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A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme
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“Plant community ecology and functional ecology (18, 22) have proven useful for understanding global patterns of vegetation.”
From Defining pyromes and global syndromes of fire regimes (2013) · cites this paper as [22]
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Cites
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Items 301–400 of 1,000
Conti, L., Block, S., Parepa, M., Münkemüller, T., Thuiller, W., Acosta, A. T., van Kleunen, M., Dullinger, S., Essl, F., Dullinger, I., et al. (2018) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12928 · Cited by 77
Venn, S., Green, K., Pickering, C. M., & Morgan, J. W. (2011) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1007/s11258-011-9923-1 · Cited by 87
“In such areas, competitive and productive species (those which can grow taller and produce larger leaves) are likely to be selected for (Grime 2001; Mason et al. 2003; Weiher et al. 1999; Westoby 1998 ), as seen in the current study.”
BackgroundInfluentialZhang, C., Willis, C. G., Burghardt, L. T., Qi, W., Liu, K., Souza‐Filho, P. R. D. M., Ma, Z., & Du, G. (2014) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.12955 · Cited by 86
Species–area relationships on small islands differ among plant growth forms
Schrader, J., König, C., Triantis, K. A., Trigas, P., Kreft, H., & Weigelt, P. (2020) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.13056 · Cited by 86
Nogueira, A., Martínez, C. A., Ferreira, L. L., & Prado, C. H. B. A. (2004) · Photosynthetica · doi:10.1023/b:phot.0000046152.05364.77 · Cited by 86
“Leaf samples were weighed to calculate ALM [g m-2] according to Westoby (1998).”
MethodEffect of species, root branching order and season on the root traits of 13 perennial grass species
Picon‐Cochard, C., Pilon, R., Tarroux, E., Pagès, L., Robertson, J., & Dawson, L. A. (2011) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-011-1007-4 · Cited by 85
“These databases also help to understand and predict species distributions in present and future environments (Grime et al. 1988; Fitter and Peat 1994; Westoby 1998; Kühn et al. 2004; Kleyer et al. 2008).”
Plant functional traits capture species richness variations along a flooding gradient
Violle, C., Bonis, A., Plantegenest, M., Cudennec, C., Damgaard, C. F., Marion, B., Cœur, D. L., & Bouzillé, J. (2010) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18525.x · Cited by 88
“Plant height has been classically proposed as an integrated proxy of competitive interactions in many ecosystems (Grime 1979, Westoby 1998, Westoby et al. 2002, Navas and Violle 2009), in particular in wetlands (Menges and Waller 1983), and experimentally demonstrated as a surrogate for both…”
BackgroundDarwin's naturalization hypothesis: scale matters in coastal plant communities
Carboni, M., Münkemüller, T., Gallien, L., Lavergne, S., Acosta, A. T. R., & Thuiller, W. (2012) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07479.x · Cited by 84
“We also checked for a phylogenetic signal (sensu Abouheif 1999, Blomberg and Garland 2002) in a set of functional traits known to relate to species strategies or resource use (Westoby 1998, Supplementary material Appendix 4).”
MethodThakur, D., & Chawla, A. (2019) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-019-01728-5 · Cited by 84
“1 3 competitive ability for light (Westoby 1998; Falster and Westoby 2003; Kattge et al. 2011).”
Herbivory, serotiny and seedling defence in Western Australian Proteaceae
Hanley, M. E., & Lamont, B. B. (2001) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s004420000538 · Cited by 84
Characterizing scale‐dependent community assembly using the functional‐diversity–area relationship
Smith, A. B., Sandel, B., Kraft, N. J. B., & Carey, S. (2013) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/12-2109.1 · Cited by 84
“These traits were chosen to reflect the three primary spectra of plant life history strategies (Westoby 1998).”
