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A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme

Westoby, Mark·1998·Plant and Soil

DOI 10.1023/a:1004327224729

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Field Experiments on Interspecific Competition
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“…height and SLA, as prior research by ourselves and others had shown that these nicely capture plant ecology strategies (leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme, Westoby 1998) and have particular importance for phenology (see Table 3 for referenced reasoning and introduction).”
BackgroundMethod
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“Interestingly, although both traits are commonly used as proxies for plant competitive ability (Westoby 1998; Westoby et al. 2002), canopy height showed a more consistent effect with other theoretical classifications of plants, such as the CSR classification (competitor/stress tolerator/ruderal;…”
Background
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“Each range condition class we monitored included a set of species with a suite of inherent plant physiological, morphological, and chemical traits that have implications for ecosystem functioning (Westoby 1998).”
Background
Variation in plant functional traits across and within four species of Western Australian Banksia (Proteaceae) along a natural climate gradient
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“…vier Kalkmagerrasenarten variierten die spezifische Blattfläche (SLA), der Trockenmasseanteil der Blätter (LDMC) und die Höhe der vegetativen Pflanzen nicht nur zwischen Arten und Pflanzengesellschaften (wie es bereits WESTOBY 1998 zeigen konnte), sondern auch innerhalb von Populationen erheblich.”
Background
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“…to have considerable power to predict community patterns and processes across geographically and phylogenetically dis- parate groups (Grime 1977; Westoby 1998), including community responses to eutrophication and climatic changes (Suding et al. 2005; Soudzilovskaia et al. 2013; Eskelinen &…”
Background
Fire exclusion and climate change interact to affect long‐term changes in the functional composition of plant communities
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“These traits were chosen to span the leaf– height–seed (LHS) set of plant ecological strategies (Westoby, 1998) and are known to affect species establishment, survival and reproduction.”
Seed movement between the native forest and monoculture tree plantations in the southern Atlantic forest: A functional approach
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How maintenance and restoration measures mediate the response of riparian plant functional composition to environmental gradients on channel margins: Insights from a highly degraded large river
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“Within 228 Westoby’s L-H-S scheme (Westoby, 1998), SLA is related to resource acquisition and 229 conservation, height at maturity to competitive ability and seed mass to dispersal ability.”
Background
Community-weighted mean traits play crucial roles in driving ecosystem functioning along long-term grassland restoration gradient on the Loess Plateau of China
Jing, G., Cheng, J., Su, J., Lin, W., Hu, T., & Li, W. (2019) · Journal of Arid Environments · doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.01.018 · Cited by 24
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“We considered leaf width as the maximum diameter of the largest imaginary circle that could fit on the leaf (Buswell et al. 2011; Cornelissen et al. 2003; Westoby 1998).”
Background
Adaptations to the stressful combination of serpentine soils and Mediterranean climate drive plant functional groups and trait richness
Triana, N. H., Latorre, A. V. P., Adomou, A. C., Rudner, M., & Thorne, J. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1040839 · Cited by 23
“…competitiveness and survival on the one hand, and dispersal and colonization ability on the other, along with nutrient-related traits such as Westoby (1998) defined leaf-heightseed plant ecology strategy framework, which has been supported by others (Laughlin et al., 2010; Dıáz et al.,…”
Background
Unravelling the clonal trait space: Beyond above‐ground and fine‐root traits
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“Studies relating these traits with above-ground traits are sparse, focused on a limited set of traits (i.e. the ones defining the leaf- height-seed [LHS] scheme, Westoby, 1998) and on a reduced number of species within a given habitat type (e.g. temperate grasslands; Ladouceur et al., 2019).”
Background
Floristic diversity of meadow steppes in the Western Siberian Plain: effects of abiotic site conditions, management and landscape structure
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“Traits selection was based on a known sensitivity to land-use (Dı́az et al. 2007; Pfestorf et al. 2013) and key strategies of plants (Westoby 1998).”
Background
Optimizing the choice of service crops in vineyards to achieve both runoff mitigation and water provisioning for grapevine: a trait-based approach
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“…another relevant trait to assess the potential growth-rate of a species, as it is recognized as the main factor related to species photosynthetic capacity and thus relative growth rate variations among species (Westoby 1998; Lambers and Poorter 2004; Poorter and Garnier 2007; Damour et al. 2015).”
