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A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme

Westoby, Mark·1998·Plant and Soil

DOI 10.1023/a:1004327224729

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The Theory of Island Biogeography
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Resource Competition and Community Structure
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Field Experiments on Interspecific Competition
Schoener, T. W. (1983) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/284133 · Cited by 2,354
Plant Apparency and Chemical Defense
Feeny, P. (1976) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2646-5_1 · Cited by 2,352

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“SLA, foliar Nmass, and LDMC represent aboveground traits associated with tradeoffs between resource acquisition and conservation and between growth and defense (Westoby, 1998; Díaz et al., 2001).”
Background
Plant identity shapes phyllosphere microbiome structure and abundance of genes involved in nutrient cycling
Li, J., Jin, M., Neilson, R., Hu, S., Tang, Y., Zhang, Z., Huang, F.-Y., Zhang, J., & Yang, X. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161245 · Cited by 38
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“The Leaf-Height-Seed scheme proposed that three key functional traits, specific leaf area (SLA), mature plant height (MPH) and seed size (SS), could capture the main axes of variation in ecological strategies among species [38].”
Background
Changes in trait divergence and convergence along a productivity gradient in wet meadows
Carboni, M., de Bello, F., Janeček, Š., Doležal, J., Horník, J., Lepš, J., Reitalu, T., & Klimešová, J. (2014) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2013.12.014 · Cited by 38
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Patterns of seed dispersal syndromes on serpentine soils: examining the roles of habitat patchiness, soil infertility and correlated functional traits
Spasojevic, M. J., Damschen, E. I., & Harrison, S. P. (2012) · Plant Ecology & Diversity · doi:10.1080/17550874.2012.678506 · Cited by 38
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Coupled estimation of surface heat fluxes and vegetation dynamics from remotely sensed land surface temperature and fraction of photosynthetically active radiation
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Background
Size is not everything for desiccation‐sensitive seeds
Hill, J. P., Edwards, W., & Franks, P. J. (2012) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.02005.x · Cited by 37
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Variation in trait trade‐offs allows differentiation among predefined plant functional types: implications for predictive ecology
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“As relevant physiological traits of plant species, we selected plant height because it determines a species’ ability to compete for light [56, 57], leaf area, that reflects the photosynthetic rate, and specific leaf area (SLA), that indicates the trade-off between leaf longevity and the maximum photosynthetic rate, an…”
Background
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“Some progress on deciding which traits to measure, and how they should be measured, has been made by McIntyre et al. (1999),Weiher et al. (1999), Westoby (1998) and Hodgson et al. (1999).”
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BackgroundInfluential
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“Regarding functional traits, I chose seed mass, maximum height and SLA following Westoby’s leafheight-seed scheme of plant functional strategies (Westoby 1998).”
Method
The functional trait space of tree species is influenced by the species richness of the canopy and the type of forest
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Background
Interspecific trait integration increases with environmental harshness: A case study along a metal toxicity gradient
Delhaye, G., Bauman, D., Séleck, M., Ilunga, E. I. W., Mahy, G., & Meerts, P. (2020) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13570 · Cited by 36
“These traits (Table 1) encompassed the LHS strategy scheme (Westoby, 1998) as well as the LES (Wright et al., 2004), and leaf metal content related to the metal tolerance strategy (Baker, 1981).”
BackgroundMethod
Temporary grazing exclusion as a passive restoration strategy in a dryland woodland: Effects over time on tree regeneration and on the shrub community
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“1999), in addition to leaf dry weight (LDW) and plant height (Westoby 1998).”
Background
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Toward Trait-Based Mortality Models for Tropical Forests
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“Among community ecologists, a consensus is emerging on the existence of different orthogonal axes related to the characteristics of the leaves, wood, seeds and life-history [27,28].”
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“SLA is positively correlated with growth rate and resource richness and negatively correlated with investment into leaf protection (Schierenbeck et al. 1994, Westoby 1998).”
Background
Precipitation Variability Affects Aboveground Biomass Directly and Indirectly via Plant Functional Traits in the Desert Steppe of Inner Mongolia, Northern China
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“Plant height is supposed to be a central part of the plant ecological strategy from our study and other previous studies (Westoby, 1998; Falster and Westoby, 2003; Moles et al., 2009; De Frenne et al., 2011).”