Geographic range size, seedling ecophysiology and phenotypic plasticity in AustralianAcaciaspecies
Pohlman, C. L., Nicotra, A. B., & Murray, B. R. (2005) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01181.x · Cited by 83
“…has been associated with variation in the seedling establishment strategies of plants adapted for habitats of differing productivity (Biere 1996, Westoby 1998, Atkin et al., 1999; Rees et al., 2001), different successional niches (Rees et al., 2001) and different competitive abilities (Westoby…”
BackgroundGolodets, C., Sternberg, M., & Kigel, J. (2009) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.01071.x · Cited by 82
“The LHS strategy scheme is based on the assumption that each of the three traits varies widely between species at any given level of the other two, i.e., a degree of independence is assumed to exist between the three traits (Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialImpact of plant invasions on functional diversity in the vegetation of Central Europe
Hejda, M., & de Bello, F. (2013) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12026 · Cited by 82
Plant–environment interactions through a functional traits perspective: a review of Italian studies
Chelli, S., Marignani, M., Barni, E., Petraglia, A., Puglielli, G., Wellstein, C., Acosta, A. T. R., Bolpagni, R., Bragazza, L., Campetella, G., et al. (2019) · Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology · doi:10.1080/11263504.2018.1559250 · Cited by 80
“…to major ecological strategy theories, such as (i) the Leaf-Height-Seed plant ecology strategy scheme (including SLA, canopy height and seed mass; Westoby 1998), (ii) the CSR strategy scheme (SLA, LDMC; Grime and Pierce 2012; Pierce et al. 2013), and (iii) the Leaf Economics Spectrum (Wright et…”
Linking grazing response of species abundance to functional traits in the Tibetan alpine meadow
Niu, K., Zhang, S., Zhao, B., & Du, G. (2009) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-009-0194-8 · Cited by 80
“Westoby et al. (1999) argued that specific leaf area (SLA), saturated height (Hs) and seed size (SS) are the three main predictors for the response of species abundance to disturbance under the Leaf-Height-Seed scheme of plant ecological strategy (Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialAssessing trait‐based scaling theory in tropical forests spanning a broad temperature gradient
Enquist, B. J., Bentley, L. P., Shenkin, A. F., Maitner, B., Savage, V. M., Michaletz, S. T., Blonder, B. W., Buzzard, V., Espinoza, T. E. B., Farfán-Ríos, W., et al. (2017) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.12645 · Cited by 78
Carlucci, M. B., Debastiani, V. J., Pillar, V. D., & Duarte, L. (2014) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12223 · Cited by 79
Pontes, L. D. S., Louault, F., Carrère, P., Maire, V., Andueza, D., & Soussana, J. (2010) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcq066 · Cited by 79
Clonal and bud bank traits: patterns across temperate plant communities
Klimešová, J., & Herben, T. (2014) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12228 · Cited by 78
Drought resilience of conifer species is driven by leaf lifespan but not by hydraulic traits
Song, Y., Sterck, F. J., Zhou, X., Liu, Q., Kruijt, B., & Poorter, L. (2022) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.18177 · Cited by 77
“In the long run, both leaf strategies may have a similar lifetime carbon gain, as short-lived leaves have a high capacity, and long-lived leaves have a long photosynthetic revenue stream over the lifetime of a leaf (Westoby, 1998; Edwards et al ., 2014).”
Vasconcelos, T., O’Meara, B. C., & Beaulieu, J. M. (2022) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.14517 · Cited by 77
“We examined turnover rates in relation to plant height, a proxy for lifespan (Westoby, 1998), in eucalypts, one of the most distinctive components of the Australian landscape (Wilson et al., 2005).”
BackgroundApplication of CSR- and LHS-strategies for the distinction of differently managed grasslands
Moog, D., Kahmen, S., & Poschlod, P. (2005) · Basic and Applied Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.baae.2005.01.005 · Cited by 78
“Mean differences of the LHS-values (Westoby, 1998) for six managements.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEffects of growing conditions and source habitat on plant traits and functional group definition
Dyer, A. R., Goldberg, D. E., Turkington, R., & Sayre, C. (2001) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.2001.00487.x · Cited by 78
Herbarium Data Reveal an Association between Fleshy Fruit Type and Earlier Flowering Time
Bolmgren, K., & Lönnberg, K. (2005) · International Journal of Plant Sciences · doi:10.1086/430097 · Cited by 78
“…of buds or regenerating parts have all been examined in relation to general theories on plant strategy, distribution, and diversity, but never plant phe- nology (Raunkiaer 1934; Grime 1977; Regal 1982; Eriksson and Bremer 1992; Westoby 1998; Dodd et al. 1999; Verdu 2002; Wright et al. 2004).”
