The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Carbon Emissions of Infrastructure Development
Abstract
Identifying strategies for reconciling human development and climate change mitigation requires an adequate understanding of how infrastructures contribute to well-being and greenhouse gas emissions. While direct emissions from infrastructure use are well-known, information about indirect emissions from their construction is highly fragmented. Here, we estimated the carbon footprint of the existing global infrastructure stock in 2008, assuming current technologies, to be 122 (-20/+15) Gt CO2. The average per-capita carbon footprint of infrastructures in industrialized countries (53 (± 6) t CO2) was approximately 5 times larger that that of developing countries (10 (± 1) t CO2). A globalization of Western infrastructure stocks using current technologies would cause approximately 350 Gt CO2 from materials production, which corresponds to about 35-60% of the remaining carbon budget available until 2050 if the average temperature increase is to be limited to 2 °C, and could thus compromise the 2 °C target. A promising but poorly explored mitigation option is to build new settlements using less emissions-intensive materials, for example by urban design; however, this strategy is constrained by a lack of bottom-up data on material stocks in infrastructures. Infrastructure development must be considered in post-Kyoto climate change agreements if developing countries are to participate on a fair basis.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
World Population Prospects The 2006 Revision
Zlotnik, H. (2007) · United Nations eBooks · Cited by 7,898
2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
Paustian, K. H., Ravindranath, N. H., & van Amstel, A. R. (2006) · Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling · Cited by 6,706
Climate change 2001: synthesis report
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-4660 · Cited by 5,272
Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2 °C
Meinshausen, M., Meinshausen, N., Hare, W., Raper, S. C. B., Frieler, K., Knutti, R., Frame, D. J., & Allen, M. R. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08017 · Cited by 2,775
Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence
Newman, P. W. G., & Kenworthy, J. R. (1999) · Cited by 2,069
Carbon Footprint of Nations: A Global, Trade-Linked Analysis
Hertwich, E. G., & Peters, G. P. (2009) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es803496a · Cited by 1,715
Growth in emission transfers via international trade from 1990 to 2008
Peters, G. P., Minx, J. C., Weber, C. L., & Edenhofer, O. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1006388108 · Cited by 1,599
C ARBON D IOXIDE E MISSIONS FROM THE G LOBAL C EMENT I NDUSTRY
Worrell, E., Price, L., Martin, N., Hendriks, C., & Meida, L. O. (2001) · Annual Review of Energy and the Environment · doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.303 · Cited by 1,488
Future CO 2 Emissions and Climate Change from Existing Energy Infrastructure
Davis, S. J., Caldeira, K., & Matthews, H. D. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1188566 · Cited by 1,399
Material efficiency: A white paper
Allwood, J. M., Ashby, M. F., Gutowski, T. G., & Worrell, E. (2011) · Resources, Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.11.002 · Cited by 927
The Technology Path to Deep Greenhouse Gas Emissions Cuts by 2050: The Pivotal Role of Electricity
Williams, J. H., DeBenedictis, A., Ghanadan, R., Mahone, A., Moore, J., Morrow, W. R., Price, S., & Torn, M. S. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1208365 · Cited by 831
Trends in global CO2 emissions: 2012 report
Jos, O., Greet, J.-M., & Jeroen, P. (2012) · Joint Research Centre (European Commission) · doi:10.2788/33777 · Cited by 739
Cost and performance of fossil fuel power plants with CO2 capture and storage
Rubin, E. S., Chen, C., & Rao, A. B. (2007) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2007.03.009 · Cited by 717
Energy Technology Perspectives 2008: Scenarios and Strategies to 2050
International Energy Agency (2008) · Energy Technology Perspectives · doi:10.1787/9789264041431-en · Cited by 671
INPUT–OUTPUT ANALYSIS AND CARBON FOOTPRINTING: AN OVERVIEW OF APPLICATIONS
Minx, J. C., Wiedmann, T., Wood, R., Peters, G. P., Lenzen, M., Owen, A., Scott, K., Barrett, J., Hubacek, K., Baiocchi, G., et al. (2009) · Economic Systems Research · doi:10.1080/09535310903541298 · Cited by 542
The eco-city: ten key transport and planning dimensions for sustainable city development
Kenworthy, J. R. (2006) · Environment and Urbanization · doi:10.1177/0956247806063947 · Cited by 540
Options for Achieving a 50% Cut in Industrial Carbon Emissions by 2050
Allwood, J. M., Cullen, J. M., & Milford, R. L. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es902909k · Cited by 490
Methodology for inventorying greenhouse gas emissions from global cities