Background
Land use and water availability drive community-level plant functional diversity of grasslands along a temperature gradient in the Swiss Alps
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Characteristics of the naturalized flora of Southern Africa largely reflect the non‐random introduction of alien species for cultivation
Omer, A., Fristoe, T. S., Yang, Q., Maurel, N., Weigelt, P., Kreft, H., Bleilevens, J., Dawson, W., Essl, F., Pergl, J., et al. (2021) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.05669 · Cited by 18
Adjustments in physiological and morphological traits suggest drought‐induced competitive release of some California plants
Luong, J. C., & Loik, M. E. (2022) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.8773 · Cited by 23
“Invasive competition could lead to increased allocation to shoots or leaves to increase access to space and light (Pérez-Harguindeguy et al., 2016; Westoby, 1998), or increased allocation to roots to ac - cess limiting belowground resources, especially in abiotically harsh systems (Liu & Stützel,…”
Can Growth Form Classification Predict Litter Nutrient Dynamics and Decomposition Rates in Lowland Wet Forest?
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“Litter sampling was restricted to individuals of the maximum height that each species commonly attains, and litter samples were collected from the most exposed leaves of each individual to minimize within-plant variation in leaf morphology (Westoby 1998).”
Background
Inferring temporal shifts in landuse intensity from functional response traits and functional diversity patterns: a study of Scotland's machair grassland
Lewis, R. J., Marrs, R. H., & Pakeman, R. J. (2013) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00979.x · Cited by 23
Response of plant functional traits to grazing for three dominant species in alpine steppe habitat of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China
Wang, J., Zhong, M., Wu, R., Dong, Q., Wang, K., & Shao, X. (2016) · Ecological Research · doi:10.1007/s11284-016-1360-0 · Cited by 23
“SLA, an important trait that reveals the investment of a plant in growth (Westoby 1998), can reflect the expected return based on previously captured resources (Wilson et al. 1999).”
Background
On the sunny side of the crown – quantification of intra-canopy SLA variation among 179 taxa
Paź‐Dyderska, S., Dyderski, M. K., Nowak, K., & Jagodziński, A. M. (2020) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118254 · Cited by 23
Nutrient input from hemiparasitic litter favors plant species with a fast-growth strategy
Demey, A., Staelens, J., Baeten, L., Boeckx, P., Hermy, M., Kattge, J., & Verheyen, K. (2013) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-013-1658-4 · Cited by 23
“Our results add to the rising awareness that SLA is one of the most meaningful determinants of plant strategies (Diaz et al. 2004; Westoby 1998; Wright et al. 2004).”
BackgroundResult
Variation of functional traits in trees from a biogeographically complex Mexican cloud forest
Saldaña-Acosta, A., Meave, J. A., Paz, H., Sánchez‐Velásquez, L. R., Villaseñor, J. L., & Martı́nez-Ramos, M. (2008) · Acta Oecologica · doi:10.1016/j.actao.2008.04.006 · Cited by 23
Patterns of stocks of aboveground tree biomass, dynamics, and their determinants in secondary Andean forests
Peña, M. A., & Duque, Á. (2013) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2013.03.025 · Cited by 23
Southern California Salt Marsh Dominance Relates to Plant Traits and Plasticity
Bonin, C. L., & Zedler, J. B. (2008) · Estuaries and Coasts · doi:10.1007/s12237-008-9057-4 · Cited by 23
“Examples are canopy height, leaf N content, specific leaf area, leaf life span, leaf width, leaf fiber content, and seed weight (Diaz et al. 1998; Reich et al. 1998; Westoby 1998; Fonseca et al. 2000; Adler et al. 2004).”
Background
Asymmetrical pegs in square holes? Functional and phylogenetic determinants of plant community assembly in temperate forest understoriesPreprint
Beck, J. J., Li, D., Johnson, S. E., Rogers, D. A., Cameron, K. M., Sytsma, K. J., Givnish, T. J., & Waller, D. M. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.312512 · Cited by 23
“Small-seeded plants were more abundant at sites with sandy soils likely reflecting the fact that disturbed, sparsely vegetated environments with little competition favor small-seeded plants (Westoby 1998, Westoby & Wright 2006).”