Result
Trait dimensions of abiotic stress tolerance in woody plants of the Northern Hemisphere
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The Roles of Ecological and Evolutionary Processes in Plant Community Assembly: The Environment, Hybridization, and Introgression Influence Co-occurrence of Eucalyptus
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“We focused on SLA, height, and seed mass, because they represent important trait dimensions (Westoby 1998).”
Background
Responses of Caragana korshinskii Kom. to shoot removal: mechanisms underlying regrowth
Fang, X., Li, J., Xiong, Y., Xu, D., Fan, X., & Li, F. (2007) · Ecological Research · doi:10.1007/s11284-007-0449-x · Cited by 35
“Population regeneration by seed has been widely studied, and there has also been such interest in resprouting, because of its presumed importance in population regeneration of plants (Westoby 1998; Bond and Midgley 2001; Konstantinidis et al. 2005).”
Background
Plant Traits Demonstrate That Temperate and Tropical Giant Eucalypt Forests Are Ecologically Convergent with Rainforest Not Savanna
Tng, D. Y. P., Jordan, G. J., & Bowman, D. M. J. S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084378 · Cited by 34
“6 [51,69,91]”
Revisiting the evolutionary events in Allium subgenus Cyathophora (Amaryllidaceae): Insights into the effect of the Hengduan Mountains Region (HMR) uplift and Quaternary climatic fluctuations to the environmental changes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Li, M., Tan, J., Xie, D., Huang, D., Gao, Y., & He, X. (2015) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.002 · Cited by 35
“embedded in a complex of attributes which together define the life history of a plant species 451 (Westoby, 1998).”
Background
Growth rings in tropical trees: role of functional traits, environment, and phylogeny
Nath, C. D., Munoz, F., Pélissier, R., Burslem, D. F. R. P., & Muthusankar, G. (2016) · Trees · doi:10.1007/s00468-016-1442-1 · Cited by 35
“In addition, taller trees have been associated with faster 657 growth rates and/or greater competitive ability (King et al. 2006; Westoby 1998) and species stature was 658 strongly associated with the cumulative growth ring index in our study.”
Background
Functional perspectives on tropical tree demography and forest dynamics
Worthy, S. J., & Swenson, N. G. (2019) · Ecological Processes · doi:10.1186/s13717-018-0154-4 · Cited by 35
“…and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. and easily measured traits (e.g., Westoby 1998; Westoby et al. 2002; Westoby and Wright 2006).”
Background
Patterns of Understory Community Assembly and Plant Trait-Environment Relationships in Temperate SE European Forests
Kermavnar, J., & Kutnar, L. (2020) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d12030091 · Cited by 35
“These functional traits have been demonstrated to capture the main plant leaf-history strategies (leaf-height-seed scheme) [62], and their use has been widely advocated in studies dealing with the ecological drivers of functional diversity and community assembly [46,47].”
Background
Are redundancy indices redundant? An evaluation based on parameterized simulations
Galland, T., Carmona, C. P., Götzenberger, L., Valencia, E., & de Bello, F. (2020) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106488 · Cited by 35
Transferability of trait‐based species distribution models
Vesk, P. A., Morris, W. K., Neal, W. C., Mokany, K., & Pollock, L. J. (2020) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.05179 · Cited by 35
Using plant traits to understand the contribution of biodiversity effects to annual crop community productivity
Engbersen, N., Stefan, L., Brooker, R. W., & Schöb, C. (2021) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.2479 · Cited by 35
“A relationship between plant height and SE has been observed before (Cadotte 2017, Li et al. 2020) and is probably due to plant height being related to competition for light, in which taller plants outcompete shorter plants (Westoby 1998).”
Background
Plant-Pollinator Coextinctions and the Loss of Plant Functional and Phylogenetic Diversity
Vieira, M. C., Cianciaruso, M. V., & Almeida‐Neto, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081242 · Cited by 38
“We estimated plant functional diversity using a suite of traits which capture broad-scale variation in plant ecological strategies: specific leaf area (SLA), plant height and seed mass (LHS scheme, [30]).”
