The DOI matches its Crossref record; 106 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme
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“Plant community ecology and functional ecology (18, 22) have proven useful for understanding global patterns of vegetation.”
From Defining pyromes and global syndromes of fire regimes (2013) · cites this paper as [22]
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Cites
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
EFFECTS OF BIODIVERSITY ON ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: A CONSENSUS OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE
Hooper, D. U., Chapin, F. S., Ewel, J. J., Hector, A., Inchausti, P., Lavorel, S., Lawton, J. H., Lodge, D. M., Loreau, M., Naeem, S., et al. (2005) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/04-0922 · Cited by 8,046
“Defining types based on just a few traits known to affect many functions (such as specific leaf area, plant height, and seed mass; Westoby 1998, Grime 2001) may alleviate this problem, but whether such types yield insights into biodiversity/ecosystem functioning relationships within ecosystems…”
BackgroundNew handbook for standardised measurement of plant functional traits worldwide
Harguindeguy, N. P., Díaz, S. M., Garnier, É., Lavorel, S., Poorter, H., Jaureguiberry, P., Bret-Harte, M. S., Cornwell, W. K., Craine, J. M., Gurvich, D. E., et al. (2013) · Australian Journal of Botany · doi:10.1071/bt12225 · Cited by 4,446
“universally, because they are at the core of the plant life cycle (Grime et al. 1997; Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundA handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide
Cornelissen, J. H. C., Lavorel, S., Garnier, É., Díaz, S. M., Buchmann, N., Gurvich, D. E., Reich, P. B., ter Steege, H., Morgan, H. D., van der Heijden, M. G. A., et al. (2003) · Australian Journal of Botany · doi:10.1071/bt02124 · Cited by 4,081
“References on theory and significance: Beard (1955); Jarvis (1975); Gaudet and Keddy (1988); Niinemets and Kull (1994); Niklas (1994); Gartner (1995); Givnish (1995); Westoby (1998); Gitay et al. (1999); Thomas and Bazzaz (1999); Reich (2000); Grime (2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe world‐wide ‘fast–slow’ plant economics spectrum: a traits manifesto
Reich, P. B. (2014) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12211 · Cited by 4,209
“…and intertwined goals in ecology and evolution are to understand trade-offs that underpin ecological strategies and to identify attributes of species that are responsible for those trade-offs (Raunkiaer 1934; Grime 1979; Chapin 1980; Noble & Slatyer 1980; K€orner 2003; Westoby 1998; Craine 2009).”
BackgroundLavorel, S., & Garnier, E. (2002) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00664.x · Cited by 3,452
“1999), or to capture several response or effect processes with few traits (Weiher et al. 1999; Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundThe global spectrum of plant form and function
Díaz, S., Kattge, J., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Wright, I. J., Lavorel, S., Dray, S., Reu, B., Kleyer, M., Wirth, C., Prentice, I. C., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16489 · Cited by 3,516
Self-citationPlant Ecological Strategies: Some Leading Dimensions of Variation Between Species
Westoby, M., Falster, D. S., Moles, A. T., Vesk, P. A., & Wright, I. J. (2002) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150452 · Cited by 3,063
Self-citationCauses and consequences of variation in leaf mass per area (LMA): a meta‐analysis
Poorter, H., Niinemets, Ü., Poorter, L., Wright, I. J., & Villar, R. (2009) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02830.x · Cited by 3,019
“The LMA plays a central role in various plant strategy schemes (Westoby, 1998; Grime, 2001; Westoby et al., 2002), where it can be considered an index of a species’ position along a continuum between low-LMA species at one end (that realize a fast resource acquisition and growth), and high-LMA species at the other (th…”
BackgroundTRY – a global database of plant traits
KATTGE, J., DÍAZ, S., LAVOREL, S., PRENTICE, I. C., LEADLEY, P., BÖNISCH, G., GARNIER, E., WESTOBY, M., REICH, P. B., WRIGHT, I. J., et al. (2011) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02451.x · Cited by 2,638
“4 Examples of trait frequency distributions for four ecologically relevant traits (Westoby, 1998; Wright et al., 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPlant phenotypic plasticity in a changing climate
Nicotra, A. B., Atkin, O. K., Bonser, S. P., Davidson, A. M., Finnegan, E. J., Mathesius, U., Poot, P., Purugganan, M. D., Richards, C. L., Valladares, F., et al. (2010) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2010.09.008 · Cited by 2,287
“[27,78] B Water use efficiency Carbon gain as a function of water loss.”