Background
Topographic complexity drives trait composition as well as functional and phylogenetic diversity of understory plant communities in microrefugia: New insights for conservation
Frei, K., E‐Vojtkó, A., Tölgyesi, C., Vojtkó, A., Farkas, T., Erdős, L., Li, G., Lőrincz, Á., & Bátori, Z. (2024) · Forest Ecosystems · doi:10.1016/j.fecs.2024.100278 · Cited by 22
Below‐ and aboveground traits explain local abundance, and regional, continental and global occurrence frequencies of grassland plants
Lachaise, T., Bergmann, J., Rillig, M. C., & van Kleunen, M. (2020) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.07874 · Cited by 22
Relative importance of region, seasonality and weed management practice effects on the functional structure of weed communities in French vineyards
Bopp, C. E., Kazakou, E., Metay, A., & Fried, G. (2021) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2022.107892 · Cited by 22
Long‐term and year‐to‐year stability and its drivers in a Mediterranean grassland
Valerio, M., Ibáñez, R., Gazol, A., & Götzenberger, L. (2022) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13861 · Cited by 22
“…is related to the establishing phase of seedlings and persistence, among other aspects of plant ecology (Kazakou et al., 2014; Peco et al., 2009; Westoby, 1998), it seems consistent that a diversity in strategies through different seed masses could lead to asynchronous dynamics and to…”
Background
Environment and space drive the community assembly of Atlantic European grasslands: Insights from multiple facets
Mugnai, M., Trindade, D. P. F., Thierry, M., Kaushik, K., Hrček, J., & Götzenberger, L. (2022) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/jbi.14331 · Cited by 22
“We chose traits according to the leaf- height- seed scheme proposed by Westoby (1998) to capture essential ecological functions of plants, related to nutrient acquisition, competitive ability and establishment and dispersal respectively: specific leaf area (SLA), plant height (H) and seed mass (SM).”
Method
Soil seed bank responses to edge effects in temperate European forests
Gasperini, C., Bollmann, K., Brunet, J., Cousins, S. A. O., Decocq, G., Pauw, K. D., Diekmann, M., Govaert, S., GRAAE, B. J., Hedwall, P., et al. (2022) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.13568 · Cited by 22
How seeds and growth dynamics influence plant size and yield: Integrating trait relationships into ontogeny
Gómez‐Fernández, A., & Milla, R. (2022) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13979 · Cited by 22
“For example, when seed mass is not directly correlated with mature size, this is usually interpreted as evidence against its predictive value (e.g. Shipley et al., 1989; Westoby, 1998).”
Background
Mechanisms behind elevational plant species richness patterns revealed by a trait‐based approach
Backes, A. R., Römermann, C., Alexander, J. M., Arévalo, J. R., Keil, P., Mederos, M. A. P., Trogisch, S., & Haider, S. (2022) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.13171 · Cited by 22
Environmental filtering and environmental stress shape regional patterns of riparian community assembly and functional diversity
Portela, A. P., Durance, I., Vieira, C., & Honrado, J. P. (2023) · Freshwater Biology · doi:10.1111/fwb.14138 · Cited by 22
Do species of invaded communities differ in their vulnerability to being eliminated by the dominant alien plants?
Hejda, M. (2013) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-013-0426-y · Cited by 22
Classification of some plant species according to Grime’s strategies in a Quercus cerris L. var. cerris woodland in Samsun, northern Turkey
Kilinç, M., Karavin, N., & Kutbay, H. G. (2010) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF BOTANY · doi:10.3906/bot-0912-270 · Cited by 22
Mediterranean, invasive, woody species grow larger than their less‐invasive counterparts under potential global environmental change
Erskine‐Ogden, J., Grotkopp, E., & Rejmánek, M. (2016) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.3732/ajb.1500494 · Cited by 22
“…or noninvasive, extremely invasive and noninvasive species have traits included in a suite of continuous characteristics at opposing ends of life-history spectra ( Baker, 1965 ; Westoby, 1998 ; Reich et al., 2003 ; Wright et al., 2004 ; fi g. 13.12 in Rejmánek et al., 2013 ; Stahl et al., 2013 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
Stress from cold and drought as drivers of functional trait spectra in North American angiosperm tree assemblages
Šímová, I., Rueda, M., & Hawkins, B. A. (2017) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.3297 · Cited by 22
“Although these commonly used traits represent key- independent plant ecological strategies (Chave et al., 2009; Westoby, 1998; Wright et al., 2004), the extent to which they constrain species distributions along broad climatic gradients remains unclear (see, e.”