BackgroundMethod
Phenotypic plasticity among Echium plantagineum populations in different habitats of Western Cape, South Africa
Sharma, G. P., & Esler, K. J. (2008) · South African Journal of Botany · doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2008.04.006 · Cited by 35
“Plant height and seed mass may act as indicators of both the establishment and regenerative phases of the life cycle (Thompson and Hodkinson, 1997; Pyšek and Richardson, 2007) and are the most relevant traits that address competitive ability (Westoby, 1998; Hodgson et al., 1999). ts reserved.”
Background
A multidimensional functional trait analysis of resource exploitation in European ants
Retana, J., Arnán, X., & Cerdá, X. (2015) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/14-2326.1 · Cited by 35
Intra-specific variation in leaf attributes of four savanna tree species across a rainfall gradient in tropical Australia
Prior, L. D., Bowman, D. M. J. S., & Eamus, D. (2005) · Australian Journal of Botany · doi:10.1071/bt04080 · Cited by 34
Weed flora shifts and specialisation in winter oilseed rape in F rance
Fried, G., Chauvel, B. B., & Reboud, X. (2015) · Weed Research · doi:10.1111/wre.12164 · Cited by 34
“…et al. (2014), we used the L-H-S (leaf–height–seed) framework, which summarises the major dimensions of variation in plant responses to environment (Westoby, 1998), using only three traits relating to resource use (specific leaf area), competitiveness (maximum plant height) and regeneration…”
Method
Improving spatial predictions of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity
D‘Amen, M., Mateo, R. G., Pottier, J., Thuiller, W., Maiorano, L., Pellissier, L., Ndiribe, C. C., Salamin, N., & Guisan, A. (2017) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12801 · Cited by 34
“…also field- sampled two uncorrelated plant traits associated with the performance of plant species during the persistence phase of their life cycle (Westoby, 1998): vegetative height (VH in mm) and specific leaf area (SLA in mm2/mg) (see Dubuis et al., 2013; for details on the measurements in the…”
Background
Experimental evaluation of the robustness of the growth–stress tolerance trade‐off within the perennial grass Dactylis glomerata
Bristiel, P., Gillespie, L., Østrem, L., Balachowski, J. A., Violle, C., & Volaire, F. A. (2018) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13112 · Cited by 33
“Interspecific differences in stress- adaptive strategies underpin the main ecological frameworks such as Grime’s (1979) C- S- R triangle, the r/K selection theory (MacArthur & Wilson, 1967; Stearns, 1976) or the leaf–height–seed scheme (Westoby, 1998).”
Background
Plant functional strategies and environmental constraints in Mediterranean high mountain grasslands in central Spain
Gutiérrez‐Girón, A., & Gavilán, R. G. (2013) · Plant Ecology & Diversity · doi:10.1080/17550874.2013.783641 · Cited by 34
“In contrast, dispersal and establishment success are related to seed traits (Westoby 1998; Westoby et al. 2002).”
Background
Together but different: co-occurring dune plant species differ in their water- and nitrogen-use strategies
Bermúdez, R., & Retuerto, R. (2013) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-013-2820-7 · Cited by 34
“…the Δ13c values. sla plays a key role in plant functioning since it has been related to the plant’s strategy for resource acquisition and use (Westoby 1998). sla has been considered to be the main factor determining growth variation, at least for herbaceous plants (Poorter and van der…”
Background
Plant Functional Types in Coastal Dune Habitats
Novo, F. G., Barradas, M. C. D., Zunzunegui, M. V., Mora, R. G., & Gallego‐Fernández, J. B. (2007) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74002-5_10 · Cited by 34
“Westoby (1998) described a geometrical representation, the LHS (leaf, height, seed) scheme of plant strategies, using a plot on three axes: SLA, canopy height, and seed mass.”
Method
Foliar resistance to simulated extreme temperature events in contrasting plant functional and chorological types
Gurvich, D. E., Díaz, S. M., Falczuk, V., Harguindeguy, N. P., Cabido, M., & THORPE, P. C. (2002) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00540.x · Cited by 34
Evaluating different methods for retrieving intraspecific leaf trait variation from hyperspectral leaf reflectance
Helsen, K., Bassi, L., Feilhauer, H., Kattenborn, T., Matsushima, H., Cleemput, E. V., Somers, B., & Honnay, O. (2021) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108111 · Cited by 35
The economics of biodiversity and ecosystem services
Perrings, C. A., Baumgärtner, S., Brock, W. A., Chopra, K., Conte, M., Costello, C., Duraiappah, A. K., Kinzig, A. P., Pascual, U., Polasky, S., et al. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.003.0017 · Cited by 36
Influence of long-term nutrient manipulation on specific leaf area and leaf nutrient concentrations in savanna woody species of contrasting leaf phenologies
Scalon, M. C., Haridasan, M., & Franco, A. C. (2017) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-017-3437-0 · Cited by 33
“The concept of ‘ecological strategy’ adopted here, as defined by Westoby (1998), expresses the opportunities and selective forces shaping the ecology of a plant species to sustain a population.”