Incorporating plant functional diversity effects in ecosystem service assessments
Díaz, S., Lavorel, S., de Bello, F., Quétier, F., Grigulis, K., & Robson, T. M. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0704716104 · Cited by 1,658
The plant traits that drive ecosystems: Evidence from three continents
Díaz, S. M., Hodgson, J., Thompson, K. A., Cabido, M., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Jalili, A., Montserrat‐Martí, G., Grime, J. P., Zarrinkamar, F., Asri, Y., et al. (2004) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02266.x · Cited by 1,632
Ecology of sprouting in woody plants: the persistence niche
Bond, W. J., & Midgley, J. J. (2001) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(00)02033-4 · Cited by 1,507
The Evolution of Plant Functional Variation: Traits, Spectra, and Strategies
Reich, P. B., Wright, I. J., Cavender-Bares, J. M., Craine, J. M., Oleksyn, J., Westoby, M., & Walters, M. B. (2003) · International Journal of Plant Sciences · doi:10.1086/374368 · Cited by 1,502
“A second way traits can come to be correlated across species is by coordination (Westoby 1998; Ackerly and Reich 1999; Shipley and Lechowicz 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPlant trait responses to grazing – a global synthesis
Díaz, S. M., Lavorel, S., McIntyre, S., Falczuk, V., Casanoves, F., Milchunas, D. G., Skarpe, C., Rusch, G. M., Sternberg, M., Noy‐Meir, I., et al. (2006) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01288.x · Cited by 1,240
“Prominent examples of this approach are the models of Grime (1977, 1990, 2001) and Westoby (1998, 1999).”
MethodA global meta‐analysis of the relative extent of intraspecific trait variation in plant communities
Siefert, A., Violle, C., Chalmandrier, L., Albert, C. H., Taudière, A., Fajardo, A., Aarssen, L. W., Baraloto, C., Carlucci, M. B., Cianciaruso, M. V., et al. (2015) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.12508 · Cited by 1,118
“Maximum plant height is considered an important plant strategy indicator that is linked to light acquisition and competitive ability (Westoby 1998; Violle et al. 2009).”
Walker, B., Kinzig, A., & Langridge, J. (1999) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s100219900062 · Cited by 1,062
Challenging Theophrastus: A common core list of plant traits for functional ecology
Weiher, E. R., van der Werf, A., Thompson, K. A., Roderick, M. L., Garnier, É., & Eriksson, O. (1999) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.2307/3237076 · Cited by 1,065
The evolutionary ecology of seed size.
Leishman, M. R., Wright, I. J., Moles, A. T., & Westoby, M. (2000) · CABI Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1079/9780851994321.0031 · Cited by 1,036
Self-citationLand-plant ecology on the basis of functional traits
Westoby, M., & Wright, I. J. (2006) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2006.02.004 · Cited by 1,047
“Opinions vary, but three trait dimensions are now widely accepted as important ([26,27; reviewed in [17]): † A ‘leaf economic spectrum’ [10,28] runs from species with cheaply constructed leaf area but short-duration return on investment, to species with high leaf mass per area (LMA) and long leaf…”
BackgroundSelf-citationPlant functional traits and the multidimensional nature of species coexistence
Kraft, N. J. B., Godoy, Ó., & Levine, J. M. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1413650112 · Cited by 984
Clarke, P. J., Lawes, M. J., Midgley, J. J., Lamont, B. B., Ojeda, F., Burrows, G. E., Enright, N. J., & Knox, K. J. E. (2012) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.12001 · Cited by 952
Specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content as alternative predictors of plant strategies
Wilson, P. J., Thompson, K. A., & Hodgson, J. (1999) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x · Cited by 949
Defining pyromes and global syndromes of fire regimes
Archibald, S., Lehmann, C. E. R., Gómez-Dans, J. L., & Bradstock, R. A. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1211466110 · Cited by 845
Evaluating life‐history strategies of reef corals from species traits
Darling, E. S., Álvarez‐Filip, L., Oliver, T. A., McClanahan, T. R., & Côté, I. M. (2012) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01861.x · Cited by 819
“The next step may be to simplify the assignment of species to conceptual strategies described by multiple traits by defining the axes of life-history variation using single traits (e.g. the leaf–height–seed strategy; Westoby 1998), which can allow for even more direct global comparisons across species.”