Background
Mass effects, clonality, and phenology but not seed traits predict species success in colonizing restored grasslands
Mudrák, O., Fajmon, K., Jongepierová, I., & Prach, K. (2017) · Restoration Ecology · doi:10.1111/rec.12588 · Cited by 24
“In the intensively managed landscape such abilities provide advantage in competition and enable species expansion (Westoby 1998; Herben et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluential
Integrating correlation between traits improves spatial predictions of plant functional composition
Wüest, R. O., Münkemüller, T., Lavergne, S., Pollock, L. J., & Thuiller, W. (2017) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.04420 · Cited by 22
“EV-3 plant strategy scheme, which depicts general plant life strategies (Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Shifts in Plant Community Assembly Processes across Growth Forms along a Habitat Severity Gradient: A Test of the Plant Functional Trait Approach
Xu, J., Chai, Y., Wang, M., Dang, H., Guo, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, C., Li, T., Zhang, L., & Yue, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00180 · Cited by 22
“Examining different growth forms’ responses seems necessary to explore the community assembly which respond to changes in environmental gradients (Keddy, 1992; Westoby, 1998).”
Background
Evaluation of leaf carbon isotopes and functional traits in avocado reveals water-use efficient cultivars
Acosta-Rangel, A., Ávila‐Lovera, E., Guzman, M. E. D., Torres, L., Haro, R., Arpaia, M. L., Focht, E., & Santiago, L. S. (2018) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2018.04.021 · Cited by 22
“Functional traits have now been used extensively in ecological studies as easy-to-measure proxies for more complex processes (Cornelissen, 1999; Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundMethod
Assessing earth system model predictions of C4 grass cover in North America: From the glacial era to the end of this century
Still, C. J., Cotton, J. M., & Griffith, D. M. (2018) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.12830 · Cited by 25
Intraspecific perspective of phenotypic coordination of functional traits in Scots pine
Carvalho, B., Bastías, C. C., Escudero, A., Valladares, F., & Benavides, R. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228539 · Cited by 22
“One of the major challenges in plant ecology over the last decades has been the development of a general plant classification framework based on adaptive plant strategies [1,2].”
Background
Similar successional development of functional community structure in glacier forelands despite contrasting bedrocks
Greinwald, K., Gebauer, T., Musso, A., & Scherer‐Lorenzen, M. (2021) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12993 · Cited by 22
“The detection of these axes is in agreement with validated plant ecological schemes (Westoby, 1998; Grime, 2002; Westoby et al., 2002; Diaz et al., 2004; Grime, 2006).”
BackgroundResult
Successional syndromes of saplings in tropical secondary forests emerge from environment‐dependent trait–demography relationships
Lai, H. R., Craven, D., Hall, J. S., Hui, F. K. C., & van Breugel, M. (2021) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13784 · Cited by 21
Phenology, roots and reproductive allocation, but not the LHS scheme, shape ecotypes along an aridity gradient
Kurze, S., Bareither, N., & Metz, J. (2017) · Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2017.09.004 · Cited by 22
Nurse species and indirect facilitation through grazing drive plant community functional traits in tropical alpine peatlands
Danet, A., Kéfi, S., Meneses, R. I., & Anthelme, F. (2017) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.3537 · Cited by 22
“Maximum height has been linked to the ability to compete for light, as a main axis of the plant life strategy (Westoby, 1998; Westoby et al., 2002).”