BackgroundRealising the potential of herbarium records for conservation biology
Greve, M., Lykke, A. M., Fagg, C. W., Gereau, R. E., Lewis, G. P., Marchant, R., Marshall, A. R., Ndayishimiye, J., Bogaert, J., & Svenning, J. (2016) · South African Journal of Botany · doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2016.03.017 · Cited by 78
“Tree height, which is an elemental aspect of tree architecture and of great ecological consequence for the plant (Westoby, 1998; Archibald and Bond, 2003), is one trait that is often reported on herbarium labels.”
Backgroundfunspace: An R package to build, analyse and plot functional trait spaces
Carmona, C. P., Pavanetto, N., & Puglielli, G. (2024) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13820 · Cited by 87
Specific Leaf Area and Leaf Dry Matter Content of Plants Growing in Sand Dunes
Li, Y., Johnson, D. A., Su, Y., Cui, J., & Zhang, T. (2005) · doi:10.7016/bbas.200504.0127 · Cited by 77
“Several studies suggested that SLA may depend on leaf thickness and/or leaf tissue density (Witkowski and Lamont, 1991; Westoby, 1998; Wilson et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMartínez‐Garza, C., Peña, V., Ricker, M., Campos, A., & Howe, H. F. (2005) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.07.001 · Cited by 77
“Mean SLM is negatively related to growth rates for many species in greenhouse studies under controlled light, water and nutrients (e.g., Grime et al., 1997; Westoby, 1998; Reich et al., 1999).”
BackgroundRossatto, D. R., Hoffmann, W. A., Silva, L. C. R., Haridasan, M., Sternberg, L. S. L., & Franco, A. C. (2013) · Trees · doi:10.1007/s00468-013-0864-2 · Cited by 77
“Higher values of SLA are linked to short leaf turnover time, which may permit flexible responses to light patchiness (Westoby 1998), a clear advantage in forest formations.”
BackgroundPauw, K. D., Meeussen, C., Govaert, S., Sanczuk, P., Vanneste, T., Bernhardt‐Römermann, M., Bollmann, K., Brunet, J., Calders, K., Cousins, S. A. O., et al. (2021) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13671 · Cited by 76
“The plot shows a broad spread of species, representing different plant strategies in three major trait domains informing on species' resource use, competition and reproduction (Diaz et al., 2016; Pierce et al., 2014; Westoby, 1998; Westoby et al., 2002; Figure D2b).”
BackgroundSmith, F. A., & Lyons, S. K. (2013) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226012285.001.0001 · Cited by 78
“Much of this morphological variation is signifi cantly related to structural complexity and life history diversity (Niklas 1994; Westoby 1998; Enquist et al. 1999; Enquist and Niklas 2002; Niklas and Enquist 2002a, 2002b; Westoby et al. 2002).”
BackgroundPhotoinhibition of seed germination: occurrence, ecology and phylogeny
Carta, A., Skourti, E., Mattana, E., Vandelook, F. E. A., & Thanos, C. A. (2017) · Seed Science Research · doi:10.1017/s0960258517000137 · Cited by 76
“Considering that plant height is also related to life form, and in relevance to the leaf-height-seed (LHS) strategy scheme proposed by Westoby (1998), further analyses are needed to confirm whether seedling establishment of Angelino Carta et al.144 smaller plants benefits from photoinhibition of…”
BackgroundBalazs, K. R., Kramer, A. T., Munson, S. M., Talkington, N., Still, S., & Butterfield, B. J. (2020) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.2110 · Cited by 75
Relationships between plant–soil feedbacks and functional traits
Xi, N., Adler, P. B., Chen, D., Wu, H., Catford, J. A., van Bodegom, P. M., Bahn, M., Crawford, K. M., & Chu, C. (2021) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13731 · Cited by 76
“For example, plants can invest in traits that promote rapid growth (e.g. via nutrient acquisition) or in traits that provide defence against antagonists (Díaz et al., 2016; Weiher et al., 1999; Westoby, 1998) but not both to the same degree, which leads to a growth– defence trade- off.”
