The DOI matches its Crossref record; 106 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Plant community ecology and functional ecology (18, 22) have proven useful for understanding global patterns of vegetation.”
From Defining pyromes and global syndromes of fire regimes (2013) · cites this paper as [22]
Citations
Cites
The Theory of Island Biogeography
MacArthur, R. H., & Wilson, E. O. (2001) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400881376 · Cited by 13,298
Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology
Küchler, A. W., Mueller‐Dombois, D., & Ellenberg, H. (1976) · Geographical Review · doi:10.2307/213332 · Cited by 7,319
Grime, J. P. (1977) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/283244 · Cited by 5,754 · cited 2×
“…a common language for comparing species and vegetation types worldwide, seems to have dropped below the horizon, with the notable exception of a sustained campaign from the Unit for Comparative Plant Ecology at Sheffield (e.g. Grime, 1974, 1977, 1979; Grime et al., 1988, 1997), of which more later.”
BackgroundPlant Strategies and Vegetation Processes
Grime, J. P. (1979) · Andalas University Repository (Andalas University) · Cited by 5,371
The Mineral Nutrition of Wild Plants
Chapin, F. S. (1980) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.11.110180.001313 · Cited by 4,364
Resource Competition and Community Structure
Hassell, M. P., & Tilman, D. G. (1984) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/4549 · Cited by 4,238
Resource Availability and Plant Antiherbivore Defense
Coley, P. D., Bryant, J. P., & Chapin, F. S. (1985) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.230.4728.895 · Cited by 3,964
From tropics to tundra: Global convergence in plant functioning
Reich, P. B., Walters, M. B., & Ellsworth, D. S. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.25.13730 · Cited by 2,443
Field Experiments on Interspecific Competition
Schoener, T. W. (1983) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/284133 · Cited by 2,354
Plant Apparency and Chemical Defense
Feeny, P. (1976) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2646-5_1 · Cited by 2,352
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- Begon M, Harper J L and Townsend C R 1996 Ecology. 3rd edition. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
- Colinvaux P 1993 Ecology 2. Wiley, New York.
- Crawley M J 1983 Herbivory. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
- Ellenberg H 1988 Vegetation of Central Europe. 4th edition. Springer-Verlag.
- Grime J P 1994a Defining the scope and testing the validity of CSR theory: a response to Midgley, Laurie and Le Maitre. Bulletin of the South African Institute of Ecologists 13, 4–7.
- Hubbell S P and Foster R B 1986 Commonness and rarity in a tropical forest: implications for tropical tree diversity. In Conservation Biology. Ed. M E Soule. pp 205–231. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
- King D A 1991 Tree size. National Geographic Research and Exploration 7, 342–351.
- Myerscough P J 1990 Comparative plant ecology and the quest for understanding of Australian plants. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 112, 189–199.
- Orshan G 1989 Plant Pheno-Morphological Studies in Mediterranean Ecosystems. Geobotany Volume 12, Junk, The Hague.
- Poorter H 1989 Interspecific variation in relative growth rate: on ecological causes and physiological consequences. In Causes and Consequences of Variation in Growth Rate and Productivity in Higher Plants. Eds. H Lambers et al. pp 45–68. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.
- Poorter H What do we know about fast and slow-growing species from nutrient-poor and nutrient-rich habitats? In Variation in Plant Growth. Eds. H Lambers, H Poorter and M van Vuuren Backhuys, Leiden (In press).
- Ramenskii L G 1938 Introduction to the Geobotanical Study of Complex Vegetations. Selkosgiz, Moscow
- Roy J and Garnier E (Eds.) 1994 A Whole-Plant Perspective on Carbon-Nitrogen Interactions. SPB Publishing, The Hague.
- Shugart H H and Urban D L 1989 Factors affecting the relative abundance of forest tree species. In Toward a More Exact Ecology. Eds. P J Grubb and J B Whittaker. pp 249–274. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
- Spurr S H and Barnes B V 1980 Forest Ecology, 3rd edition. Wiley, New York.
