The DOI matches its Crossref record; 106 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme
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“Plant community ecology and functional ecology (18, 22) have proven useful for understanding global patterns of vegetation.”
From Defining pyromes and global syndromes of fire regimes (2013) · cites this paper as [22]
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Cites
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Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 1,000
Patterns in specific leaf area and the structure of a temperate heath community
Burns, K. C. (2004) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00058.x · Cited by 49
“As a result, SLA has been argued to be an important component of plant life history strategies (Chapin et al ., 1993; Westoby, 1998; Grubb, 2002).”
BackgroundEnquist, B. J., Tiffney, B. H., & Niklas, K. J. (2007) · International Journal of Plant Sciences · doi:10.1086/513479 · Cited by 49
“Plant size is an important axis by which to capture a wide range of plant morphological variation, structural complexity, and life-history diversity (Niklas 1994; Westoby 1998; Enquist 2002; Westoby et al. 2002).”
BackgroundDuru, M., Khaled, R. A. H., Ducourtieux, C., Theau, J. P., de Quadros, F. L. F., & Cruz, P. (2008) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1007/s11258-008-9516-9 · Cited by 48
“2007) that take account of: (i) the capacity to exploit resource-rich or -poor environments; (ii) the capacity for competitive dominance; (iii) the response to disturbance (Westoby 1998; Wilson et al. 1999).”
Kyle, G., & Leishman, M. R. (2009) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.01988.x · Cited by 48
Ecological autocatalysis: a central principle in ecosystem organization?
Veldhuis, M. P., Berg, M. P., Loreau, M., & Olff, H. (2018) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1002/ecm.1292 · Cited by 51
“Their structure differs greatly between species, representing a set of distinct plant strategies (Grime 1979, Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundUmaña, M. N., Zipkin, E. F., Zhang, C., Cao, M., Lin, L., & Swenson, N. G. (2018) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13001 · Cited by 48
“…main strategies for resource acquisition: leaf thickness, leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf mass fraction (LMF), stem mass fraction (SMF), root mass fraction (RMF), leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific stem length (SSL) (Poorter et al., 2012; Westoby, 1998; Wright et al., 2004).”
BackgroundHerb abundance and life-history traits in two contrasting alpine habitats in southern Norway
Austrheim, G., Evju, M., & Mysterud, A. (2005) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1007/s11258-005-0197-3 · Cited by 48
“This is in agreement with the results from a seed addition experiment in a subalpine habitat (Austrheim and Eriksson 2003), and plants with small but relatively thick leaves (low SLA) are generally expected to have an advantage in stressful habitats (Reich et al. 1997; Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAre there herbaceous dryads in temperate deciduous forests?
Decocq, G., & Hermy, M. (2003) · Acta Botanica Gallica · doi:10.1080/12538078.2003.10516006 · Cited by 48
“These classifications are sometimes labeled plant-ecology-strategy schemes (PESS) since they have had as their goal predicting patterns in species distribution rather than predicting the effects of diversity on the provision or maintenance of ecosystem function (Westoby, 1998; Walker et a/., 1999).”
BackgroundCunningham, S. A., & Floyd, R. B. (2004) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x03-228 · Cited by 47
“Specific leaf area (SLA) (or its inverse, specific leaf mass) might be an important plant trait, both because it is a key predictor of growth strategy in plants (Westoby 1998) and because it is highly correlated with the structural tissue traits, such as water content, tissue density, and toughness (Reich et al.”
BackgroundPlant functional traits are dynamic predictors of ecosystem functioning in variable environments
Huxley, J. D., White, C. T., Humphries, H. C., Weber, S. E., & Spasojevic, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.14197 · Cited by 48
“Height is indicative of a species' competitive ability for light (Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundIntraspecific Trait Variation Driven by Plasticity and Ontogeny in Hypochaeris radicata
Mitchell, R. M., & Bakker, J. D. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109870 · Cited by 47
“SLA, which is correlated with resource acquisition and leaf life-span [54,55], was calculated as leaf area (mm(2)) divided by leaf dry mass (mg).”