BackgroundThuiller, W., Guéguen, M., Georges, D., Bonet, R., Chalmandrier, L., Garraud, L., Renaud, J., Roquet, C., Es, J. V., Zimmermann, N. E., et al. (2014) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.00670 · Cited by 75
“…we focused on three key functional traits: the specific leaf area (SLA, light-capturing area deployed per unit of leaf dry mass), the height of plant’s canopy at maturity and the seed mass, that are well known components of the leaf-height-seed (LHS) syndrome of plant traits (Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundStorkey, J., Brooks, D., Haughton, A. J., Hawes, C., Smith, B., & Holland, J. M. (2012) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12020 · Cited by 78
“It would be expected that the floras adapted to these contrasting habitats will exhibit a continuum of functional traits in response to these gradients that represent trade-offs in plant ecological strategy (Grime et al. 1997; Westoby 1998; Storkey, Moss & Cussans 2010; Pakeman 2011).”
BackgroundPlaza, E. H., Navarrete, L., & Andújar, J. L. G. (2015) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.031 · Cited by 75
Seed bank assembly follows vegetation succession in dune slacks
Bossuyt, B., & Hermy, M. (2004) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02283.x · Cited by 75
A Review of the Ecological and Biogeographic Differences of Amazonian Floodplain Forests
Wittmann, F., Householder, J. E., Piedade, M. T. F., Schöngart, J., Demarchi, L. O., Quaresma, A. C., & Junk, W. J. (2022) · Water · doi:10.3390/w14213360 · Cited by 79
Rossetto, M., & Kooyman, R. M. (2005) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01046.x · Cited by 74
“This was done to avoid the obstacles identified by Bond & Midgley (2001) in relation to plant classification schemes (see for example Westoby 1998), and the problems associated with ranking both juvenile and mature plants of species on the basis of their resprouting behaviour in response to…”
BackgroundMaire, V., Gross, N., Hill, D. R. C., Martin, R., Wirth, C., Wright, I. J., & Soussana, J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077372 · Cited by 74
“number of tillers per length of stem) and leaf / plant size [6,7], and the manner in which reproductive resources are divided into many-small versus few-large propagules [8].”
BackgroundWellstein, C., Chelli, S., Campetella, G., Bartha, S., Galiè, M., Spada, F., & Canullo, R. (2013) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-013-0484-6 · Cited by 78
“…south-facing habitat provides more reserves for germination, in agreement with the advantages of larger seeds reported by Westoby et al. (2002) and the subsequent higher survival rates of seedlings (Moles and Westoby 2006), especially under various hazards including drought (Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundNavarro, T., Alados, C. L., & Cabezudo, B. (2005) · Journal of Arid Environments · doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.05.005 · Cited by 74
Understanding the role of species dynamics in abundance–occupancy relationships
Buckley, H. L., & Freckleton, R. P. (2010) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01650.x · Cited by 74
“Specific leaf area is the ratio of leaf area to leaf dry mass (Westoby 1998); it represents the trade-off between the ability to capture resources and the degree of investment the plant makes to obtain those resources (leaf longevity).”