Kennedy, C., Steinberger, J., Gasson, B., Hansen, Y., Hillman, T., Havránek, M., Pataki, D., Phdungsilp, A., Ramaswami, A., & Mendez, G. V. (2010) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.08.050 · Cited by 467
Post-Kyoto greenhouse gas inventories: production versus consumption
Peters, G. P., & Hertwich, E. G. (2008) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-007-9280-1 · Cited by 452
Energy Technology Perspectives 2012: Pathways to a Clean Energy System
International Energy Agency (2012) · Energy Technology Perspectives · doi:10.1787/energy_tech-2012-en · Cited by 379
Emission database for global atmospheric research (Edgar)
Olivier, J. G. J., Bouwman, A. F., van der Maas, C. W. M., & Berdowski, J. J. M. (1994) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf00547184 · Cited by 333
Stock dynamics and emission pathways of the global aluminium cycle
Liu, G., Bangs, C. E., & Müller, D. B. (2013) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate1698 · Cited by 304
Self-citationInternational Energy Agency (2010) · World Energy Outlook · doi:10.1787/weo-2010-en · Cited by 293
Steel all over the world: Estimating in-use stocks of iron for 200 countries
Pauliuk, S., Wang, T., & Müller, D. B. (2013) · Resources, Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.11.008 · Cited by 279
Self-citationExploring the engine of anthropogenic iron cycles
Müller, D. B., Wang, T., Duval, B., & Graedel, T. E. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0603375103 · Cited by 273
Self-citationMitigating CO 2 emissions from energy use in the world's buildings
Ürge-Vorsatz, D., Harvey, L. D. D., Mirasgedis, S., & Levine, M. (2007) · Building Research & Information · doi:10.1080/09613210701325883 · Cited by 259
The Roles of Energy and Material Efficiency in Meeting Steel Industry CO 2 Targets
Milford, R. L., Pauliuk, S., Allwood, J. M., & Müller, D. B. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es3031424 · Cited by 254
Self-citationThe African Millennium Villages
Sanchez, P., Palm, C. A., Sachs, J. D., Denning, G., Flor, R., Harawa, R., Jama, B., Kiflemariam, T., Konecky, B., Kozar, R., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0700423104 · Cited by 201
Patterns of Iron Use in Societal Evolution
Müller, D. B., Wang, T., & Duval, B. D. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es102273t · Cited by 198
Self-citationUrban Structure and Energy—A Review
Rickwood, P. C., GLAZEBROOK, G., & Searle, G. (2008) · Urban Policy and Research · doi:10.1080/08111140701629886 · Cited by 192
Stock dynamics and emission pathways of the global aluminum cycle
Müller, D. B., Liu, G., & Bangs, C. E. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48763-2_19 · Cited by 108
Self-citationPauliuk, S., Sjöstrand, K., & Müller, D. B. (2013) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00571.x · Cited by 102
Self-citationAn analysis of the embodied energy of office buildings by height
Treloar, G. J., Fay, R. M., Ilozor, B. D., & Love, P. E. D. (2001) · Facilities · doi:10.1108/02632770110387797 · Cited by 101
Energy Technology Transitions for Industry
International Energy Agency (2009) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/9789264068612-en · Cited by 78
Pauliuk, S., Dhaniati, N. M. A., & Müller, D. B. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es201799k · Cited by 60
Self-citationExploring urban mines: pipe length and material stocks in urban water and wastewater networks
Pauliuk, S., Venkatesh, G., Brattebø, H., & Müller, D. B. (2013) · Urban Water Journal · doi:10.1080/1573062x.2013.795234 · Cited by 39
Self-citation
Cited by
Buildings as a global carbon sink
Churkina, G., Organschi, A., Reyer, C. P. O., Ruff, A., Vinke, K., Liu, Z., Reck, B. K., Graedel, T. E., & Schellnhuber, H. J. (2020) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0462-4 · Cited by 1,045
Six research priorities for cities and climate change
Bai, X., Dawson, R. J., Ürge-Vorsatz, D., Delgado, G. C., Salisu Barau, A., Dhakal, S., Dodman, D., Leonardsen, L., Masson-Delmotte, V., Roberts, D. C., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-018-02409-z · Cited by 704
Krausmann, F., Wiedenhofer, D., Lauk, C., Haas, W., Tanikawa, H., Fishman, T., Miatto, A., Schandl, H., & Haberl, H. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1613773114 · Cited by 710
Global scenarios of urban density and its impacts on building energy use through 2050
Güneralp, B., Zhou, Y., Ürge-Vorsatz, D., Gupta, M., Yu, S., Patel, P. L., Fragkias, M., Li, X., & Seto, K. C. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1606035114 · Cited by 543
Krausmann, F., Lauk, C., Haas, W., & Wiedenhofer, D. (2018) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.07.003 · Cited by 404
Metadata
- Authors
- Müller, D. B., Liu, G., Løvik, A. N., Modaresi, R., Pauliuk, S., Steinhoff, F. S., & Brattebø, H.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2013-10-03
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 11739-11746
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2325630218
- Cited by
- 445
- References
- 36
- FWCI
- 11.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