MethodZunzunegui, M. V., Barradas, M. C. D., Ain-Lhout, F., Clavijo, A., & Novo, F. G. (2005) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-004-6806-4 · Cited by 47
“conditions has always been an important aim of comparative plant ecology (Keddy, 1992; Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundClonal growth and plant species abundance
Herben, T., Nováková, Z., & Klimešová, J. (2014) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mct308 · Cited by 47
Evolutionary ecology of fast seed germination—A case study in Amaranthaceae/Chenopodiaceae
Kadereit, G., Newton, R. J., & Vandelook, F. E. A. (2017) · Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2017.09.007 · Cited by 47
Feng, Y., Fouqueray, T., & van Kleunen, M. (2018) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13061 · Cited by 47
“Potentially important traits include plant height, specific leaf area, leaf size, and seed mass, which are at the core of plant strategies relevant to growth, survival, and reproduction (Díaz et al., 2016; Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundCurran, T. J., Brown, R. L., EDWARDS, E., Hopkins, K. G., KELLEY, C., MCCARTHY, E., POUNDS, E., SOLAN, R., & Wolf, J. A. (2008) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01900.x · Cited by 47
Palacio, S., Milla, R., Albuixech, J., Pérez‐Rontomé, C., Camarero, J. J., Maestro, M., & Montserrat‐Martí, G. (2008) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02569.x · Cited by 47
“Over the last decades, great efforts have been made to identify key traits suitable to simplify the huge taxonomical diversity of plants into a series of ecologically relevant functional types (Grime et al., 1997; Westoby, 1998; Weiher et al., 1999; Cornelissen et al., 2003; Wright et al., 2004).”
Kooyman, R. M., Cornwell, W. K., & Westoby, M. (2010) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01642.x · Cited by 46
“…larger leaves tend to have larger twigs, less frequent branching and larger fruits (Corner’s Rules, Corner 1949); and (iii) typical maximum height is connected with light interception strategy (Westoby 1998;Westoby et al. 2002;Wright et al. 2007; Kraft, Valencia &Ackerly 2008; Poorter et al. 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThébault, A., Gillet, F., Müller‐Schärer, H., & Buttler, A. (2010) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1007/s11258-010-9824-8 · Cited by 46
“Competitive ability can be encompassed by a small number of functional traits linked to light capture, production of biomass and nutrient use (Goldberg and Landa 1991; Keddy et al. 1998; Westoby 1998 ).”
BackgroundFu, H., Yuan, G., Zhong, J., Cao, T., Ni, L., & Xie, P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062794 · Cited by 46
“Numerous studies have focused on the interspecific trait variation to determine the importance of different trade-offs in structuring community dynamics [6,8,9,10,11].”
BackgroundMudrák, O., Janeček, Š., Götzenberger, L., Mason, N. W. H., Horník, J., de Castro, I., Doležal, J., Klimešová, J., & de Bello, F. (2015) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.01723 · Cited by 46
Plant functional traits – fixed facts or variable depending on the season?
Römermann, C., Bucher, S. F., Hahn, M., & Bernhardt‐Römermann, M. (2016) · Folia Geobotanica · doi:10.1007/s12224-016-9250-3 · Cited by 46
van der Sande, M. T., Gosling, W. D., Correa‐Metrio, A., Júnior, J. A. D. P., Poorter, L., Oliveira, R. S., Mazzei, L., & Bush, M. B. (2019) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13251 · Cited by 46
“2005) (small but many seeds enhance colonization of eroded sites) or + (large seeds are associated with high resprouting capacity) (Westoby 1998; Lahoreau et al. 2006) (small but many seeds enhance colonization of burned sites) or + (large seeds are associated with high resprouting capacity and fast growth of seedling…”
BackgroundInfluentialToly, S. R., Majer, J. D., & Yates, C. J. (2001) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1442-9993.2001.01133.x · Cited by 46
Woźniak, G., Chmura, D., Błońska, A., Tokarska‐Guzik, B., & Sierka, E. M. (2011) · Polish Journal of Environmental Studies · Cited by 45
Lukács, B. A., E‐Vojtkó, A., Mesterházy, A., Attila Molnár, V., Süveges, K., Végvári, Z., Brusa, G., & Cerabolini, B. E. L. (2017) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.2703 · Cited by 45
Phenotypes of Pinus sylvestris are more coordinated under local harsher conditions across Europe
Benavides, R., Carvalho, B., Matesanz, S., Bastías, C. C., Cavers, S., Escudero, A., Fonti, P., Martínez‐Sancho, E., & Valladares, F. (2021) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13668 · Cited by 44
Land-use intensification effects on functional properties in tropical plant communities
Carreño-Rocabado, G., Peña‐Claros, M., Bongers, F., Díaz, S. M., Quétier, F., Chuviña, J., & Poorter, L. (2015) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/14-0340 · Cited by 47
Guerrero, I., Carmona, C. P., Morales, M. B., Oñate, J. J., & Peco, B. (2014) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2014.05.021 · Cited by 45
“Following Westoby (1998), three representative traits of plant strategy for resource capture and allocation were selected: specific leaf area (SLA, mm2mg 1), mean canopy height (cm) and seed mass (mg).”
