The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 81 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Visual Scanning of Faces in Autism
Abstract
The visual scanpaths of five high-functioning adult autistic males and five adult male controls were recorded using an infrared corneal reflection technique as they viewed photographs of human faces. Analyses of the scanpath data revealed marked differences in the scanpaths of the two groups. The autistic participants viewed nonfeature areas of the faces significantly more often and core feature areas of the faces (i.e., eyes, nose, and mouth) significantly less often than did control participants. Across both groups of participants, scanpaths generally did not differ as a function of the instructions given to the participants (i.e., "Please look at the faces in any manner you wish." vs. "Please identify the emotions portrayed in these faces."). Autistic participants showed a deficit in emotion recognition, but this effect was driven primarily by deficits in the recognition of fear. Collectively, these results indicate disorganized processing of face stimuli in autistic individuals and suggest a mechanism that may subserve the social information processing deficits that characterize autism spectrum disorders.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Typically, results indicated less fixation time on the eyes region of the face 10-13, with more variation in fixation on the mouth region; some studies found increased fixation on the mouth region of the face 12 whereas others found no differences in this regard 10,11.”
From Parsing Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Visual Scanning of Dynamic Social Scenes in School-Aged Children (2012) · cites this paper as [10]
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172145 · Cited by 9,065
(1943) · The Nervous child · Cited by 8,870
The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception
Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-11-04302.1997 · Cited by 7,738
Ekman, P. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,345
IARBUS, A. L. (1967) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,319
Yarbus, A. L. (1967) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-5379-7 · Cited by 3,304
Electrophysiological Studies of Face Perception in Humans
Bentin, S., Allison, T., Puce, A., Perez, E., & McCarthy, G. (1996) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1996.8.6.551 · Cited by 3,181
(1989) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 2,724
Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders
(2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939352 · Cited by 2,262
Why faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise.
Diamond, R., & Carey, S. E. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.115.2.107 · Cited by 1,584
Functional neuroanatomy of face and object processing. A positron emission tomography study.
Sergent, J., Ohta, S., & Macdonald, B. (1992) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/115.1.15 · Cited by 1,576
Why faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise.
Diamond, R., & Carey, S. E. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.115.2.107 · Cited by 1,521
Newborns' preferential tracking of face-like stimuli and its subsequent decline
Johnson, M. H., Dziurawiec, S., Ellis, H. D., & Morton, J. (1991) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(91)90045-6 · Cited by 1,463
INFANTILE AUTISM: A GENETIC STUDY OF 21 TWIN PAIRS
Folstein, S., & Rutter, M. (1977) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00443.x · Cited by 1,361 · cited 1×
“It may also be of interest to consider the implications of the present findings in light of research concerning the broader autism phenotype (e.g., Briskman, Happe, & Frith, 2001; Folstein & Rutter, 1977; Happe, 1999; Briskman, & Frith, 2001; Piven & Palmer, 1997; Visual Scanning of Faces in Autism 259”
BackgroundWhat is "special" about face perception?
Farah, M. J., Wilson, K. D., Drain, M., & Tanaka, J. N. (1998) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.105.3.482 · Cited by 1,317
Early recognition of children with autism: a study of first birthday home videotapes
Osterling, J., & Dawson, G. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172225 · Cited by 1,290
Visual Following and Pattern Discrimination of Face-like Stimuli by Newborn Infants
Goren, C. C., Sarty, M., & Wu, P. Y. K. (1975) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.56.4.544 · Cited by 1,158 · cited 1×
“For instance, newborn infants will spend more time fixating canonical face-like stimulus than scrambled patterns resembling faces to varying degrees ( Goren, Sarty, & Wu, 1975; Johnson, Dziurawic, Ellis, & Morton, 1991; Johnson & Morton, 1991; Morton & Johnson, 1991).”
BackgroundCONSPEC and CONLERN: A two-process theory of infant face recognition.
Morton, J., & Johnson, M. H. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.164 · Cited by 1,115
Becoming a “Greeble” Expert: Exploring Mechanisms for Face Recognition
Gauthier, L., & Tarr, M. J. (1997) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(96)00286-6 · Cited by 1,017
Schultz, R. T., Gauthier, I., Klin, A., Fulbright, R. K., Anderson, A. W., Volkmar, F., Skudlarski, P., Lacadie, C., Cohen, D. J., & Gore, J. C. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.4.331 · Cited by 1,000
Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., & Jolliffe, T. (1997) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/713756761 · Cited by 990
Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style?