- Tilman D 1988 Plant Strategies and the Structure and Dynamics of Plant Communities. Princeton University Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,000
Lehsten, V., & Michael Kleyer, A. (2007) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.11.034 · Cited by 31
Chelli, S., Simonetti, E., Wellstein, C., Campetella, G., Carnicelli, S., Andreetta, A., Giorgini, D., Puletti, N., Bartha, S., & Canullo, R. (2019) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12792 · Cited by 31
“A Leaf‐height‐seed (LHS) plant ecology strat‐ egy scheme.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialShift from trait convergence to divergence along old‐field succession
Backhaus, L., Albert, G., Cuchietti, A., Nino, L. M. J., Fahs, N., Lisner, A., Kolář, V., Kermavnar, J., Widmer, S., Zimmermann, Z., et al. (2021) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12986 · Cited by 31
Araújo, I., Marimon, B. S., Scalon, M. C., da Cruz, W. J. A., Fauset, S., Vieira, T. C. D. S., Galbraith, D. R., & Gloor, M. U. (2021) · Flora · doi:10.1016/j.flora.2021.151829 · Cited by 31
“The lower investment in specific leaf area may be a strategy to increase resource retention and allocation to other organs of the plant (Reich et al., 1992; Westoby, 1998; Pérez-389 Harguindeguy et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialHedgerows as a habitat for forest plant species in the agricultural landscape of Europe
Litza, K., Alignier, A., Closset‐Kopp, D., Ernoult, A., Mony, C., Osthaus, M., Staley, J. T., Berge, S. V. D., Vanneste, T., & Diekmann, M. (2021) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2021.107809 · Cited by 32
Liancourt, P., Tielbörger, K., Bangerter, S., & Prasse, R. (2009) · Basic and Applied Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.baae.2009.05.003 · Cited by 31
“Similar to previous studies, plant height was positively related to CE (Grime 1974; Keddy et al. 2002; Turnbull et al. 2004; Westoby 1998; but see Fynn, Morris, & Kirkman 2005).”
InfluentialEsperón‐Rodríguez, M., & Barradas, V. L. (2014) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-014-0624-x · Cited by 31
“Low SLA is indicative of a conservative resource capture strategy (Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundLi, Y., Yang, D., Xiang, S., & Li, G. (2013) · Australian Journal of Botany · doi:10.1071/bt13022 · Cited by 31
Naeem, S., Bunker, D. E., Hector, A., Loreau, M., & Perrings, C. A. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.003.0001 · Cited by 31
Neuenkamp, L., Lewis, R. J., Koorem, K., Zobel, K., & Zobel, M. (2016) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12449 · Cited by 32
Trait assembly in grasslands depends on habitat history and spatial scale
Saar, L., de Bello, F., Pärtel, M., & Helm, A. (2017) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-017-3812-9 · Cited by 31
“…not caused by competitive exclusion (as small-seeded species are usually also considered to be weaker competitors for light and establishment space; Westoby 1998), but rather due to exclusion of non-suitable phenotypes via management activity (Schleuning et al. 2009; Batalha et al. 2015, but see…”
BackgroundInfluentialIdentifying the multiple drivers of cactus diversification
Thompson, J. B., Hernández‐Hernández, T., Keeling, G., Vásquez‐Cruz, M., & Priest, N. K. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51666-2 · Cited by 30
“Plant size has many physiological and ecological consequences 585 (Westoby, 1998), showing allometric scaling with numerous life history traits 586 (Boucher et al, 2017), including those with powerful impacts on speciation rates 587 across angiosperms as a whole (Igea et al.”
BackgroundEffects of Phenology on Plant Community Assembly and Structure
Cleland, E. E., & Wolkovich, E. M. (2024) · Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102722-011653 · Cited by 30
Kyle, G., & Leishman, M. R. (2008) · River Research and Applications · doi:10.1002/rra.1192 · Cited by 30
“Further to this, the use of a core set of plant functional traits allows for widespread comparisons between separate datasets and studies (Westoby, 1998; Weiher et al., 1999).”
BackgroundPredicting species establishment using absent species and functional neighborhoods
Bennett, J. A., & Pärtel, M. (2017) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.2804 · Cited by 30
“Height, specific leaf area (SLA), and seed weight were included as they are important indicators of plant strategies (Westoby 1998) and were readily available from LEDA (Kleyer et al. 2008), EcoFlora (Fitter & Peat 1994), the Seed Information Database (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 2014), or other…”
MethodSantini, B. A., Hodgson, J., Thompson, K. A., Wilson, P. J., Band, S. R., Jones, G., Charles, M., Bogaard, A., Palmer, C., & Rees, M. (2017) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12870 · Cited by 30
Fried, G., Chauvel, B. B., Munoz, F., & Reboud, X. (2019) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants9010040 · Cited by 30
“three traits of the Leaf–Height–Seed (L-H-S) strategy scheme [36].”