BackgroundMaharjan, S. K., Poorter, L., Holmgren, M., Bongers, F., Wieringa, J. J., & Hawthorne, W. D. (2011) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00747.x · Cited by 74
Plant Functional Diversity and the Biogeography of Biomes in North and South America
Echeverría‐Londoño, S., Enquist, B. J., Neves, D. M., Violle, C., Boyle, B. L., Kraft, N. J. B., Maitner, B., McGill, B. J., Peet, R. K., Sandel, B., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00219 · Cited by 74
“Functional trait spectra define physiological and ecological trade-offs that determine plant life-history strategies (Westoby, 1998; Reich et al., 2003; Craine, 2009) and their influence on community assembly (Kraft et al., 2008), ecosystem function (Lavorel and Garnier, 2002; Garnier et al., 2004;…”
Maes, S. L., Perring, M. P., Depauw, L., Bernhardt‐Römermann, M., Blondeel, H., Brūmelis, G., Brunet, J., Decocq, G., den Ouden, J., Govaert, S., et al. (2019) · Plant Biology · doi:10.1111/plb.13082 · Cited by 74
“Previous studies have identified traits that strongly influence plant growth and survival (Bardgett et 217 al., 2014; Cornelissen et al., 2003; Diaz et al., 2004; Laliberté, 2017; Laughlin, 2014; Westoby, 1998; 218 Westoby, Falster, Moles, Vesk, & Wright, 2002).”
BackgroundThe neglected importance of floral traits in trait‐based plant community assembly
E‐Vojtkó, A., de Bello, F., Durka, W., Kühn, I., & Götzenberger, L. (2020) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12877 · Cited by 73
“Traits frequently used in functional ecology are principally those related to the leaf-height-seed (LHS) strategy scheme (Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundChalmandrier, L., Münkemüller, T., Gallien, L., de Bello, F., Mazel, F., Lavergne, S., & Thuiller, W. (2013) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12031 · Cited by 73
“We chose three functional traits: specific leaf area, height and seed mass to describe species’ ecological strategies according to the leaf– height–seed scheme (LHS; Westoby 1998).”
MethodConti, L., de Bello, F., Lepš, J., Acosta, A. T. R., & Carboni, M. (2017) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12533 · Cited by 71
“The traits measured covered the “Leaf– Height–Seed spectrum” proposed by Westoby (1998).”
BackgroundDrivers of invasive tree and shrub natural regeneration in temperate forests
Dyderski, M. K., & Jagodziński, A. M. (2018) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-018-1706-3 · Cited by 75
“Moreover, to characterize dominant plant strategies, we used three communityweighted mean (CWM) values of functional traits: SLA, height and seed mass, according to the LHS concept (Westoby 1998) and global spectrum of plant functions (Dı́az et al. 2016).”
BackgroundMethodPlant functional types – a strategic perspective
Galina, V. S., & van der Maarel, E. (2000) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.2307/3236562 · Cited by 73
Sefton, C. A., Montagu, K. D., Atwell, B. J., & Conroy, J. P. (2002) · Australian Journal of Botany · doi:10.1071/bt01059 · Cited by 73
Timmermann, A., Damgaard, C. F., Strandberg, M. T., & Svenning, J. (2014) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12374 · Cited by 71
Andersson, E., Haase, D., Anderson, P., Cortinovis, C., Goodness, J., Kendal, D., Lausch, A., McPhearson, T., Sikorska, D., & Wellmann, T. (2021) · npj Urban Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s42949-020-00008-4 · Cited by 83
de Paula, L. F. A., Negreiros, D., Azevedo, L., Fernandes, R. L., Stehmann, J. R., & Silveira, F. A. O. (2015) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-015-0904-x · Cited by 72
Hanley, M. E., & Lamont, B. B. (2002) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00612.x · Cited by 72
“Most studies predict that low-SLA leaves (slow-growing and long-lived) should be better defended against herbivore attack than their high-SLA counterparts (Grime et al. 1996; Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundGurvich, D. E., Enrico, L., & Cingolani, A. M. (2005) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01522.x · Cited by 72
Aguinagalde, I., Hampe, A., Mohanty, A., Martı́n, J. P., Duminil, J., & Petit, R. J. (2005) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01178.x · Cited by 72
“These include gradients along which plant species can be positioned by the measurement of simple quantitative parameters (Westoby, 1998): the leaf mass per area-leaf lifespan gradient (L, quantified by the specific leaf area), the low stature-high stature gradient (H, quantified by maximum plant height) and the seed m…”
InfluentialRosado, B. H. P., & de Mattos, E. A. (2017) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12894 · Cited by 72
“…functional traits have been the main foundation for constructing classifications to identify ecological strategies that indicate how species cope with environmental factors and are assembled in a given community (Grime 1977; Westoby 1998; Westoby et al. 2002; Reich 2014; Pierce et al. 2017).”