Background
Impacts of soil conditions and light availability on natural regeneration of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. in low-elevation mountain forests
Dyderski, M. K., Gazda, A., Hachułka, M., Horodecki, P., Kałucka, I., Kamczyc, J., Malicki, M., Pielech, R., Smoczyk, M., Skorupski, M., et al. (2018) · Annals of Forest Science · doi:10.1007/s13595-018-0775-x · Cited by 36
“These species are effective competitors, due to high specific leaf area (Jagodziński et al. 2016), one of the adaptations for light acquisition (Westoby 1998).”
Background
Trait-based plant ecology a flawed tool in climate studies? The leaf traits of wild olive that pattern with climate are not those routinely measured
Kassout, J., Terral, J., Hodgson, J., & Ater, M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219908 · Cited by 33
Evaluating Short-Term Impacts of Forest Management and Microsite Conditions on Understory Vegetation in Temperate Fir-Beech Forests: Floristic, Ecological, and Trait-Based Perspective
Kermavnar, J., Marinšek, A., Eler, K., & Kutnar, L. (2019) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f10100909 · Cited by 33
“We used data for four widely-used functional traits: plant vegetative height, seed mass, specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf dry matter content (LDMC), following the leaf–height–seed scheme [43].”
Soil pH and Organic Matter Content Affects European Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) Crown Defoliation and Its Impact on Understory Vegetation
Turczański, K., Rutkowski, P., Dyderski, M. K., Wrońska‐Pilarek, D., & Nowiński, M. (2019) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f11010022 · Cited by 33
Can Trait-Based Schemes Be Used to Select Species in Urban Forestry?
Watkins, H., Hirons, A. D., Sjöman, H., Cameron, R. W. F., & Hitchmough, J. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Sustainable Cities · doi:10.3389/frsc.2021.654618 · Cited by 33
“…that describe strategies for coordinating resource allocation within a plant (Schimper, 1898; Herms and Mattson, 1992; Gitay and Noble, 1997; Westoby, 1998), structuring community dynamics (MacArthur and Wilson, 2001; Franco and Silvertown, 1996), and linking these processes to…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Divergent long- and short-term responses to environmental gradients in specific leaf area of grassland species
Liu, Z., Dong, N., Zhang, H., Zhao, M., Ren, T., Liu, C., Westerband, A. C., & He, N. (2021) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108058 · Cited by 33
Climatic and biogeographical drivers of functional diversity in the flora of the Canary Islands
Hanz, D. M., Cutts, V., Barbosa, M. P. B., Algar, A. C., Beierkuhnlein, C., Fernández‐Palacios, J. M., Field, R., Kreft, H., Steinbauer, M. J., Weigelt, P., et al. (2022) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.13507 · Cited by 32
“We collected data on four functional morphological traits that reflect fundamental ecological strategies of plants and relate to the different axes of the leaf– height– seed scheme defined by Westoby (1998): plant height, leaf length, flower length and fruit length.”
Method
Plant Species’ Capacity for Range Shifts at the Habitat and Geographic Scales: A Trade-Off-Based Framework
McNichol, B. H., & Russo, S. E. (2023) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants12061248 · Cited by 37
Relative roles of local disturbance, current climate and paleoclimate in determining phylogenetic and functional diversity in Chinese forests
Feng, G., Mi, X., Bøcher, P. K., Mao, L., Sandel, B., Cao, M., Ye, W. H., Hao, Z., Gong, H., Zhang, Y. T., et al. (2014) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-11-1361-2014 · Cited by 33
“Maximum canopy height is a key component of plant ecological strategies (Westoby, 1998), because it reflects the ability to compete for light, especially in dense, tall vegetation such as forests, and may also be correlated with other traits such as canopy area, leaf mass per area, leaf area ratio, metabolic rates, an…”
Background
Quantifying trait selection driving community assembly: a test in herbaceous plant communities under contrasted land use regimes
Sonniér, G., Navas, M., Fayolle, A., & Shipley, B. (2011) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19871.x · Cited by 33
Interspecific differences in determinants of plant species distribution and the relationships with functional traits
Aiba, M., Takafumi, H., & Hiura, T. (2012) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.01959.x · Cited by 33
“Many essential functional traits of plants, for example seed mass, plant height and specific leaf area (SLA) (e.g. Westoby 1998), are continuous variables.”