BackgroundThe stronger, the better – trait hierarchy is driving alien species interaction
Ferenc, V., & Sheppard, C. S. (2020) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.07338 · Cited by 33
Evaluating the effectiveness of spontaneous vegetation for stormwater mitigation on green roofs
Schrieke, D., Szota, C., Williams, N. S. G., & Farrell, C. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165643 · Cited by 30
Metz, M. R., Wright, S. J., Zimmerman, J. K., Hernández, A., Smith, S. M., Swenson, N. G., Umaña, M. N., Valencia, R., Waring‐Enriquez, I., Wordell, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.14195 · Cited by 30
“Colonisation ability is enhanced by seed number while stress tolerance is enhanced by large seed reserves to provision young seedlings (Muller-Landau, 2010; Myers & Kitajima, 2007; Paz & Martinez-Ramos, 2003; Venable, 1996, p. 199; Visser et al., 2016; Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundMeers, T. L., Kasel, S., Bell, T. L., & Enright, N. J. (2009) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.10.035 · Cited by 30
Borgy, B., Reboud, X., Peyrard, N., Sabbadin, R., & Gaba, S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139278 · Cited by 30
“The relevance of the model predictions was also tested by analysing the correlation between LHT estimates (averaged over the four crop types) and two functional traits: the seed mass, which is related to reproduction [23], and the seed coat thickness, which is related to seed persistence in the seed bank [24].”
MethodMitchell, R. M., Wright, J. P., & Ames, G. M. (2016) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.04001 · Cited by 30
“…a measure of plant competitive ability for light in grassland species; larger plant height gives greater access to light and greater potential to assimilate carbon (Westoby 1998) and height has been shown to accurately account for variation in plant competitive ability (Keddy and Shipley 1989).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhou, X., Guo, Z., Zhang, P., Li, H., Chu, C., Li, X., & Du, G. (2017) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.2723 · Cited by 28
“Following the leaf–height–seed plant ecology strategy scheme (Westoby, 1998), we chose six functional traits: height, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry mass content (LDMC), leaf N content, leaf P content, and seed mass, all of which can be easily measured and have important ecological meaning in our study.”
MethodMessier, J., Violle, C., Enquist, B. J., Lechowicz, M. J., & McGill, B. J. (2018) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.1002/ajb2.1146 · Cited by 30
“Understanding the relationships among functional traits has taken a central place in comparative ecology because functional traits reflect trade- offs in plant physiology, describe adaptive strategies, and affect ecosystem functions (Westoby, 1998; Lavorel and Garnier, 2002; Violle et al., 2007).”
BackgroundEl‐Barougy, R. F., Elgamal, I. A., Rohr, R. P., Probert, A. F., Khedr, A. A., & Bacher, S. (2020) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-020-02235-3 · Cited by 30
“This leads to greater assimilation of organic carbon and nitrogen compounds (Westoby 1998; Bullock et al. 2001; Grime 2006) and faster growth rates (Warren and Adams 2001; Onoda et al. 2004; Takashima et al. 2004; Feng et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSimplification of woody plant trait networks among communities along a climatic aridity gradient
Medeiros, C. D., Trueba, S., Henry, C., Fletcher, L. R., Lutz, J. A., Méndez‐Alonzo, R., Kraft, N. J. B., & Sack, L. (2025) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.70010 · Cited by 29
“Much research has focused on using small sets of traits to estimate plant ‘strategies’, ‘axes’ or ‘dimensions’ of function (Díaz et al., 2004 , 2016 ; Funk et al., 2017; Grime, 1979 ; Lavorel & Garnier, 2002 ; Maynard et al., 2022; Westoby, 1998 ; Wright et al., 2004 ).”