MethodLõhmus, K., Paal, T., & Liira, J. (2014) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.1163 · Cited by 45
“These old parks are the first and sometimes the only easy-to-access educational spots about forest-like ecosystem in rural landscape.”
BackgroundCarboni, M., Acosta, A. T. R., & Ricotta, C. (2013) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12095 · Cited by 45
Plant life history and above–belowground interactions: missing links
Deyn, G. B. D. (2016) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.03967 · Cited by 45
McCoy-Sulentic, M., Kolb, T. E., Merritt, D. M., Palmquist, E. C., Ralston, B. E., Sarr, D. A., & Shafroth, P. B. (2017) · Wetlands · doi:10.1007/s13157-017-0895-3 · Cited by 46
Plant size: a key determinant of diversification?
Boucher, F. C., Verboom, G. A., Musker, S. D., & Ellis, A. G. (2017) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.14697 · Cited by 45
“One of the main dimensions of plant size, height, is a leading component of plant ecological strategies (Westoby, 1998), being most important in competition for light (Falster & Westoby, 2003).”
BackgroundThe maleness of larger angiosperm flowers
Paterno, G. B., da Silveira, C. L., Kollmann, J., Westoby, M., & Fonseca, C. R. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1910631117 · Cited by 45
“Maximum plant height, specific leaf area, and seed size, for instance, are simple measurements that express important trade-offs (34).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMetz, J., Lampei, C., Bäumler, L., Bocherens, H., Dittberner, H., Henneberg, L., de Meaux, J., & Tielbörger, K. (2020) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13596 · Cited by 45
Lajoie, G., & Kembel, S. W. (2020) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1002/ecm.1443 · Cited by 42
Shipley, B., & de Almeida‐Cortez, J. S. (2003) · Ecoscience · doi:10.1080/11956860.2003.11682753 · Cited by 45
“Because SLA is an easily measured variable that is correlated with many key life history traits of plants, Westoby (1998) has proposed a new classification of plant strategies in which SLA is one of the three defining attributes.”
BackgroundAardvarck to Zyzyxia– functional groups across kingdoms
Lavorel, S., & Garnier, É. (2001) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00048.x · Cited by 45
Plant chemical traits define functional and phylogenetic axes of plant biodiversity
Furey, G. N., & Tilman, D. G. (2023) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.14262 · Cited by 45
Martínez‐Vilalta, J., García‐Valdés, R., Jump, A. S., Vilà‐Cabrera, A., & Mencuccini, M. (2023) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.19138 · Cited by 46
Amiaud, B., Touzard, B., Bonis, A., & Bouzillé, J. (2007) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1007/s11258-007-9364-z · Cited by 44
“The lack of generality of these allometric relationships across species and grazing regime indicate that both aboveground and aerial plant traits must be measured (Westoby 1998; Weiher et al. 1999).”
BackgroundJoët, T., Ourcival, J., Capelli, M., Dussert, S., & Morin, X. (2015) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcv139 · Cited by 44
“Seed mass has long been recognized as a key plant functional trait which defines a species’ ecological strategy (Westoby, 1998), affects seedling survival in particular (Moles and Westoby, 2004) and even influences species distribution (Morin and Chuine, 2006).”
BackgroundRoot Foraging Performance and Life-History Traits
Weiser, M., Koubek, T., & Herben, T. (2016) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00779 · Cited by 44
“Moreover, the existing knowledge of ecological functions of life-history traits (Westoby, 1998; Cornwell et al., 2014) may help to identify potential constraints/predictors of passive and active plasticity.”