BackgroundHelsen, K., Acharya, K. P., Brunet, J., Cousins, S. A. O., Decocq, G., Hermy, M., Kolb, A., Lemke, I., Lenoir, J., Plue, J., et al. (2017) · BMC Ecology · doi:10.1186/s12898-017-0151-y · Cited by 72
“have been shown to correlate with a vast number of other functional and demographic traits, and with ecosystem processes [44, 45].”
BackgroundInfluentialWalker, B., & Langridge, J. L. (2002) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10021-002-0154-0 · Cited by 72
“The measurement of RGR in the field was prohibitive in this study, but a strong case has been made for using SLA as a key trait (Westoby 1998) based on it being the largest of the three sources of variation in potential RGR (Cornelissen and others 1996; Grime and others 1997; Lambers and Poorter 1992; Table 1.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLinking functional traits and demography to model species-rich communities
Chalmandrier, L., Hartig, F., Laughlin, D. C., Lischke, H., Pichler, M., Stouffer, D. B., & Pellissier, L. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22630-1 · Cited by 69
Modulation of leaf attributes and water use efficiency in Quercus suber along a rainfall gradient
Gouveia, A. C., & Freitas, H. M. D. O. (2008) · Trees · doi:10.1007/s00468-008-0274-z · Cited by 71
“One of the attributes most commonly regarded as a key trait in plant development strategies is the specific leaf area (SLA), which can be defined as the investment per unit of light capture surface deployed, and is a critical trait in the carbon fixation strategy of plants (Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundRömermann, C., Tackenberg, O., Jackel, A.-K., & Poschlod, P. (2007) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9283-2 · Cited by 71
“Generally, typical dry calcareous grassland species represent stress tolerators, and have therefore lower statures and lower SLA values according to the LHS strategy scheme described by Westoby (1998).”
MethodMozdzer, T. J., Brisson, J., & Hazelton, E. L. G. (2013) · AoB Plants · doi:10.1093/aobpla/plt048 · Cited by 71
“Consistent with theory (Ceulemans 1989; Westoby 1998), increased SLA also corresponds to higher RGRs (10–116 %; Table 2) of AoB PLANTS www.aobplants.oxfordjournals.org & The Authors 2013 3 the introduced lineage under current and predicted elevated CO2 and N pollution conditions.”
A quest for species‐level indicator values for disturbance
Herben, T., Chytrý, M., & Klimešová, J. (2016) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12384 · Cited by 71
Bergholz, K., May, F., Giladi, I., Ristow, M., Ziv, Y., & Jeltsch, F. (2017) · Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2017.01.001 · Cited by 69
He, D., Chen, Y., Zhao, K., Cornelissen, J. H. C., & Chu, C. (2017) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcx222 · Cited by 71
Horizontal growth: An overlooked dimension in plant trait space
Klimešová, J., Martínková, J., & Herben, T. (2018) · Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2018.02.002 · Cited by 71
Functional traits in agroecology: Advancing description and prediction in agroecosystems
Martin, A. R., & Isaac, M. E. (2017) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13039 · Cited by 71
“…and predicting individual- , species- and ecosystem- level responses to environmental change (Bazzaz, 1979; Bazzaz & Carlson, 1982; Givnish, 1988; Grime, 1977, 1979, 1988; Lambers & Poorter, 1992; Reich, Walters, & Ellsworth, 1992; Westoby, 1998; Westoby, Falster, Moles, Vesk, & Wright, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialBoth mass ratio effects and community diversity drive biomass production in a grassland experiment
Sonkoly, J., Kelemen, A., Valkó, O., Déak, B., Kiss, R., Tóth, K., Miglécz, T., Tóthmérész, B., & Török, P. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37190-6 · Cited by 76
Light and warming drive forest understorey community development in different environments
Blondeel, H., Perring, M. P., Depauw, L., Lombaerde, E. D., Landuyt, D., Frenne, P. D., & Verheyen, K. (2019) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14955 · Cited by 70
“seed mass) as proposed in the common leaf-height-seed ecological strategy scheme (Laughlin, Leppert, Moore, & Sieg, 2010; Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodPlant spectra as integrative measures of plant phenotypes
Kothari, S., & Schweiger, A. K. (2022) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13972 · Cited by 74
“, 2020), which are relatively cheap and straightforward to measure, and appear to be of general importance across plant communities worldwide (Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundClimate interacts with soil to produce beta diversity in Californian plant communities
Fernandez-Going, B. M., Harrison, S. P., Anacker, B. L., & Safford, H. D. (2013) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/12-2011.1 · Cited by 70
Prior, L. D., Bowman, D. M. J. S., & Eamus, D. (2004) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00885.x · Cited by 70
Dahlgren, J. P., Eriksson, O., Bolmgren, K., Strindell, M., & Ehrlén, J. (2006) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2006.tb02481.x · Cited by 70
Are traits measured on pot grown plants representative of those in natural communities?