Distinct Physiological Responses Underlie Defoliation Tolerance in African Lawn and Bunch Grasses
Anderson, T. M., Kumordzi, B. B., Fokkema, W., Fox, H. V., & Olff, H. (2013) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL PLANT SCIENCES · doi:10.1086/670237 · Cited by 31
“In addition, many of these relationships seem to follow closely the heights of the species, which has also been proposed as a key life-history axis that separates seed plants (Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundForecasting decline in ecosystem services under realistic scenarios of extinction
Duffy, J. E., Srivastava, D. S., McLaren, J. R., Sankaran, M., Solan, M., Griffin, J. N., Emmerson, M., & Jones, K. E. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.003.0005 · Cited by 30
Functional ecology and imperfect detection of species
Roth, T., Allan, E., Pearman, P. B., & Amrhein, V. (2017) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.12950 · Cited by 29
“Recent work on plant strategies shows two main axes of variation: a resource economics axis (related to specific leaf area) and a size axis related to height and seed size (Diaz et al., 2016; Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialClosset‐Kopp, D., Hattab, T., & Decocq, G. (2018) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13118 · Cited by 29
“For this purpose, we followed the leaf‐height‐ seed (LHS) ecology strategy scheme (i.e. a combination of three ecologically important traits: specific leaf area (SLA), seed mass and plant maximal height; Westoby, 1998).”
MethodIntraspecific trait variability shapes leaf trait response to altered fire regimes
Mitchell, R. M., Ames, G. M., & Wright, J. P. (2020) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcaa179 · Cited by 28
Biase, L. D., Fattorini, S., Cutini, M., & Bricca, A. (2021) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants10020359 · Cited by 29
“These traits are referred to the leaf–height–seed scheme [34], which has proved to be a useful integrated framework to capture key plant ecological strategies [35].”
BackgroundRomillac, N., & Santorufo, L. (2021) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108415 · Cited by 29
Knappová, J., Knapp, M., & Münzbergová, Z. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065879 · Cited by 29
“Larger seeds provide more reserves when species have to cope with unfavourable conditions, such as in shadow under vegetation canopy [61].”
BackgroundSeed size and response to rainfall patterns in annual grasslands: 16 years of permanent plot data
Peco, B., Rico, L., & Azcárate, F. M. (2009) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.05646.x · Cited by 29
“Seed size is proposed as one of the key plant attributes for understanding plant strategies (Harper 1977; Grime 1979; Westoby 1998; Weiher et al. 1999; Leishman et al. 2000) and is often linked to a species’ capacity for colonisation and seedling establishment.”
BackgroundPlant traits respond to the competitive neighbourhood at different spatial and temporal scales
Bittebière, A.-K., & Mony, C. (2014) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcu206 · Cited by 29
Jurado, E., Estrada, E., & Moles, A. T. (2001) · Journal of Arid Environments · doi:10.1006/jare.2000.0762 · Cited by 29
Generalization in Functional Plant Ecology
Westoby, M. (2007) · Books in soils, plants, and the environment · doi:10.1201/9781420007626.ch23 · Cited by 29
Self-citationIncorporating biodiversity in climate change mitigation initiatives
Díaz, S. M., Wardle, D. A., & Hector, A. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.003.0011 · Cited by 29
The Spatial Patterns of Functional Groups and Successional Direction in a Coastal Dune Community
Feagin, R. A., & Wu, X. B. (2007) · Rangeland Ecology & Management · doi:10.2111/1551-5028(2007)60[417:tspofg]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 29
Zheng, A., & Lv, J. (2023) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-023-01669-z · Cited by 28
“Tissue density is the amount of structural biomass invested by unit of volume and has been a key trait indicating plant life history strategies (Westoby 1998; Craine et al. 2001).”
Fong, C. R., Ryznar, E. R., Smith, L. L., & Fong, P. (2023) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.14144 · Cited by 28
Functional trait trade-offs define plant population stability across different biomes
Conti, L., Valencia, E., Galland, T., Götzenberger, L., Lepš, J., E‐Vojtkó, A., Carmona, C. P., Májeková, M., Danihelka, J., Dengler, J., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.0344 · Cited by 28
“We considered different functional traits representing different components of major plants’ growing strategies [26].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDrought response in herbaceous plants: A test of the integrated framework of plant form and function
Funk, J. L., Larson, J. E., Blair, M. D., Nguyen, M. A., & Rivera, B. J. (2024) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.14495 · Cited by 28
Landscape perspectives for agroecological weed management. A review
Boinot, S., Alignier, A., & Storkey, J. (2024) · Agronomy for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1007/s13593-023-00941-5 · Cited by 35
“Focusing on individual traits included in the leaf-height-seed scheme of Westoby (1998), Boinot et al. (2022) found a higher variance of plant height, specific leaf area, and seed mass in dense and complex bocage landscapes.”