BackgroundInfluentialA standardized protocol for the determination of specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content
Garnier, É., Shipley, B., Roumet, C., & Laurent, G. (2001) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00563.x · Cited by 776
Corrigendum to : New handbook for standardised measurement of plant functional traits worldwide
Harguindeguy, N. P., Díaz, S., Garnier, É., Lavorel, S., Poorter, H., Jaureguiberry, P., Bret-Harte, M. S., Cornwell, W. K., Craine, J. M., Gurvich, D. E., et al. (2016) · Australian Journal of Botany · doi:10.1071/bt12225_co · Cited by 814
ARE FUNCTIONAL TRAITS GOOD PREDICTORS OF DEMOGRAPHIC RATES? EVIDENCE FROM FIVE NEOTROPICAL FORESTS
Poorter, L., Wright, S. J., Paz, H., Ackerly, D. D., Condit, R., Ibarra‐Manríquez, G., Harms, K. E., Licona, J. C., Martı́nez-Ramos, M., Mazer, S. J., et al. (2008) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/07-0207.1 · Cited by 765
Cadotte, M. W., Cavender-Bares, J. M., Tilman, D. G., & Oakley, T. H. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005695 · Cited by 747
Lavorel, S., Grigulis, K., Lamarque, P., Colace, M., Garden, D. L., Girel, J., Pellet, G., & Douzet, R. (2010) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01753.x · Cited by 720
“This would be achieved by using knowledge on associations and trade-offs among traits as captured by plant strategy schemes (Grime 1977; Westoby 1998) and trait spectra analyses (Diaz et al. 2004; Wright et al. 2004; Chave et al. 2009).”
BackgroundIntraspecific variability and trait‐based community assembly
Jung, V., Violle, C., Mondy, C. P., Hoffmann, L., & Müller, S. (2010) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01687.x · Cited by 695
“SLA and height are key plant functional traits reflecting the trade-off between resource capture and conservation (Westoby 1998;Wright et al. 2004).”
BackgroundEvidence of the ‘plant economics spectrum’ in a subarctic flora
Freschet, G. T., Cornelissen, J. H. C., van Logtestijn, R. S. P., & Aerts, R. (2009) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01615.x · Cited by 662
“…traits, mostly allometric and regenerative traits, have previously been integrated into well-known strategy schemes (e.g. Grime et al. 1997; Westoby 1998; Craine et al. 2001; Ackerly 2004; Dı́az et al. 2004), and leaf traits were found to be the strongest representatives of the resource…”
BackgroundA global meta-analysis of the relative extent of intraspecific trait variation in plant communities
Siefert, A., Violle, C., Chalmandrier, L., Albert, C. H., Taudière, A., Fajardo, A., Aarssen, L. W., Baraloto, C., Carlucci, M. B., Cianciaruso, M. V., et al. (2015) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.5167/uzh-123320 · Cited by 632
Plants and climate change: complexities and surprises
Parmesan, C., & Hanley, M. E. (2015) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcv169 · Cited by 653
“Yet while more sophisticated groupings based on strictly defined sets of readily quantifiable traits have been available for decades (Grime, 1979; Westoby, 1998), these seem to be applied infrequently to manipulative climate-change experiments.”