BackgroundKeddy, P. A. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316321270 · Cited by 44
Frye, H., Aiello‐Lammens, M. E., Euston‐Brown, D., Jones, C. S., Mollmann, H. K., Merow, C., Slingsby, J. A., van der Merwe, H., Wilson, A. M., & Silander, J. A. (2021) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.13306 · Cited by 46
The analysis of biodiversity experiments: from pattern toward mechanism
Hector, A., Bell, T., Connolly, J., Finn, J. A., Fox, J. W., Kirwan, L., Loreau, M., McLaren, J. R., Schmid, B., & Weigelt, A. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.003.0007 · Cited by 44
Herben, T., Klimešová, J., & Chytrý, M. (2018) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.05090 · Cited by 44
E‐Vojtkó, A., de Bello, F., Lososová, Z., & Götzenberger, L. (2023) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.14171 · Cited by 43
Raunkiæran shortfalls: Challenges and perspectives in trait‐based ecology
de Bello, F., Fischer, F. M., Puy, J., Shipley, B., Verdú, M., Götzenberger, L., Lavorel, S., Moretti, M., Wright, I. J., Berg, M. P., et al. (2025) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1002/ecm.70018 · Cited by 50
“Building on this legacy, more contemporary ecologists have proposed classification schemes based on traits or responses to abiotic conditions (Grime, 1974; Noble & Slatyer, 1980; Westoby, 1998).”
Rosbakh, S. A., Bernhardt‐Römermann, M., & Poschlod, P. (2014) · Alpine Botany · doi:10.1007/s00035-014-0139-6 · Cited by 43
“…plant functional traits related to growth, persistence and reproduction of plants, namely specific leaf area (SLA), canopy height and seed mass. SLA (leaf area divided by its dry weight) is related to the potential growth rate and ecological strategy of plants (Westoby 1998; Poorter et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPickering, C. M., Green, K., Barros, A. A., & Venn, S. (2014) · Alpine Botany · doi:10.1007/s00035-014-0140-0 · Cited by 43
“…traits [plant height, leaf area, percent dry matter content of leaves and specific leaf area (SLA)] based on the individual plant and ecosystem functions in which they are involved (Westoby 1998; Cornelissen et al. 2003; Lepš et al. 2006; Petchey and Gaston 2006) (Supplementary Material 2).”
Intraspecific leaf trait variability along a boreal-to-tropical community diversity gradient
Bastías, C. C., Fortunel, C., Valladares, F., Baraloto, C., Benavides, R., Cornwell, W. K., Markesteijn, L., de Oliveira, A. A., Sansevero, J. B. B., Vaz, M. C., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172495 · Cited by 43
“Moreover, SLA and leaf size are traits with an important ecological significance in relation to plant economics and plant resource acquisition: plants investing in greater SLA values increase light-capture efficiency, but are more vulnerable to high temperatures, drought, nutrient-limitation and herbivory [43].”
BackgroundSheppard, C. S., Carboni, M., Essl, F., Seebens, H., & Thuiller, W. (2018) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.12708 · Cited by 46
“Following the leaf- height- seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme (Westoby, 1998), these traits describe important trade- offs between rapid growth and coping with disturbance.”
Wu, S., Cheng, J., Xu, X., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, H., & Qiang, S. (2019) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107594 · Cited by 43
The global distribution of grass functional traits within grassy biomes
Jardine, E. C., Thomas, G. H., Forrestel, E. J., Lehmann, C. E. R., & Osborne, C. P. (2020) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/jbi.13764 · Cited by 47
“Taller plants compete more effectively for light (Cavender-Bares, Ackerly, Baum, & Bazzaz, 2004; Tilman, 1988), however, smaller plants may be selected for in highly disturbed environments since there is a trade-off between fast reproduction and competitive ability (Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCubino, J. P., Cavender-Bares, J. M., Groffman, P. M., Avolio, M. L., Bratt, A. R., Hall, S. J., Larson, K. L., Lerman, S. B., Narango, D. L., Neill, C., et al. (2020) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103877 · Cited by 43
“U We collected data on three plant traits related to different ecological processes including plant dispersal, establishment, and persistence (Díaz et al., 2016; Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKos, M., & Poschlod, P. (2007) · Basic and Applied Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.baae.2007.10.005 · Cited by 43
Müller, S. C., Overbeck, G. E., Blanco, C. C., de Oliveira, J. M., & Pillar, V. D. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3797-0_7 · Cited by 43
Global patterns and environmental drivers of forest functional composition
Bouchard, É., Searle, E. B., Drapeau, P., Liang, J., Gamarra, J. G. P., Abegg, M., Alberti, G., Zambrano, A. M. A., Álvarez‐Dávila, E., Alves, L. F., et al. (2023) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.13790 · Cited by 42
“They emerge strongly as predictors of different life history strategies (Chave et al., 2009; Westoby, 1998) and important axes of global plant form and function (Díaz et al., 2016).”