Unifying functional and population ecology to test the adaptive value of traits
Laughlin, D. C. (2024) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.13107 · Cited by 28
“…of Southwood ’ s (1977) “ habitat templet ” and Grime ’ s (1979) CSR model, are the most general drivers of plant strategy evolution (Huston, 1994; Westoby, 1998; Keddy, 2017), but each of these concepts are complex and multidimensional (Craine, 2009; Grubb, 1998; Walker, 1999; Walker &…”
InfluentialRelative effects of different leaf attributes on sapling growth in tropical dry forest
Chaturvedi, R. K., Raghubanshi, A. S., & Singh, J. (2013) · Journal of Plant Ecology · doi:10.1093/jpe/rtt053 · Cited by 28
“1999; Westoby 1998).”
Li, W., Zhao, J., Epstein, H. E., Jing, G., Cheng, J., & Du, G. (2016) · Journal of Plant Ecology · doi:10.1093/jpe/rtw069 · Cited by 28
“At the species scale, SLA, LNC, MPH and LDMC reflect fundamental trade-offs between rapid biomass production (high SLA, high LNC, high MPH, low LDMC species) and efficient nutrient conservation (low SLA, low LNC, low MPH, high LDMC species) (Poorter and de Jong 1999; Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundKelemen, A., Tóthmérész, B., Valkó, O., Miglécz, T., Déak, B., & Török, P. (2017) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.2869 · Cited by 28
“Species with high SLA are characterized by fast growth and shade tolerance because of their efficient photosynthesis (Valladares & Niinemets, 2008; Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundCássia‐Silva, C., Cianciaruso, M. V., Maracahipes, L., & Collevatti, R. G. (2017) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1007/s11258-017-0765-3 · Cited by 28
Thakur, D., Rathore, N., & Chawla, A. (2018) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.05538 · Cited by 28
The functional trait spectrum of European temperate grasslands
Ladouceur, E. R., Bonomi, C., Bruelheide, H., Klimešová, J., Burrascano, S., Poschlod, P., Isanta, M. T., Iannetta, P. P. M., Mondoni, A., Amiaud, B., et al. (2019) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12784 · Cited by 28
“2016) and to the latitude-driven first dimension of the global spectrum of vascular plants (Westoby 1998; Diaz et al. 2016).”
BackgroundCandeias, M., & Fraterrigo, J. M. (2020) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.7000 · Cited by 28
“The leaf patterns we observed are consistent with the expected physiological trade-offs mediated by N availability and soil moisture (Tilman, 1990; Westoby, 1998) and suggest that filtering of trait diversity has resulted in environmentally mediated fitness differences among species with different…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPlant‐bacteria associations are phylogenetically structured in the phyllosphere
Lajoie, G., & Kembel, S. W. (2021) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.16131 · Cited by 28
“…community composition can be explained by its influence on local nutrient and water availability, with higher- SLA leaves generally having higher nitrogen concentrations and being more susceptible to nutrient leaching, and lower- SLA leaves being more nutrient- conservative (Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundFagundes, M. V., de Souza, A. F., Oliveira, R. S., & Ganade, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Forests and Global Change · doi:10.3389/ffgc.2022.930099 · Cited by 28
“General classification schemes have proposed that plant species should be distributed along a gradient of conservative to acquisitive strategies (Grime, 1977; Westoby, 1998; Diaz et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMeers, T. L., Bell, T. L., Enright, N. J., & Kasel, S. (2008) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.3170/2008-8-18401 · Cited by 28
“Seed mass, potential plant height and SLA have been proposed as predictors of response to land-use change (Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialPlant leaf economics and reproductive investment are responsive to gradients of land use intensity
Lienin, P., & Michael Kleyer, A. (2011) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2011.03.015 · Cited by 28
“According to the work of Grime (2002), Westoby (1998), and Díaz et al. (2004), regenerative traits should be uncoupled from resource-rich—acquisitive traits to resource-poor—retentive traits axis.”