Background
Typologie fonctionnelle de graminées fourragères pérennes : une classification multitraits
Cruz, P., Theau, J. P., Lecloux, E., Jouany, C., & Duru, M. (2010) · HAL · Cited by 22
WOODIV, a database of occurrences, functional traits, and phylogenetic data for all Euro-Mediterranean trees
Monnet, A., Cilleros, K., Mèdail, F., Albassatneh, M. C., Arroyo, J., Bacchetta, G., Bagnoli, F., Barina, Z., Cartereau, M., Casajus, N., et al. (2021) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-021-00873-3 · Cited by 22
Functional traits mediate individualistic species‐environment distributions at broad spatial scales while fine‐scale species associations remain unpredictable
Beck, J. J., Li, D., Johnson, S. E., Rogers, D. A., Cameron, K. M., Sytsma, K. J., Givnish, T. J., & Waller, D. M. (2022) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.1002/ajb2.16085 · Cited by 21
“environments (Givnish, 1987; Westoby, 1998); greater SLA is associated with increased nutrient requirements”
BackgroundInfluential
Functional Traits Help Predict Post-Disturbance Demography of Tropical Trees
Flores, O., Hérault, B., Delcamp, M., Garnier, É., & Gourlet‐Fleury, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105022 · Cited by 21
“This finding constitutes an indirect validation of the leafheight-seed (LHS) scheme which considers three major independent axes of variation in plant ecological strategies [9].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Integrating nitrogen fixing structures into above- and belowground functional trait spectra in soy (Glycine max)
Martin, A. R., Hayes, F. J., Borden, K. A., Buchanan, S.-W., Gordon, A. M., Isaac, M. E., & Thevathasan, N. V. (2019) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-019-04058-1 · Cited by 21
Trait-based formal definition of plant functional types and functional communities in the multi-species and multi-traits context
Tsakalos, J. L., Renton, M., Riviera, F., Veneklaas, E. J., Dobrowolski, M. P., & Mucina, L. (2019) · Ecological Complexity · doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2019.100787 · Cited by 21
River regulation drives shifts in urban riparian vegetation over three decades
Czortek, P., Dyderski, M. K., & Jagodziński, A. M. (2019) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126524 · Cited by 21
Shifts in plant ecological strategies in remnant forest patches along urbanization gradients
Yang, J., Wang, Z., Zheng, Y., & Pan, Y. (2022) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120540 · Cited by 21
Response-effect trait overlap and correlation in riparian plant communities suggests sensitivity of ecosystem functioning and services to environmental change
Portela, A. P., Durance, I., Vieira, C., & Honrado, J. P. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160549 · Cited by 21
“…underpin key trade-offs in plant strategies, in ﬂ uencing dispersal, establishment, and competitive ability as well as known effects on relevant ecosystem processes (Westoby, 1998; Wright et al., 2004; de Bello et al., 2010; Catford and Jansson, 2014; Laughlin and Wilson, 2014; Hevia et al., 2017).”
Testing the predictive value of functional traits in diverse ant communities
Drager, K. I., Rivera, M., Gibson, J. C., Ruzi, S. A., Hanisch, P. E., Achury, R., & Suarez, A. V. (2023) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.10000 · Cited by 21
“Morphological traits therefore provide valuable, mechanistic insights into the diverse ecological strategies that organisms use to survive and co-exist under differing environmental conditions (Westoby, 1998; Westoby & Wright, 2006).”
Do climate, resource availability, and grazing pressure filter floristic composition and functioning in Alpine pastures?
Dainese, M., Scotton, M., Clementel, F., Pecile, A., & Lepš, J. (2012) · Community Ecology · doi:10.1556/comec.13.2012.1.6 · Cited by 22
“The plant functional traits were log10-transformed (Westoby 1998) and standardised to mean zero and unit standard deviation (Pakeman et al.”
Method
Are Commonly Measured Functional Traits Involved in Tropical Tree Responses to Climate?
Wagner, F. H., Rossi, V., Baraloto, C., Bonal, D., Stahl, C., & Hérault, B. (2014) · International Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1155/2014/389409 · Cited by 21
“These traits represent complementary axes of tree ecological strategies in tropical forests (Table 1) and have been proposed to be important for tree performance through ontogeny [14, 23, 55] and for growth responses to climate variations [20, 33, 45].”
Background
Relative importance of habitat filtering and limiting similarity on species assemblages of alpine and subalpine plant communities
Takahashi, K., & Tanaka, S. (2016) · Journal of Plant Research · doi:10.1007/s10265-016-0852-x · Cited by 21
“The combination of leaf and seed traits, and plant height, is important for understanding plant ecological strategies (Lavergne et al. 2003; Westoby 1998).”
