Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their application as a soil amendment

Singh, Balwant; Singh, Bhupinder Pal; Cowie, Annette L.

doi:10.1071/sr10058

Cited by 991Soil Carbon and Nitrogen DynamicsThermochemical Biomass Conversion ProcessesAdsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal

Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their application as a soil amendment

Singh, Balwant, Singh, Bhupinder Pal, Cowie, Annette L.·2010·Soil Research

DOI 10.1071/sr10058

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Abstract

Biochar properties can be significantly influenced by feedstock source and pyrolysis conditions; this warrants detailed characterisation of biochars for their application to improve soil fertility and sequester carbon. We characterised 11 biochars, made from 5 feedstocks [Eucalyptus saligna wood (at 400°C and 550°C both with and without steam activation); E. saligna leaves (at 400°C and 550°C with activation); papermill sludge (at 550°C with activation); poultry litter and cow manure (each at 400°C without activation and at 550°C with activation)] using standard or modified soil chemical procedures. Biochar pH values varied from near neutral to highly alkaline. In general, wood biochars had higher total C, lower ash content, lower total N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Al, Na, and Cu contents, and lower potential cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable cations than the manure-based biochars, and the leaf biochars were generally in-between. Papermill sludge biochar had the highest total and exchangeable Ca, CaCO3 equivalence, total Cu, and potential CEC, and the lowest total and exchangeable K. Water-soluble salts were higher in the manure-based biochars, followed by leaf, papermill sludge, and wood biochars. Total As, Cd, Pb, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the biochars were either very low or below detection limits. In general, increase in pyrolysis temperature increased the ash content, pH, and surface basicity and decreased surface acidity. The activation treatment had a little effect on most of the biochar properties. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of whewellite in E. saligna biochars produced at 400°C, and the whewellite was converted to calcite in biochars formed at 550°C. Papermill sludge biochar contained the largest amount of calcite. Water-soluble salts and calcite interfered with surface charge measurements and should be removed before the surface charge measurements of biochar. The biochars used in the study ranged from C-rich to nutrient-rich to lime-rich soil amendment, and these properties could be optimised through feedstock formulation and pyrolysis temperature for tailored soil application.

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Authors: Singh, B., Singh, B. P., & Cowie, A. L.
Affiliations: The University of Sydney (AU)
University of New England (AU)
Corresponding author: Singh, Balwant
Singh, Bhupinder Pal
ORCID: Singh, Balwant
Singh, Bhupinder Pal
Cowie, Annette L.
Venue: Soil Research
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Published: 2010-09-28
Volume: 48
Issue: 7
Pages: 516-525
ISSN: 0004-9573 (ISSN-L)
1838-675X
1838-6768
DOI: 10.1071/sr10058
OpenAlex: W2091489700
Cited by: 991
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 53.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.org/10.1071/journalslicense (vor, 5354 d)
Locations: Soil Research (publishedVersion)
RUNE (Research UNE) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Australian Government
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
Keywords: biochar, soil amendment, pyrolysis temperature, steam activation, Eucalyptus saligna, poultry litter, cattle manure, biochar feedstock, cation exchange capacity, surface charge, soluble salts, calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcite, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, soil fertility, carbon sequestration

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Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their application as a soil amendment

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