Effects of nutrient enrichment and crab herbivory on a SW Atlantic salt marsh productivity
Alberti, J., Cebrián, J., Casariego, A. M., Canepuccia, A. D., Escapa, M., & Iribarne, O. O. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2011.05.023 · Cited by 28
“…fall due to longer tidal submersion intervals (Alberti et al., 2007b), ontogeny of the crab and associated nutritional requirements, which may vary among seasons (see Westoby, 1998 for large herbivores), and availability of more palatable food sources in other seasons (Persson and Brönmark 2002).”
BackgroundLavorel, S., de Bello, F., Grigulis, K., Lepš, J., Garnier, É., Castro, H., Doležal, J., Golodets, C., Quétier, F., & Thébault, A. (2011) · Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1560/ijee.57.1-2.53 · Cited by 28
“nevertheless, our results suggest that, consistent with the Leaf–Height–Seed scheme (Westoby, 1998), species tend to represent unique combinations of SLA, height, and seed weight.”
ResultA long-term experimental test of the dynamic equilibrium model of species diversity
Laliberté, É., Lambers, H., Norton, D. A., Tylianakis, J. M., & Huston, M. A. (2012) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-012-2417-6 · Cited by 31
Douma, J. C., Shipley, B., Witte, J. P. M., Aerts, R., & van Bodegom, P. M. (2011) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/10-1961.1 · Cited by 28
“The RDA showed that disturbance and nutrient availability are both important determinants of plant traits across habitats, confirming previous work (Grime 1977, Tilman 1988, Westoby 1998, Lavorel and Garnier 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBourgeois, B., González, E., Vanasse, A., Aubin, I., & Poulin, M. (2016) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/15-1368.1 · Cited by 24
“In general, long, large and heavy seeds are produced in lower number and tend to travel shorter distances than smaller seeds (Thompson et al. 1993, Westoby 1998, Leishman et al. 2000), while, in the case of hydrochory, seed buoyancy, also conditions dispersal distance but remains poorly informed in…”
BackgroundTardella, F. M., Bricca, A., Piermarteri, K., Postiglione, N., & Catorci, A. (2017) · Flora · doi:10.1016/j.flora.2017.02.022 · Cited by 28
Vilela, A. E., Rennella, M. J., & Ravetta, D. A. (2003) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(03)00299-8 · Cited by 29
Wanted: A General and Predictive Theory for Trait-based Plant Ecology
Enquist, B. J. (2010) · BioScience · doi:10.1525/bio.2010.60.10.15 · Cited by 27
Trait‐based ecology, trait‐free ecology, and in between
Westoby, M. (2024) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.20197 · Cited by 27
Self-citationCastillo, L., Rostagno, C., & Ladio, A. (2020) · Rangeland Ecology & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rama.2020.06.001 · Cited by 20
“Leaf size, cited uring the interviews as a local ethnoindicator, points to important ariations in the life strategies of the species and functioning of the cosystems ( Westoby 1998 ).”
BackgroundUse of remote sensing to track postindustrial vegetation development
Woźniak, G., Dyderski, M. K., Kompała‐Bąba, A., Jagodziński, A. M., Pasierbiński, A., Błońska, A., Bierza, W., Magurno, F., & Sierka, E. M. (2020) · Land Degradation and Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.3789 · Cited by 27
“…studied: Ellenberg's indicator values (EIVs) for light, temperature, moisture, soil nutrients, and soil reaction (Ellenberg & Leuschner, 2010), the three main functional traits describing life strategies (Pierce et al., 2017; Westoby, 1998): specific leaf area (SLA), seed mass and canopy height.”
BackgroundLarge seeds provide an intrinsic growth advantage that depends on leaf traits and root allocation
Simpson, K. J., Atkinson, R. R. L., Mockford, E. J., Bennett, C., Osborne, C. P., & Rees, M. (2021) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13871 · Cited by 27
Environmental associations of abundance-weighted functional traits in Australian plant communities
Guerin, G. R., Gallagher, R. V., Wright, I. J., Andrew, S. C., Falster, D. S., Wenk, E. H., Munroe, S., Lowe, A. J., & Sparrow, B. D. (2021) · Basic and Applied Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.baae.2021.11.008 · Cited by 27
Environmental and pedological factors influencing organic carbon storage in Italian forest soils
Andreetta, A., Chelli, S., Bonifacio, E., Canullo, R., Cecchini, G., & Carnicelli, S. (2023) · Geoderma Regional · doi:10.1016/j.geodrs.2023.e00605 · Cited by 29
A framework to apply trait‐based ecological restoration at large scales
Coutinho, A. G., Carlucci, M. B., & Cianciaruso, M. V. (2023) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14439 · Cited by 27
Yang, D., Li, G., & Sun, S. (2009) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.05573.x · Cited by 27
“However, relative to other leading dimensions of the leaf-height-seed (LHS) system (Westoby 1998), the adaptive significance of this spectrum has not been extensively studied in relation to plant life history strategies (Westoby & Wright 2003; Pickup et al.”