Background
How does grazing management influence the functional diversity of oak woodland ecosystems? A plant trait approach
Ford, H., Healey, J. R., Markesteijn, L., & Smith, A. R. (2018) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2018.02.025 · Cited by 21
“We can therefore reject our first hypothesis, based on 300 classic plant-resource models (Coley et al., 1985; Grime, 1977; Westoby, 1998), that response 301 traits associated with grazing tolerance strategies (low LDMC and low mean foliage height) 302 will dominate in grazed understory plant…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Quantifying the role of intra‐specific trait variation for allocation and organ‐level traits in tropical seedling communities
Umaña, M. N., Zhang, C., Cao, M., Lin, L., & Swenson, N. G. (2018) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12613 · Cited by 21
“The traits that plant ecologists measure are believed to reflect major differences among species with respect to their resource acquisition, defence and reproductive strategies (Grime, 1979; McGill et al., 2006; Swenson, 2013; Westoby, 1998).”
Background
Impacts of ontogenetic and altitudinal changes on morphological traits and biomass allocation patterns of Fritillaria unibracteata
Xu, B., Wang, J., & Shi, F. (2020) · Journal of Mountain Science · doi:10.1007/s11629-019-5630-5 · Cited by 21
“…specific leaf area (i.e., light intercepting area per leaf dry mass) are two fundamental morphological traits that have been widely studied to explore their modifications in terms of adaptation to environmental changes (Domínguez et al. 2012; Liu et al. 2010; Lavergne et al. 2003; Westoby 1998).”
Background
Nurse plants promote taxonomic and functional diversity in an arid Mediterranean annual plant community
Madrigal‐González, J., Cano‐Barbacil, C., Kigel, J., Ferrandis, P., & Luzuriaga, A. L. (2020) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12876 · Cited by 21
A Multi-Trait Comparison of an Urban Plant Species Pool Reveals the Importance of Intraspecific Trait Variation and Its Influence on Distinct Functional Responses to Soil Quality
Borowy, D., & Swan, C. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.00068 · Cited by 21
“Due to their strong associations with plant resource strategies, SLA and height have been identified as fundamental traits for characterizing species according to resource requirements and competitive ability (Westoby, 1998).”
Background
Leaf trait records of vascular plant species in the Pannonian flora with special focus on endemics and rarities
E‐Vojtkó, A., Balogh, N., Déak, B., Kelemen, A., Kis, S., Kiss, R., Lovas‐Kiss, Á., Löki, V., Lukacs, K. V., Attila Molnár, V., et al. (2020) · Folia Geobotanica · doi:10.1007/s12224-020-09363-7 · Cited by 21
“…described as ‘any morphological, physiological or phenological features measurable at the individual level’ (Violle et al. 2007) and are frequently associated with certain plant strategies (r-K strategies – MacArthur and Levins 1967; CSR strategies, Grime 1979; LHS strategy scheme, Westoby 1998).”
Background
River embankments mitigate the loss of grassland biodiversity in agricultural landscapes
Bátori, Z., Kiss, P. J., Tölgyesi, C., Déak, B., Valkó, O., Török, P., Erdős, L., Tóthmérész, B., & Kelemen, A. (2020) · River Research and Applications · doi:10.1002/rra.3643 · Cited by 21
“…using leaf-height-seed traits (specific leaf area [SLA], plant height and seed mass), flowering traits (flowering period, starting time of flowering and pollination type) and persistence traits (life-form, growth form and lateral spread; Botta-Dukát, 2005; Weiher et al., 1999; Westoby, 1998).”
Background

Authors: Westoby, M.
Affiliations: Macquarie University (AU)
Corresponding author: Westoby, Mark
ORCID: Westoby, Mark
Venue: Plant and Soil
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1998-02
Volume: 199
Issue: 2
Pages: 213-227
ISSN: 0032-079X (ISSN-L)
1573-5036
DOI: 10.1023/a:1004327224729
OpenAlex: W201316592
Cited by: 1,925
References: 105
Citations by year: 2026: 93 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 106 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 60
FWCI: 17.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Plant and Soil (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Botany and Plant Ecology Studies
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
Keywords: plant ecological strategies, specific leaf area, seed weight, canopy height, disturbance tolerance, stress tolerance, plant functional traits, plant ecophysiology, global change

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A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme

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