Lake, J. C., & Leishman, M. R. (2003) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(03)00294-5 · Cited by 618
“Specific leaf area can be thought of as the investment per unit of light-capture surface deployed, and is a critical trait in the carbon fixation strategy of plants (Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundRemote sensing of plant functional types
Ustin, S. L., & Gamon, J. A. (2010) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03284.x · Cited by 654
Spasojevic, M. J., & Suding, K. N. (2012) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01945.x · Cited by 592
“…a trait that is often allometrically related to overall plant size (biomass, rooting depth, lateral spread) and competitive interactions for light (Westoby 1998; Aan, Hallik & Kull 2006; Vojtech et al. 2008) as well as facilitative interactions by blocking wind (Wilson 1959), was measured as…”
BackgroundThe balanced‐growth hypothesis and the allometry of leaf and root biomass allocation
Shipley, B., & Meziane, D. (2002) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00626.x · Cited by 586
FUNCTIONAL STRATEGIES OF CHAPARRAL SHRUBS IN RELATION TO SEASONAL WATER DEFICIT AND DISTURBANCE
Ackerly, D. D. (2004) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/03-4022 · Cited by 545
ARCHITECTURE OF 54 MOIST-FOREST TREE SPECIES: TRAITS, TRADE-OFFS, AND FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Poorter, L., Bongers, L., & Bongers, F. (2006) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1289:aomtst]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 539
Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data Using CANOCO
(2005) · Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America · doi:10.1890/0012-9623(2005)86[201:maoedu]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 539
Latitudinal gradients as natural laboratories to infer species' responses to temperature
Frenne, P. D., GRAAE, B. J., Rodríguez‐Sánchez, F., Kolb, A., Chabrerie, O., Decocq, G., Kort, H. D., Schrijver, A. D., Diekmann, M., Eriksson, O., et al. (2013) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12074 · Cited by 530
“The SLA (leaf area divided by its dry weight) is related to the growth rate and ecological strategy of plants (Westoby 1998; Poorter et al. 2009).”
BackgroundCan grazing response of herbaceous plants be predicted from simple vegetative traits?
Díaz, S. M., Noy‐Meir, I., & Cabido, M. (2001) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00635.x · Cited by 514
Garnier, É., & Navas, M. (2011) · Agronomy for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1007/s13593-011-0036-y · Cited by 555
“Among the traits involved in the LES, SLA appears as the easiest, quickest and cheapest to measure, and is thus widely used to assess the position of species on the acquisition/conservation trade-off (Westoby, 1998; Weiher et al., 1999; Westoby et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAn integrated framework of plant form and function: the belowground perspective
Weigelt, A., Mommer, L., Andraczek, K., Iversen, C. M., Bergmann, J., Bruelheide, H., Fan, Y., Freschet, G. T., Guerrero‐Ramírez, N. R., Kattge, J., et al. (2021) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.17590 · Cited by 491
“All rights reserved size (Díaz et al., 2016; but see Westoby, 1998), we did not focus on this trait here because there was no first approximation of a logical belowground analogue.”
BackgroundInfluentialShifts in trait‐combinations along rainfall and phosphorus gradients
Fonseca, C. R., Overton, J. M., Collins, B., & Westoby, M. (2000) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00506.x · Cited by 476
Self-citationThe intrinsic dimensionality of plant traits and its relevance to community assembly
Laughlin, D. C. (2013) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12187 · Cited by 501
“Westoby (1998) pragmatically proposed to focus attention on plant organs and whole-plant traits, such as specific leaf area (SLA), maximum height and seed mass to operationalize functional comparisons of plants at a global scale.”
BackgroundEcophylogenetics: advances and perspectives
Mouquet, N., Devictor, V., Meynard, C. N., Munoz, F., Bersier, L., Chave, J., Couteron, P., Dalecky, A., Fontaine, C., Gravel, D., et al. (2012) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2012.00224.x · Cited by 476
“leaf-heightseed scheme (LHS); (Westoby, 1998)], and some studies have attempted to validate such traits as relevant to characterize species niches descriptors (e.”