BackgroundChanges in plant cover and functional traits induced by grazing in the arid Patagonian Monte
Lamas, M. I. B., Larreguy, C., Carrera, A. L., & Bertiller, M. B. (2013) · Acta Oecologica · doi:10.1016/j.actao.2013.06.002 · Cited by 27
Retuerto, R., & Carballeira, A. (2004) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1023/b:vege.0000021665.69774.26 · Cited by 27
“Finally, taking into account the need for a global classification of plants – in terms of functional attributes – as a means of reducing species diversity to manageable levels of comprehension (Woodward et al. 1997; Westoby 1998 ), we hope that our results will help in defining functional types in terms of the similar…”
ResultQueenborough, S. A., & Porras, C. (2013) · Plant Ecology & Diversity · doi:10.1080/17550874.2013.777483 · Cited by 27
“Email: queenborough.1@osu.edu leaves, but fully expanded and without epiphylls or serious herbivore and pathogen damage, and taken from full light positions (Reich et al. 1992; Westoby 1998; Weiher et al. 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialOgle, K., Pathikonda, S., Sartor, K., Lichstein, J. W., Osnas, J. L. D., & Pacala, S. W. (2013) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12178 · Cited by 27
“These traits are also easily measured and thus can be obtained for large numbers of species (Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundPuglielli, G., Crescente, M. F., Frattaroli, A. R., & Gratani, L. (2015) · Annales Botanici Fennici · doi:10.5735/085.052.0201 · Cited by 27
“LMA has been used as an indicator of species position along a gradient from resource- rich to resource-poor environments (Reich et al. 1992, Cornelissen et al. 1996, Westoby 1998, Castro–Díez et al. 2000).”
BackgroundMethodThe role of seed traits in determining the phylogenetic structure of temperate plant communities
Vandelook, F. E. A., Verdú, M., & Honnay, O. (2012) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcs121 · Cited by 27
“Although seed mass, widely regarded as an import functional trait (Westoby, 1998; Weiher et al., 1999), had a clear relationship to the phenotypic community structure, with seed mass increasing with decreased light availability, it was much less important in determining phylogenetic community structure.”
BackgroundLiebergesell, M., Reu, B., Stahl, U., Freiberg, M., Welk, E., Kattge, J., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Peñuelas, J., & Wirth, C. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148607 · Cited by 27
“Overstorey species develop greater values for maximum height, which is a proxy for growth and development after disturbance [41] or for a high longevity.”
BackgroundVariation in Plant Response to Herbivory Underscored by Functional Traits
Reese, A. T., Ames, G. M., & Wright, J. P. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166714 · Cited by 27
Liu, Y., & El-Kassaby, Y. A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26681-1 · Cited by 29
Why Are There so Many Plant Species That Transiently Flush Young Leaves Red in the Tropics?
Gong, W., Liu, Y., Wang, C.-M., Chen, Y.-Q., Martin, K., & Meng, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.00083 · Cited by 27
“…2001; Cornelissen et al., 2003; Huang et al., 2012), and even secondary metabolites or leaf coloration (Coley and Aide, 1989; Gould et al., 1995; Westoby, 1998; Nicotra et al., 2010; Chen and Huang, 2013; Niu et al., 2014; Tellez et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016) can all be altered to respond to…”
BackgroundGurvich, D. E., Enrico, L., & Cingolani, A. M. (2005) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01529.x · Cited by 27
Plant physiological indicators for optimizing conservation outcomes
Schönbeck, L. C., Arteaga, M., Mirza, H., Coleman, M. L., Mitchell, D., Huang, X., Ortiz, H., & Santiago, L. S. (2023) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/coad073 · Cited by 26
“In this regard, it is important that measurements are taken consistently at the same leaf age and time of year, as many of these factors change over time (Westoby, 1998).”