Background
A new approach to functional interpretation of vegetation data
Nygaard, B., & Ejrnæs, R. (2004) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02236.x · Cited by 33
Community mean traits as additional indicators to monitor effects of land-use intensity on grassland plant diversity
Pfestorf, H., Weiß, L., Müller, J., Boch, S., Socher, S. A., Prati, D., Schöning, I., Weisser, W. W., Fischer, M., & Jeltsch, F. (2012) · Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2012.10.003 · Cited by 32
Floods, drought, and seed mass of riparian plant species
Stromberg, J. C., & Boudell, J. A. (2013) · Journal of Arid Environments · doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2013.05.012 · Cited by 32
The Functional Ecology and Diversity of Tropical Tree Assemblages through Space and Time: From Local to Regional and from Traits to Transcriptomes
Swenson, N. G. (2012) · ISRN Forestry · doi:10.5402/2012/743617 · Cited by 32
“[20] M.”
Background
Linking changes in community composition and function under climate change
Mokany, K., Thomson, J. J., Lynch, A. J. J., Jordan, G. J., & Ferrier, S. (2015) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/14-2384.1 · Cited by 29
Ecological strategies in stable and disturbed environments depend on species specialisation
Büchi, L., & Vuilleumier, S. (2015) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.02915 · Cited by 32
“…r/K selection theory (MacArthur and Wilson 1967, Pianka 1970) and Grime CSR classification for vascular plants (Grime 1977), to the more recent leaf– height–seed strategy scheme and leaf economics spectrum (Westoby 1998, Westoby et al. 2002, Wright et al. 2004, Adler et al. 2014, Reich 2014).”
Background
Phylogenetic and functional mechanisms of direct and indirect interactions among alien and native plants
Feng, Y., & van Kleunen, M. (2016) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12577 · Cited by 32
“Plant height is indicative of the ability to pre-empt light resources and thereby competitive ability (Westoby 1998; Kunstler et al. 2016).”
Background
Variation in species‐level plant functional traits over wetland indicator status categories
McCoy-Sulentic, M., Kolb, T. E., Merritt, D. M., Palmquist, E. C., Ralston, B. E., & Sarr, D. A. (2017) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.2975 · Cited by 32
“This smaller set of traits was used because data were available for all species and allowed greater sample size, they were strongly correlated with other traits in previous studies (Westoby, 1998), and due to their importance in plant drought tolerance (Brodribb, 2009; Hacke et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Clonal vs leaf-height-seed (LHS) traits: which are filtered more strongly across habitats?
E‐Vojtkó, A., Freitag, M., Bricca, A., Martello, F., Compañ, J. M., Küttim, M., Kun, R., de Bello, F., Klimešová, J., & Götzenberger, L. (2017) · Folia Geobotanica · doi:10.1007/s12224-017-9292-1 · Cited by 32
“As such, our results hint at clonal and bud bank traits being an understudied dimension of plant strategy, which are not included in classical strategy schemes as C-S-R (distinguishing competitive, stress-tolerant and ruderal; Grime 2006) or the LHS scheme (Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Environmental Nutrient Supply Directly Alters Plant Traits but Indirectly Determines Virus Growth Rate
Lacroix, C., Seabloom, E. W., & Borer, E. T. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02116 · Cited by 32
“Functional traits corresponding to host morphological, physiological, and phenological properties can ultimately impact organisms’ fitness in varying environmental conditions via effects of growth, reproduction, and survival (Westoby, 1998; Westoby and Wright, 2006; Violle et al., 2007, 2014).”