BackgroundLepš, J., de Bello, F., Lavorel, S., & Berman, S. (2006) · HAL · Cited by 453
Species functional redundancy, random extinctions and the stability of ecosystems
Fonseca, C. R., & Ganade, G. (2001) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00528.x · Cited by 453
The impact of agricultural intensification and land-use change on the European arable flora
Storkey, J., Meyer, S., Still, K. S., & Leuschner, C. (2011) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1686 · Cited by 436
Wright, I. J., Westoby, M., & Reich, P. B. (2002) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00689.x · Cited by 435
“…greater potential for fast growth (higher rate of return on a given investment), but longer leaf life span indicating a longer duration of the revenue stream from that investment (Westoby 1998), and enhanced nutrient conservation (Escudero et al. 1992; Eckstein et al. 1999; Aerts & Chapin 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFunctional trait space and the latitudinal diversity gradient
Lamanna, C. A., Blonder, B. W., Violle, C., Kraft, N. J. B., Sandel, B., Šímová, I., Donoghue, J. C., Svenning, J., McGill, B. J., Boyle, B. L., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1317722111 · Cited by 445
“We primarily measured hypervolumes for three central traits hypothesized to characterize major axes of ecological strategy variation (25): specific leaf area (SLA), maximum height, and seed mass.”
MethodGurevitch, J., Curtis, P. S., & Jones, M. H. (2001) · Advances in Ecological Research · doi:10.1016/s0065-2504(01)32013-5 · Cited by 421
Plant Functional Types: Are We Getting Any Closer to the Holy Grail?
Lavorel, S., Díaz, S. M., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Garnier, É., Harrison, S. P., McIntyre, S., Pausas, J. G., Harguindeguy, N. P., Roumet, C., & Urcelay, C. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-32730-1_13 · Cited by 444
“35 Westoby M, Falster DS, Moles AT, Vesk PA, Wright IJ (2002) Plant ecological strategies: come leading dimensions of variation between species.”
BackgroundInfluentialConsistency of species ranking based on functional leaf traits
Garnier, É., Laurent, G., Bellmann, A., Debain, S., Berthelier, P., Ducout, B., Roumet, C., & Navas, M. (2001) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1046/j.0028-646x.2001.00239.x · Cited by 413
Impact of microplastics on growth, photosynthesis and essential elements in Cucurbita pepo L.
Colzi, I., Renna, L., Bianchi, E., Castellani, M. B., Coppi, A., Pignattelli, S., Loppi, S., & Gonnelli, C. (2021) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127238 · Cited by 424
The Evolutionary Ecology of Sprouting in Woody Plants
Bond, W. J., & Midgley, J. J. (2003) · International Journal of Plant Sciences · doi:10.1086/374191 · Cited by 395
“Sprouting has not been included in general functional type systems such as those of Grime (1979; Grime et al. 1997) or Westoby (1998).”
BackgroundLavorel, S., & Grigulis, K. (2011) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01914.x · Cited by 432
“…believe that combining the increasing knowledge on associations and trade-offs among plant traits as captured by plant strategy schemes (Grime 1977, Westoby 1998) and trait spectra analyses (Dı́az et al. 2004; Wright et al. 2004; Chave et al. 2009; Freschet et al. 2010a) with the understanding of…”
BackgroundLeaves at low versus high rainfall: coordination of structure, lifespan and physiology
Wright, I. J., & Westoby, M. (2002) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00479.x · Cited by 391
Self-citationHypervolume concepts in niche‐ and trait‐based ecology
Blonder, B. W. (2017) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.03187 · Cited by 377
“Axes are often chosen to represent strategy axes for the taxa of interest (McGill et al. 2006, Westoby and Wright 2006), e.g. the fast-slow tradeoffs proposed for plants (Grime 1977, Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundDisturbance response in vegetation – towards a global perspective on functional traits
McIntyre, S., Lavorel, S., Landsberg, J. J., & Forbes, T. D. A. (1999) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.2307/3237077 · Cited by 385
Suites of root traits differ between annual and perennial species growing in the field
Roumet, C., Urcelay, C., & Díaz, S. M. (2006) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01667.x · Cited by 401
“A growing body of theoretical (Grime, 1977; Chapin, 1980; Westoby, 1998) and empirical work (Grime et al .”