Alarcón, R., Plaza, E. H., Navarrete, L., Sánchez, M. J., & Sánchez, A. M. (2019) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2019.106574 · Cited by 26
Bricca, A., Conti, L., Tardella, F. M., Catorci, A., Iocchi, M., Theurillat, J., & Cutini, M. (2019) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1007/s11258-019-00985-2 · Cited by 26
“We apply this framework to grassland communities along an elevation gradient as a surrogate of stress gradient, using traits regarding the Leaf-Height-Seed scheme (Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialChieppa, J., Power, S. A., Tissue, D. T., & Nielsen, U. N. (2020) · Rangeland Ecology & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rama.2020.01.009 · Cited by 26
“As height is an important characteristic for competitive interactions in community (Westoby 1998; Falster and Westoby 2005), perhaps its addition in the validation plots causes the mismatch.”
BackgroundNapoleone, F., Giarrizzo, E., & Burrascano, S. (2021) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.13055 · Cited by 26
Lee, H.-I., Seo, Y.-O., Kim, H., Ali, A., Lee, C., & Chung, Y. (2022) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120179 · Cited by 26
Silva, I. A., & Batalha, M. A. (2011) · Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2011.05.006 · Cited by 27
“However, we could not include two other important plant functional traits associated with the responsiveness to opportunities for rapid growth and the ability to cope with disturbances – the specific leaf area and the seed mass (Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundPlant palatability can be inferred from a single‐date feeding trial
Elger, A., & Barrat‐Segretain, M. (2004) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00846.x · Cited by 26
“2002), plants should balance growth and defence (Herms & Mattson 1992; Grime et al. 1997; Westoby 1998; Aerts & Chapin 2000).”
BackgroundConstraints on leaf structural traits in wetland plants
Vernescu, C., & Ryser, P. (2009) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.3732/ajb.0800312 · Cited by 26
Carvalho, F., Brown, K. A., Waller, M. P., Bunting, M. J., Boom, A., & Leng, M. J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216698 · Cited by 26
“Leaf nutrients and leaf area-to-mass ratios are known to control plant respiration, carbon acquisition, water transfer and other aspects of plant metabolism [19, 20].”
BackgroundClimate is the main driver of clonal and bud bank traits in Italian forest understories
Chelli, S., Ottaviani, G., Simonetti, E., Wellstein, C., Canullo, R., Carnicelli, S., Andreetta, A., Puletti, N., Bartha, S., Cervellini, M., et al. (2019) · Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2019.125478 · Cited by 27
“These traits are associated with 1) aboveground organs, e.g., leaf-96 height-seed scheme (Westoby, 1998), leaf and wood economics spectra Wright et al., 2004; Chave 97 et al., 2009), and 2) belowground resource acquisition strategies, investigating roots and 98 mycorrhizal associations (e.g.,…”
BackgroundPlant functional traits and the entangled phenotype
Díaz, S. M. (2025) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.70017 · Cited by 25
Zhou, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, P., Guo, Z., Chu, C., & Du, G. (2015) · Journal of Plant Ecology · doi:10.1093/jpe/rtv043 · Cited by 25
“2010; Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundOccupancy and overlap in trait space along a successional gradient in Mediterranean old fields
Loranger, J., Blonder, B. W., Garnier, É., Shipley, B., Vile, D., & Violle, C. (2016) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.3732/ajb.1500483 · Cited by 25
Vegetation monitoring in a 100-year-old calcareous grassland reserve in Germany
Bauer, M., & Albrecht, H. (2019) · Basic and Applied Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.baae.2019.11.003 · Cited by 25
Metadata
- Authors
- Westoby, M.
- Affiliations
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Westoby, Mark
- ORCID
- Westoby, Mark
- Venue
- Plant and Soil
- Published
- 1998-02
- Volume
- 199
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 213-227
- ISSN
- 0032-079X (ISSN-L)
- 1573-5036
- OpenAlex
- W201316592
- Cited by
- 1,925
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 93 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 106 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 60
- FWCI
- 17.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Plant and Soil (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Botany and Plant Ecology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
- Keywords
- plant ecological strategies, specific leaf area, seed weight, canopy height, disturbance tolerance, stress tolerance, plant functional traits, plant ecophysiology, global change
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