Background
Plant functional indicators of vegetation response to climate change, past present and future: I. Trends, emerging hypotheses and plant functional modality
Gillison, A. N. (2019) · Flora · doi:10.1016/j.flora.2019.03.013 · Cited by 32
Intraspecific trait variation, functional turnover and trait differences among native and exotic grasses along a precipitation gradient
Sandel, B., & Low, R. (2019) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12756 · Cited by 32
Niche differentiation, competition or habitat filtering? Mechanisms explaining co‐occurrence of plant species on wet meadows of high conservation value
Czortek, P., Orczewska, A., & Dyderski, M. K. (2021) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12983 · Cited by 32
Forest understorey plant responses to long‐term experimental warming, light and nitrogen addition
Govaert, S., Vangansbeke, P., Blondeel, H., Lombaerde, E. D., Verheyen, K., & Frenne, P. D. (2021) · Plant Biology · doi:10.1111/plb.13330 · Cited by 34
“Seed mass reflects the trade-off between seed output and seedling survival (Westoby, 1998; Westoby & Wright, 2006; Diaz et al., 2016).”
Background
Hay transfer is a nature-based and sustainable solution for restoring grassland biodiversity
Valkó, O., Rádai, Z., & Déak, B. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114816 · Cited by 32
Taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity peaks do not coincide along a compositional gradient in forest‐grassland mosaics
Erdős, L., Ho, K. V., Bátori, Z., Kröel‐Dulay, G., Ónodi, G., Tölgyesi, C., Török, P., & Lengyel, A. (2022) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.14025 · Cited by 32
“SLA, plant height and seed mass are usually considered the most important and ecologically most informative traits (Díaz et al., 2004; Westoby, 1998).”
Background
Herbivory resistance traits in populations of Poa ligularis subjected to historically different sheep grazing pressure in Patagonia
Rotundo, J. L., & Aguiar, M. R. (2007) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1007/s11258-007-9279-8 · Cited by 32
“Moreover, high SLA may be favorable to the growth during the inter-defoliation time because of the fast production of low-cost leaves (i.e., in carbon terms) and fast turnover of plant parts and higher RGR ( Westoby 1999 ).”
Background
Does extinction wield an axe or pruning shears? How interactions between phylogeny and ecology affect patterns of extinction
Green, W. A., Hunt, G., Wing, S. L., & DiMichele, W. A. (2010) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1666/09078.1 · Cited by 32
“These are often then reduced to a smaller number of axes that are thought to capture the major features of ecological diversity (Bambach 1983; Westoby 1998; Grime 2002).”
Background
Comparative floral and vegetative differentiation between two European Aquilegia taxa along a narrow contact zone
Medrano, M., Castellanos, M. C., & Herrera, C. M. (2006) · Plant Systematics and Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00606-006-0473-2 · Cited by 32
“In addition, if A. p. cazorlensis had a stress tolerator species strategy, a lower value of specific leaf area than its widespread congener is predicted (Westoby 1998).”
Background
Invasive Argentine ants reduce fitness of red maple via a mutualism with an endemic coccid
Brightwell, R. J., & Silverman, J. (2009) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-009-9607-0 · Cited by 32
“Dried seed mass minus any dispersal structures has been recommended as the best and easiest method of seed measurement ( Westoby 1998 ), with larger seeds producing seedlings better able to survive a variety of seedling hazards (Westoby et al. 1996).”
Method
Links between shoot and plant longevity and plant economics spectrum: Environmental and demographic implications
Klimešová, J., Nobis, M. P., & Herben, T. (2016) · Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2016.09.002 · Cited by 32

Authors: Westoby, M.
Affiliations: Macquarie University (AU)
Corresponding author: Westoby, Mark
ORCID: Westoby, Mark
Venue: Plant and Soil
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1998-02
Volume: 199
Issue: 2
Pages: 213-227
ISSN: 0032-079X (ISSN-L)
1573-5036
DOI: 10.1023/a:1004327224729
OpenAlex: W201316592
Cited by: 1,925
References: 105
Citations by year: 2026: 93 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 106 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 60
FWCI: 17.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Plant and Soil (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Botany and Plant Ecology Studies
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
Keywords: plant ecological strategies, specific leaf area, seed weight, canopy height, disturbance tolerance, stress tolerance, plant functional traits, plant ecophysiology, global change

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A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme

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