Happé, F. (1999) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01318-2 · Cited by 957
Upside‐down faces: A review of the effect of inversion upon face recognition
Valentine, T. (1988) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1988.tb02747.x · Cited by 910
Biology and cognitive development: the case of face recognition
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-0600 · Cited by 892
A Screening Instrument for Autism at 18 Months of Age: A 6-Year Follow-up Study
BAIRD, G., CHARMAN, T., BARON-COHEN, S., COX, A., SWETTENHAM, J., WHEELWRIGHT, S., & DREW, A. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200006000-00007 · Cited by 804
The Effect of Face Inversion on Activity in Human Neural Systems for Face and Object Perception
Haxby, J. V., Ungerleider, L. G., Clark, V. P., Schouten, J. L., Hoffman, E. A., & Martin, A. D. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80690-x · Cited by 657
THE AUTISTIC CHILD'S APPRAISAL OF EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTION
Hobson, R. P. (1986) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb01836.x · Cited by 633
Abnormal Processing of Social Information from Faces in Autism
Adolphs, R., Sears, L. L., & Piven, J. (2001) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892901564289 · Cited by 609
Psychological Markers in the Detection of Autism in Infancy in a Large Population
Baron‐Cohen, S., Cox, A., Baird, G., Swettenham, J., Nightingale, N., Morgan, K., Drew, A., & Charman, T. (1996) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.168.2.158 · Cited by 605
Happe, F. G. E. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01483.x · Cited by 491
Farah, M. J. (1990) · Cited by 482
Recognition of faces: an approach to the study of autism
Langdell, T. (1978) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1978.tb00468.x · Cited by 478
Eye Movements and Visual Perception
Sanders, M. (1975) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.59.2.111 · Cited by 444
The Understanding of the Emotional Meaning of Facial Expressions in People with Autism
Celani, G., Battacchi, M. W., & Arcidiacono, L. (1999) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025970600181 · Cited by 426
Eye Movement Strategies Involved in Face Perception
Walker-Smith, G. J., Gale, A. G., & Findlay, J. M. (1977) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p060313 · Cited by 426
A Normed Study of Face Recognition in Autism and Related Disorders
Klin, A., Sparrow, S. S., de Bildt, A. A., Cicchetti, D. V., Cohen, D. J., & Volkmar, F. R. (1999) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1022299920240 · Cited by 408
How the brain learns to see objects and faces in an impoverished context
Dolan, R. J., Fink, G. R., Rolls, E. T., Booth, M. C. A., Holmes, A., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Friston, K. J. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/39309 · Cited by 397
Understanding of Simple and Complex Emotions in Non‐retarded Children with Autism
Capps, L. M., Yirmiya, N., & Sigman, M. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00936.x · Cited by 384
Unfamiliar Face Recognition in Relatively Able Autistic Children
Boucher, J., & LEWIS, V. A. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01960.x · Cited by 363
Are there Emotion Perception Deficits in Young Autistic Children?
Ozonoff, S. J., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1990) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb01574.x · Cited by 335
Renzi, E. D., Perani, D., Carlesimo, G. A., Silveri, M. C., & Fazio, F. (1994) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(94)90041-8 · Cited by 333
Happe, F. G. E., Uta Frith, A., & Briskman, J. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00723 · Cited by 331
Image-based object recognition in man, monkey and machine
Tarr, M. J., & Bülthoff, H. (1998) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(98)00026-2 · Cited by 326
Face Perception in Children with Autism and Asperger's Syndrome
Davies, S., Bishop, D., Manstead, A. S. R., & Tantam, D. (1994) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01808.x · Cited by 325
THE AUTISTIC CHILD'S APPRAISAL OF EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTION: A FURTHER STUDY
Hobson, R. P. (1986) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00191.x · Cited by 313
The argument and evidence about universals in facial expressions of emotion.
Ekman, P. (1989) · Cited by 311
Mottron, L., Peretz, I., & Ménard, É. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00693 · Cited by 306
Autistic Children's Ability to Interpret Faces: A Research Note
Tantam, D., Monaghan, L., Nicholson, H., & Stirling, J. (1989) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00274.x · Cited by 298
Emotion recognition in autism: coordinating faces and voices
Hobson, R. P., Ouston, J., & Lee, A. (1988) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700009843 · Cited by 283
Face recognition and lip-reading in autism
Gelder, B. D., Vroomen, J., & van der Heide, L. (1991) · European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541449108406220 · Cited by 235
Sensitivity to Emotional Expressions and Situations in Organic Patients
Cicone, M., Wapner, W., & Gardner, H. (1980) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(80)80029-3 · Cited by 232
Do children with autism recognise surprise? A research note
Baron‐Cohen, S., Spitz, A., & Cross, P. (1993) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939308409202 · Cited by 222
Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders, 2nd ed.