Mokany, K., & Ash, J. (2007) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.3170/2007-8-18340 · Cited by 69
Frenette‐Dussault, C., Shipley, B., Léger, J., Meziane, D., & Hingrat, Y. (2011) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01350.x · Cited by 69
“Furthermore, these studies usually did not include quantitative functional traits such as specific leaf area, plant height and seed mass, which would facilitate comparisons between studies, and that are thought to express fundamental trade-offs controlling plant strategies (Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundFyllas, N. M., Michelaki, C. Z., Galanidis, A., Evangelou, E., Zaragoza‐Castells, J., Dimitrakopoulos, P. G., Tsadilas, C. D., Αριανούτσου, Μ., & Lloyd, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.00212 · Cited by 68
“Multivariate analysis of a set of traits, expressing wholeplant economics, support the existence of the three independent axes as suggested by the LHS framework (Westoby, 1998).”
MethodBradshaw, C. J. A., Giam, X., Tan, H. T. W., Brook, B. W., & Sodhi, N. S. (2008) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01408.x · Cited by 68
“2006), and general plant survival strategies (Westoby 1998).”
BackgroundDouma, J. C., de Haan, M. W. A., Aerts, R., Witte, J. M., & van Bodegom, P. M. (2011) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01932.x · Cited by 68
“…traits and maximum canopy height (maxCH). maxCH was used as a proxy for the intensity of competition for light sincemaxCH is closely connected to a plant’s light interception strategy (Westoby 1998; Weiher et al. 1999; Westoby et al. 2002; Poorter et al. 2003; Kraft, Valencia & Ackerly 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWright, J. P., Ames, G. M., & Mitchell, R. M. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0272 · Cited by 74
Continental scale structuring of forest and soil diversity via functional traits
Buzzard, V., Michaletz, S. T., Deng, Y., He, Z., Ning, D., Shen, L., Tu, Q., Nostrand, J. D. V., Voordeckers, J. W., Wang, J., et al. (2019) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0954-7 · Cited by 67
Capdevila, P., Beger, M., Blomberg, S. P., Hereu, B., Linares, C., & Salguero‐Gómez, R. (2020) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13604 · Cited by 67
“Researchers quantifying life-history strategies have used different approaches to compare species (e.g. fish in Winemiller & Rose, 1992; plants in Grime & Pierce, 2012; Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodBauman, D., Fortunel, C., Cernusak, L. A., Bentley, L. P., McMahon, S. M., Rifai, S. W., Aguirre‐Gutiérrez, J., Menor, I. O., Bradford, M., Laurance, S. G. W., et al. (2021) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.15982 · Cited by 67
“], T A B L E 1 F u n c t i o n a l t r a i t s m e a s u r e d a n d t h e i r f u n c t i o n s ( R ü g e r e t a l. , 2012 ; W e s t o b y , 1998 ) N o t e : T h e s e t r a i t s w e r e m e a s u r e d o n t h r ee a d u l t i n d i v i d u a l s o f 75 t r ee s p e c i e s a n d u s e d t o m…”
Albert, C. H., Thuiller, W., Lavorel, S., Davies, I. D., & Garbolino, E. (2007) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01416.x · Cited by 67
“Villar d'Ar?ne grasslands have already been modelled with LaMoS, including four leaf-height-seed (LHS)-based PFTs, classifying the dominant graminoids in contrasting nutrient economies and competitive effects and responses after Westoby's (1998) LHS plant”
MethodStahl, U., Kattge, J., Reu, B., Voigt, W., Ogle, K., Dickie, J., & Wirth, C. (2013) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1890/es13-00143.1 · Cited by 67
“(3) To what degree do these trait spectra agree with existing plant strategy schemes proposed by Westoby (1998) and Loehle (2000)?”