BackgroundFitness of multidimensional phenotypes in dynamic adaptive landscapes
Laughlin, D. C., & Messier, J. (2015) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2015.06.003 · Cited by 394
Life‐history correlates of plant invasiveness at regional and continental scales
Hamilton, M. A., Murray, B. R., Cadotte, M. W., Hose, G. C., Baker, A. C., Harris, C. J., & Licari, D. (2005) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00809.x · Cited by 377
“Our analysis focussed on three strategically important lifehistory traits that represent major axes of variation in plant life history, specific leaf area (SLA), plant height, and seed mass (Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSwenson, N. G., & Enquist, B. J. (2009) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/08-1025.1 · Cited by 377
Functional traits, convergent evolution, and periodic tables of niches
Winemiller, K. O., Fitzgerald, D. B., Bower, L. M., & Pianka, E. R. (2015) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.12462 · Cited by 391
“Westoby (1998) pointed out that strategies within the C-S-R model are conceptual, and consequently plant species are not easily ordinated within the triangle.”
BackgroundChanging land use and its impact on biodiversity
Poschlod, P., Bakker, J. P., & Kahmen, S. (2005) · Basic and Applied Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.baae.2004.12.001 · Cited by 369
“Other important traits related to competitive ability such as plant height and SLA, reflecting growth rate (Grime, 2001; Grime, 1979; Westoby, 1998) and germination period are also crucial (Kahmen et al.”
BackgroundMethodPoorter, H., & JONG, R. D. (1999) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00428.x · Cited by 366
Scaling from Traits to Ecosystems
Enquist, B. J., Norberg, J., Bonser, S. P., Violle, C., Webb, C. T., Henderson, A., Sloat, L., & Savage, V. M. (2015) · Advances in ecological research/Advances in Ecological Research · doi:10.1016/bs.aecr.2015.02.001 · Cited by 364
“These traits have also been proposed to capture most functional and life history variation across species (Westoby, 1998; Westoby et al., 2002).”
BackgroundNew approaches for delineating n ‐dimensional hypervolumes
Blonder, B. W., Morrow, C. B., Maitner, B., Harris, D. J., Lamanna, C. A., Violle, C., Enquist, B. J., & Kerkhoff, A. J. (2017) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.12865 · Cited by 365
“This suite of traits represent major axes in the plant economic spectrum that describe key aspects of plant ecology strategy, including physiology and life history (Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundClimatic and soil factors explain the two-dimensional spectrum of global plant trait variation
Joswig, J. S., Wirth, C., Schuman, M. C., Kattge, J., Reu, B., Wright, I. J., Sippel, S., Rüger, N., Richter, R., Schaepman, M. E., et al. (2021) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01616-8 · Cited by 390
“A previous global analysis of six traits observed two main axes of variation: (1) size variation at the organ and plant level and (2) leaf economics balancing leaf persistence against plant growth potential.”
BackgroundAn ecological future for weed science to sustain crop production and the environment. A review
MacLaren, C., Storkey, J., Menegat, A., Metcalfe, H., & Dehnen‐Schmutz, K. (2020) · Agronomy for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1007/s13593-020-00631-6 · Cited by 403
“Life history strategies have evolved in response to disturbance intensity and resource availability (Grime 1977; Westoby 1998; Bohn et al. 2014), both of which are strongly influenced by farm management in agroecosystems (Gaba et al.”
