-0578.1 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationBiochars in soils: new insights and emerging research needs
VERHEIJEN, F. G. A., Graber, E. R., Ameloot, N., Bastos, A. C., Sohi, S., & Knicker, H. (2014) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/ejss.12127 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationGe, X., Cao, Y., Zhou, B., Wang, X., Yang, Z., & Li, M. (2019) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.04.021 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Singh, B., Macdonald, L. M., Kookana, R. S., ZWIETEN, L. V., Butler, G., Joseph, S. D., Weatherley, A. J., Kaudal, B. B., Regan, A., Cattle, J., et al. (2014) · Soil Research · doi:10.1071/sr14112 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
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Pyrogenic organic matter effects on soil bacterial community composition
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Biochar Effects on Rice Paddy: Meta-analysis
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- Authors
- Jeffery, S., Bezemer, T. M., Cornelissen, G., Kuyper, T. W., Lehmann, J., Mommer, L., Sohi, S. P., van de Voorde, T. F. J., Wardle, D. A., & van Groenigen, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) PO Box 50 Wageningen 6700 AB The Netherlands
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NO)
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology group Wageningen University PO Box 47 Wageningen 6700 AA The Netherlands
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SE)
- Department of Soil Quality Wageningen University PO BOX 47 Wageningen 6700 AA The Netherlands
- Corresponding author
- Jeffery, Simon
- ORCID
- Venue
- GCB Bioenergy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-12-02
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-13
- ISSN
- 1757-1693 (ISSN-L)
- 1757-1707
- OpenAlex
- W2134207910
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 21
- FWCI
- 35.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- GCB Bioenergy (publishedVersion)
- KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (publishedVersion)
- BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Graduate School Production Ecology and Resource Conservation (PE&RC 12043)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Keywords
- biochar, soil amendment, trade-offs, carbon sequestration, soil fertility, biofuel production, contaminant immobilization, waste disposal, experimental design, standardized reporting, soil contamination
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