Kitajima, K. (2007) · Books in soils, plants, and the environment · doi:10.1201/9781420007626.ch18 · Cited by 67
Experimental rewilding enhances grassland functional composition and pollinator habitat use
Garrido, P., Mårell, A., Öckinger, E., Skarin, A., Jansson, A., & Thulin, C. (2019) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13338 · Cited by 69
“However, limitations to the applicability of the CSR scheme has been argued due to axes’ definitions based on reference concepts; hence, we also included the LHS plant ecology scheme (Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundSeed dispersal and colonization ability of plants — Assessment and implications for conservation
Eriksson, O. (2000) · Folia Geobotanica · doi:10.1007/bf02803091 · Cited by 67
TRY—A plant trait database of databases
Fraser, L. H. (2019) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14869 · Cited by 66
Dainese, M., Lepš, J., & de Bello, F. (2014) · Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2014.09.002 · Cited by 66
AMAPstudio: An editing and simulation software suite for plants architecture modelling
Griffon, S., & de Coligny, F. (2013) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.10.037 · Cited by 66
Phylogenetic relatedness, phenotypic similarity and plant–soil feedbacks
Fitzpatrick, C. R., Laura, G., Kotanen, P. M., & Johnson, M. T. J. (2016) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12709 · Cited by 66
“Plants with greater SLA typically have higher resource use and relative growth rates (Grime et al. 1997; Westoby 1998); therefore, plant species with high SLA may deplete soil resources, potentially reducing the performance of individuals growing in the same soil.”
BackgroundAnsquer, P., Duru, M., Theau, J., & Cruz, P. (2008) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcn215 · Cited by 66
“It is a major trait characterizing plants’ ability to compete for light (Westoby, 1998).”
BackgroundDeleterious Mutation Burden and Its Association with Complex Traits in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Valluru, R., Gazave, É., Fernandes, S. B., Ferguson, J. N., Lozano, R. D., Hirannaiah, P., Zuo, T., Brown, P. J., Leakey, A. D. B., Gore, M. A., et al. (2019) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.118.301742 · Cited by 64
“SLA is generally regarded as a useful summary ecological trait that often strongly correlates with many key plant attributes of ecological interest (Westoby 1998; Meziane and Shipley 1999).”
BackgroundArthaud, F., Vallod, D., Robin, J., & Bornette, G. (2011) · Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00027-011-0241-4 · Cited by 65
“However, the exclusion of plant species in case of simultaneous disturbance and limitation of resources is highly questionable (Grubb 1985; Westoby 1998).”
Herben, T., Nováková, Z., Klimešová, J., & Hrouda, L. (2012) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.02018.x · Cited by 65
Metadata
- Authors
- Westoby, M.
- Affiliations
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Westoby, Mark
- ORCID
- Westoby, Mark
- Venue
- Plant and Soil
- Published
- 1998-02
- Volume
- 199
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 213-227
- ISSN
- 0032-079X (ISSN-L)
- 1573-5036
- OpenAlex
- W201316592
- Cited by
- 1,925
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 93 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 106 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 60
- FWCI
- 17.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Plant and Soil (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Botany and Plant Ecology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
- Keywords
- plant ecological strategies, specific leaf area, seed weight, canopy height, disturbance tolerance, stress tolerance, plant functional traits, plant ecophysiology, global change
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