Backgroundde Bello, F., Lavorel, S., Lavergne, S., Albert, C. H., Boulangeat, I., Mazel, F., & Thuiller, W. (2012) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07438.x · Cited by 375
“These three diversity indices were calculated for each individual trait and also for the leaf–height–seed (LHS) scheme (Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundMethodFunctional trait effects on ecosystem stability: assembling the jigsaw puzzle
de Bello, F., Lavorel, S., Hallett, L. M., Valencia, E., Garnier, É., Roscher, C., Conti, L., Galland, T., Goberna, M., Májeková, M., et al. (2021) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2021.05.001 · Cited by 346
“While in some cases (e.g., nitrogen-fi xing species) their delineation is rather straightforward, assigning species to separate groups is often unfeasible or context-dependent since traits often vary continuously rather than supporting any division into clear-cut groups [72,73].”
Grotkopp, E., & Rejmánek, M. (2007) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.3732/ajb.94.4.526 · Cited by 344
CLO‐PLA: the database of clonal and bud bank traits of Central European flora§
Klimešová, J., & de Bello, F. (2009) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.01050.x · Cited by 330
Is leaf dry matter content a better predictor of soil fertility than specific leaf area?
Hodgson, J., Montserrat‐Martí, G., Charles, M., Jones, G., Wilson, P., Shipley, B., Sharafi, M., Cerabolini, B. E. L., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Band, S. R., et al. (2011) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcr225 · Cited by 342
“This view, that SLA was an effective stand-alone predictor of soil fertility and growth rate, was formalized within the LHS plant ecology strategy scheme of Westoby (1998).”
MethodPierce, S., Brusa, G., Vagge, I., & Cerabolini, B. E. L. (2013) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12095 · Cited by 353
“Tilman 1988); and (ii) a simple practical method of application does not exist (Westoby 1998; Westoby et al. 2002).”
The biogeography and filtering of woody plant functional diversity in North and South America
Swenson, N. G., Enquist, B. J., Pither, J., Kerkhoff, A. J., Boyle, B. L., Weiser, M. D., Elser, J. J., Fagan, W. F., Forero‐Montaña, J., Fyllas, N. M., et al. (2011) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00727.x · Cited by 330
Shipley, B. (2006) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01135.x · Cited by 342
Leaf traits as indicators of resource‐use strategy in floras with succulent species
Vendramini, F., Díaz, S. M., Gurvich, D. E., Wilson, P. J., Thompson, K., & Hodgson, J. (2002) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00357.x · Cited by 318
“One of the most widely accepted of such key traits is specific leaf area (SLA), the light-catching area deployed per unit of previously photosynthesized dry mass allocated to the purpose (Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundBiodiversity and climate determine the functioning of Neotropical forests
Poorter, L., van der Sande, M. T., Arets, E. J. M. M., Ascarrunz, N. L., Enquist, B. J., Finegan, B., Licona, J. C., Martı́nez-Ramos, M., Mazzei, L., Meave, J. A., et al. (2017) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.12668 · Cited by 312
“To facilitate comparison of disparate ecosystems and improve understanding of ecosystem functioning, functional traits have emerged as a promising tool, because they allow for quantitative expression of plant form and function using the same yardstick (Westoby, 1998).”
MethodCastro‐Díez, P., Puyravaud, J., & Cornelissen, J. H. C. (2000) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/pl00008873 · Cited by 301
RELATING PLANT TRAITS AND SPECIES DISTRIBUTIONS ALONG BIOCLIMATIC GRADIENTS FOR 88 LEUCADENDRON TAXA
Thuiller, W., Lavorel, S., Midgley, G. F., Lavergne, S., & Rebelo, T. G. (2004) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/03-0148 · Cited by 298
sPlot – A new tool for global vegetation analyses
Bruelheide, H., Dengler, J., Jiménez‐Alfaro, B., Purschke, O., Hennekens, S. M., Chytrý, M., Pillar, V. D., Jansen, F., Kattge, J., Sandel, B., et al. (2019) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12710 · Cited by 292
“We accessed plant trait data from TRY version 3.0 on August 10, 2016, and included 18 traits that describe the leaf, wood and seed economics spectra (Westoby, 1998; Reich, 2014; Table S6.”