BackgroundGriffith, D. M., Quigley, K. M., & Anderson, T. M. (2016) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-016-3632-3 · Cited by 42
Changes in plant diversity patterns along dune zonation in south Atlantic European coasts
Torca, M., Campos, J. A., & Herrera, M. (2018) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2018.11.016 · Cited by 46
Duchini, P. G., Guzatti, G. C., Echeverria, J. R., Américo, L. F., & Sbrissia, A. F. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207360 · Cited by 42
MacLaren, C., Bennett, J., & Dehnen‐Schmutz, K. (2019) · Weed Research · doi:10.1111/wre.12347 · Cited by 42
Restoring functionally diverse communities enhances invasion resistance in a freshwater wetland
Byun, C., de Blois, S., & Brisson, J. (2020) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13419 · Cited by 43
“These traits are relevant to leaf-height-seed plant ecology strategy scheme (Westoby, 1998), the common core list of plant traits related with dispersal, establishment, and persistence (Weiher et al., 1999), functional traits related with competitive ability and growth (Funk et al., 2008), and…”
BackgroundPlant Functional Types and Traits at the Community, Ecosystem and World Level
Gillison, A. N. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118452592.ch12 · Cited by 42
“…approach using a ‘core’ set of more readily measureable functional traits based on specific Leaf area, mature plant Height and Seed mass (the LHS system of Westoby 1998) represents a significant breakthrough in quantifying plant responses to the environment, with a capacity for general application.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSalazar, P. C., Herraiz, A. D., Olmo, M., Ruiz‐Benito, P., Barrón, V., Bastías, C. C., de la Riva, E. G., & Villar, R. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147468 · Cited by 41
Towards establishing a fungal economics spectrum in soil saprobic fungi
Camenzind, T., Aguilar‐Trigueros, C. A., Hempel, S., Lehmann, A., Bielčik, M., Andrade‐Linares, D. R., Bergmann, J., Cruz, J. D., Gawronski, J., Golubeva, P., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-47705-7 · Cited by 46
“This has been a successful strategy in plants 16 ; though even in plant ecology — despite extensive trait databases — it is a long-lasting ongoing endeavor to de fi ne these traits 18,49,50 .”
Microbial biodiversity and ecosystem functioning under controlled conditions and in the wild
Bell, T., Gessner, M. O., Griffiths, R. I., McLaren, J. R., Morin, P. J., van der Heijden, M. G. A., & van der Putten, W. H. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.003.0009 · Cited by 44
Stochastic processes and crop types shape weed community assembly in arable fields
Perronne, R., Corre, V. L., Bretagnolle, V., & Gaba, S. (2014) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12238 · Cited by 41
Leffler, A. J., James, J. J., & Monaco, T. A. (2012) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-012-2399-4 · Cited by 41
“Rapid resource acquisition can occur in these species because little biomass is dedicated to structural tissue (Westoby 1998) and respiration is primarily directed at growth rather than maintenance (Lambers and Poorter 1992).”
BackgroundNovel evidence for within-species leaf economics spectrum at multiple spatial scales
Hu, Y., Pan, X., Liu, G., Li, W., Dai, W., Tang, S., Zhang, Y., Xiao, T., Chen, L., Xiong, W., et al. (2015) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00901 · Cited by 41
“Some important trade-offs, underpinning ecological strategies, have been found among species, e.g., C-S-R triangle (Grime, 1979), leaf-height-seed (LHS) strategy scheme (Westoby, 1998) and leaf economics spectrum (LES; Wright et al., 2004).”
BackgroundBusch, V., Klaus, V. H., Penone, C., Schäfer, D., Boch, S., Prati, D., Müller, J., Socher, S. A., Niinemets, Ü., Peñuelas, J., et al. (2017) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.3609 · Cited by 41
“Heavy, nonselective grazing pressure has been frequently associated with the promotion of small-growing species with a rosette or stoloniferous architecture and a fast regrowth of high-quality, very pal-atable tissue (Díaz et al., 2007; Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundRestoring biodiversity and ecosystem function: will an integrated approach improve results?