Cohen, D. J., & Volkmar, F. R. (1997) · Cited by 217
Mottron, L., Belleville, S., & Ménard, É. (1999) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00490 · Cited by 203
How Adults and Children Search and Recognize Pictures
Mackworth, N. H., & Bruner, J. S. (2009) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000270887 · Cited by 197
Perceptual Processing among High-functioning Persons with Autism
Mottron, L., Burack, J. A., Stauder, J. E. A., & Robaey, P. (1999) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00433 · Cited by 197
Emotion recognition in autism: verbal and nonverbal information
LOVELAND, K. A., TUNALI–KOTOSKI, B., CHEN, Y. R., ORTEGON, J., PEARSON, D. A., BRELSFORD, K. A., & GIBBS, M. C. (1997) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579497001351 · Cited by 194
Naming emotion in faces and voices: Abilities and disabilities in autism and mental retardation
Hobson, R. P., Ouston, J., & Lee, A. L. (1989) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.1989.tb00803.x · Cited by 192
Gaze motor asymmetries in the perception of faces during a memory task
Mertens, I., Siegmund, H., & Grüsser, O. ‐. (1993) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(93)90154-r · Cited by 188
Affect comprehension in children with pervasive developmental disorders
Braverman, M., Fein, D., Lucci, D., & Waterhouse, L. (1989) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02211848 · Cited by 183
Facial-affect recognition and visual scanning behaviour in the course of schizophrenia
STREIT, M., Wölwer, W., & Gäebel, W. (1997) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(96)00126-0 · Cited by 178
Memory for Faces in Children with Autism
Hauck, M., FEIN, D. A., Maltby, N., Waterhouse, L. H., & Feinstein, C. (1998) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/chin.4.3.187.3174 · Cited by 152
Face-specific responses from the human inferior occipito-temporal cortex
Sams, M. E., Hietanen, J. K., Hari, R., Ilmoniemi, R. J., & Lounasmaa, O. V. (1997) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00419-8 · Cited by 147
Visual scan paths are abnormal in deluded schizophrenics
Phillips, M. L., & David, A. S. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(96)00061-9 · Cited by 140
Cognitive Deficits in Parents from Multiple‐incidence Autism Families
Piven, J., & Palmer, P. J. (1997) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01618.x · Cited by 138
Are Individuals with Autism and Asperger's Syndrome Susceptible to Visual Illusions ?
Ropar, D., & Mitchell, P. (1999) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00544 · Cited by 134
Briskman, J., Frith, U., & Happe, F. G. E. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00724 · Cited by 124
Recognition of Upright and Inverted Faces Presented in the Left and Right Visual Fields
Ellis, H. D., & Shepherd, J. W. (1975) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(75)80014-1 · Cited by 108
Eye movements reflect impaired face processing in patients with schizophrenia
Manor, B. R., Gordon, E., Williams, L. M., RENNIE, C. J., Bahramali, H., Latimer, C., Barry, R. J., & Meares, R. A. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00038-4 · Cited by 106
Eye movements and visual perception.
Noton, D., & Stark, L. (1971) · PubMed · Cited by 105
A screening instrument for autism at 18 months of age: A six-year follow-up study
Baird, G., Charman, T., Baron‐Cohen, S., Cox, A., Swettenham, J., Wheelwright, S. J., & Drew, A. (2002) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 90
Volkmar, F. R., Sparrow, S. S., Rende, R., & Cohen, D. J. (1989) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00270.x · Cited by 76
Comparison of Eye Movements over Faces in Photographic Positives and Negatives
Luria, S. M., & Strauss, M. (2013) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p070349n · Cited by 72
Image-based object recognition in man, monkey and machine
Tarr, M. J., & Bülthoff, H. (1999) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/5089.003.0001 · Cited by 61
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P., & Risi, S. (1999). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
- Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gaze cueing of attention: visual attention, social cognition, and individual differences
Frischen, A., Bayliss, A. P., & Tipper, S. P. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.694 · Cited by 1,473
A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage
Adolphs, R., Gosselin, F., Buchanan, T. W., Tranel, D., Schyns, P., & Damasio, A. R. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03086 · Cited by 1,331
Harms, M. B., Martin, A., & Wallace, G. L. (2010) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-010-9138-6 · Cited by 1,028
Dawson, G., Webb, S. J., & McPartland, J. (2005) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2703_6 · Cited by 989
Tager‐Flusberg, H., & Kasari, C. (2013) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1329 · Cited by 985
Metadata
- Authors
- Pelphrey, K. A., Sasson, N. J., Reznick, J. S., Paul, G., Goldman, B. D., & Piven, J.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pelphrey, Kevin A.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2002-08
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 249-261
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W2097833812
- Cited by
- 1,187
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 80
- FWCI
- 6.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-19111, MH01568, T32MH019111, K02MH001568)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (#HD03110, P30HD003110)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, face processing, visual scanpath, eye movements, face perception, emotion recognition, fear recognition, high-functioning adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Autistic Disorder, Eye Movements, Face, Facial Expression, Humans, Male, Social Perception, Visual Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