MethodInfluentialMaire, V., Gross, N., Börger, L., Proulx, R., Wirth, C., Pontes, L. D. S., Soussana, J., & Louault, F. (2012) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04287.x · Cited by 302
Why Functional Traits Do Not Predict Tree Demographic Rates
Yang, J., Cao, M., & Swenson, N. G. (2018) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2018.03.003 · Cited by 287
Root tissue structure is linked to ecological strategies of grasses
Wahl, S., & RYSER, P. (2000) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00775.x · Cited by 283
Caatinga Revisited: Ecology and Conservation of an Important Seasonal Dry Forest
Albuquerque, U. P., Araújo, E. D. L., El-Deir, A. C. A., de Lima, A. L. A., Souto, A., Bezerra, B. M., Ferraz, E. M. N., Freire, E. M. X., Sampaio, E. V. D. S. B., Las‐Casas, F. M. G., et al. (2012) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/2012/205182 · Cited by 283
“Future phenological studies in the Caatinga should not only focus on the relationships between the timing of phenological occurrences and rainfall, which have been examined numerous times [171, 181], but also investigate the biotic mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of various phenophases and attempt to integra…”
BackgroundFunctional diversity: an overview of its history and applicability
Laureto, L. M. O., Cianciaruso, M. V., & Samia, D. S. M. (2015) · Natureza & Conservação · doi:10.1016/j.ncon.2015.11.001 · Cited by 282
Swenson, N. G., Anglada-Cordero, P., & Barone, J. A. (2010) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1369 · Cited by 283
Pakeman, R. J. (2004) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00928.x · Cited by 271
“…is important for vegetation change, as regenerative traits are not generally correlated with vegetative ones (Grime 1979; Grime et al. 1997; Westoby 1998; Lavorel & Garnier 903 Plant species and trait responses to grazing © 2004 British Ecological Society, Journal of Ecology, 92,…”
BackgroundSeed mass and seed nutrient content as predictors of seed output variation between species
Henery, M. L., & Westoby, M. (2001) · Oikos · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.920309.x · Cited by 267
Self-citationSwenson, N. G. (2013) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.00121.x · Cited by 269
Pérez-Ramos, I. M., Matías, L., Gómez‐Aparicio, L., & Godoy, Ó. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10453-0 · Cited by 266
Hulshof, C. M., & Swenson, N. G. (2009) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01614.x · Cited by 263
“Further, in global scale data sets the degree of intraspecific variation in plant functional trait values has been shown to be negligible compared with the global variability in species trait values (Diaz & Cabido 1997; Westoby 1998; Cornelissen et al. 2003; Garnier et al. 2004; Wright et al. 2004; Swenson & Enquist 2…”
BackgroundByun, C., de Blois, S., & Brisson, J. (2012) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12016 · Cited by 253
“These functional traits are relevant to leaf-height-seed plant ecology strategy scheme (Westoby 1998), the common core list of plant traits related to dispersal, establishment, and persistence (Weiher et al. 1999), functional traits related to competitive ability and growth (Funk et al. 2008), and…”
BackgroundLaughlin, D. C., Leppert, J. J., Moore, M. M., & Sieg, C. H. (2009) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01672.x · Cited by 247
“However, leaf traits, seed mass, and height at maturity appear to be fundamental and integrating properties of species that reflect much of the total variation in plant function, including root function (Westoby 1998; Westoby & Wright 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Westoby, M.
- Affiliations
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Westoby, Mark
- ORCID
- Westoby, Mark
- Venue
- Plant and Soil
- Published
- 1998-02
- Volume
- 199
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 213-227
- ISSN
- 0032-079X (ISSN-L)
- 1573-5036
- OpenAlex
- W201316592
- Cited by
- 1,925
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 93 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 106 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 60
- FWCI
- 17.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Plant and Soil (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Botany and Plant Ecology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
- Keywords
- plant ecological strategies, specific leaf area, seed weight, canopy height, disturbance tolerance, stress tolerance, plant functional traits, plant ecophysiology, global change
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