Wright, J. P., Symstad, A. J., Bullock, J. M., Engelhardt, K. A. M., Jackson, L., & Bernhardt, E. S. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.003.0012 · Cited by 43
Duffin, K. I., Li, S., & Meiners, S. J. (2018) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13043 · Cited by 40
“Often, a set of core functional traits (e.g., canopy height, seed mass, specific leaf area, woodiness) are used to capture how plants acquire and use resources (Diaz et al., 2004; Weiher et al., 1999; Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundHo, K. V., Kröel‐Dulay, G., Tölgyesi, C., Bátori, Z., Tanács, E., Kertész, M., Török, P., & Erdős, L. (2023) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2023.120789 · Cited by 44
Above‐ and belowground traits along a stress gradient: trade‐off or not?
Bricca, A., Sperandii, M. G., Acosta, A. T. R., Montagnoli, A., Bella, G. L., Terzaghi, M., & Carboni, M. (2023) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.10043 · Cited by 40
Chelli, S., Bricca, A., Tsakalos, J. L., Andreetta, A., Bonari, G., Campetella, G., Carnicelli, S., Cervellini, M., Puletti, N., Wellstein, C., et al. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170258 · Cited by 41
Processes Driving Ontogenetic Succession of Galls in a Canopy Tree1
Fonseca, C. R., Fleck, T., & Fernandes, G. W. (2006) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00175.x · Cited by 40
“The higher specific leaf area of immature C. aschersoniana plants suggests that they are indeed investing more in growth than in defense (Lambers & Poorter 1992, Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundAnderson, T. M., Shaw, J., & Olff, H. (2011) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01795.x · Cited by 40
“…of trait evolution (i.e. conservatism, Brownian or convergence) for specific leaf area (SLA) and maximum plant height, two key traits known for their functional importance in plants (Westoby 1998) but which have special significance for herbaceous species along the Serengeti environmental gradient.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDouma, J. C., Aerts, R., Witte, J. P. M., Bekker, R. M., Kunzmann, D., Metselaar, K., & van Bodegom, P. M. (2011) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.07068.x · Cited by 40
“At the species level, plant ecology strategy schemes (PESS) are used to describe differences in ecological behaviour between species along a number of axes (MacArthur and Wilson, 1967, Grime, 1979, Westoby, 1998, Diaz et al., 2004 and many others).”
BackgroundInfluentialMitchell, R. M., & Bakker, J. D. (2013) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12167 · Cited by 40
Feilhauer, H., Schmid, T., Faude, U., Sánchez‐Carrillo, S., & Cirujano, S. (2018) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.01.012 · Cited by 40
Guo, Y. Q., Guo, J., Shen, X., Wang, G., & Wang, T. (2019) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f10080705 · Cited by 40
“Many ecologists believe that among phenotypic characteristics of trees, leaf-traits are most closely related to plant growth strategies and the ability of plants to utilize resources, which could reflect the survival strategies of plants adapted to environmental changes [34,35].”
BackgroundOhdo, T., & Takahashi, K. (2020) · AoB Plants · doi:10.1093/aobpla/plaa014 · Cited by 40
“Westoby (1998) proposed a scheme of plant ecology strategies from viewpoints of leaf, plant height and seed mass. Measurements of plant height and leaf traits are easier than seed mass, and are appropriate for comparison among many plant species along environmental gradients.”
BackgroundResponse of clonal versus non-clonal herbs to disturbance: Different strategies revealed
Martínková, J., Klimeš, A., Puy, J., & Klimešová, J. (2020) · Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2020.125529 · Cited by 40
Freitag, M., Klaus, V. H., Bolliger, R., Hamer, U., Kleinebecker, T., Prati, D., Schäfer, D., & Hölzel, N. (2021) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13883 · Cited by 40
“Our results confirm the finding that this adaption to nutrient surplus in productive sites does not represent an advantage under conditions with less competition for light (Zirbel & Brudvig, 2020), where, for instance, water availabil - ity limits plant growth.”
BackgroundResultPoorter, L., Hawthorne, W. D., Bongers, F., & Sheil, D. (2008) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01366.x · Cited by 40
“In plant studies there has been a recent renewal of interest in size as an important indicator of plant strategy and species position along resource gradients (Kohyama 1992; Westoby 1998; Turner 2001; McGill et al . 2006).”
BackgroundAdamidis, G. C., Kazakou, E., Fyllas, N. M., & Dimitrakopoulos, P. G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096034 · Cited by 39
“Leaf width (LW) was measured as the diameter of the maximum imaginary circle fitted within the leaf [29].”
MethodDisentangling direct and indirect effects of island area on plant functional trait distributions
Schrader, J., Westoby, M., Wright, I. J., & Kreft, H. (2021) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/jbi.14138 · Cited by 39
“On islands with larger basal area and late- successional forests, seeds need more resources for germination compared with seeds establishing on islands with less basal area and early- successional forests (Moles & Westoby, 2004; Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLinking trait similarity to interspecific spatial associations in a moist tropical forest
Velázquez, E., Paine, C. E. T., May, F., & Wiegand, T. (2015) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12313 · Cited by 39
“For all these reasons, when studying the relationships between species co-occurrence and trait similarity it is necessary to analyse the effects of each trait alone, the combined effects of all traits together and the joint effects of correlated groups of traits (Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundBöhnke, M., & Bruelheide, H. (2012) · Environmental and Experimental Botany · doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.09.010 · Cited by 39
Determinants of change in subtropical tree diameter growth with ontogenetic stage
Shen, Y., Santiago, L. S., Shen, H., Ma, L., Lian, J., Cao, H., Lu, H., & Ye, W. (2014) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-014-2981-z · Cited by 39
Tribouillois, H., Cruz, P., Cohan, J., & Justes, É. (2015) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2015.04.016 · Cited by 39
Courty, P., Munoz, F., Selosse, M., Duchemin, M., Stéven, C., Ziarelli, F., Buée, M., Plassard, C., Taudière, A., Garbaye, J., et al. (2016) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12633 · Cited by 39
“Resource acquisition is a major component of plant (Westoby 1998) and fungal (McGuire et al.”
BackgroundUsing Functional Traits to Assess the Services Provided by Cover Plants
Damour, G., Garnier, É., Navas, M., Dorel, M., & Risède, J. (2015) · Advances in agronomy · doi:10.1016/bs.agron.2015.06.004 · Cited by 45
Trait‐mediated community assembly: distinguishing the signatures of biotic and abiotic filters
Loughnan, D., & Gilbert, B. (2017) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.03945 · Cited by 39
“1120 with resident community height, which also increased with soil moisture, likely indicating competition for light (Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundBiogeographic historical legacies in the net primary productivity of Northern Hemisphere forests
Conradi, T., Meerbeek, K. V., Ordóñez, A., & Svenning, J. (2020) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.13481 · Cited by 38
“The selected traits represent plant strategies related to light interception, resource use, growth, mortality, recruitment and defence (Westoby 1998; Chave et al. 2009; Moles et al. 2009; Carmona et al. 2011).”
BackgroundGriffith, D. M., Osborne, C. P., Edwards, E. J., Bachle, S., Beerling, D. J., Bond, W. J., Gallaher, T. J., Helliker, B. R., Lehmann, C. E. R., Leatherman, L., et al. (2020) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.16773 · Cited by 39
“Specific leaf area (SLA) measures the 198 cost of constructing a leaf, which represents a tradeoff between acquisitive (high relative growth rate) and 199 conservative (high leaf lifespan) plant strategies (Westoby, 1998; Westoby et al., 2002; Wright et al., 200 2004).”
BackgroundManagement of Grazing Systems: From Decision and Biophysical Models to Principles for Action
Duru, M., & Hubert, B. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2666-8_50 · Cited by 39
Metadata
- Authors
- Westoby, M.
- Affiliations
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Westoby, Mark
- ORCID
- Westoby, Mark
- Venue
- Plant and Soil
- Published
- 1998-02
- Volume
- 199
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 213-227
- ISSN
- 0032-079X (ISSN-L)
- 1573-5036
- OpenAlex
- W201316592
- Cited by
- 1,925
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 93 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 106 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 60
- FWCI
- 17.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Plant and Soil (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Botany and Plant Ecology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
- Keywords
- plant ecological strategies, specific leaf area, seed weight, canopy height, disturbance tolerance, stress tolerance, plant functional traits, plant ecophysiology, global change
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