A Unified Clumped Isotope Thermometer Calibration (0.5–1,100°C) Using Carbonate‐Based Standardization
Open accessAbstract
The potential for carbonate clumped isotope thermometry to independently constrain both the formation temperature of carbonate minerals and fluid oxygen isotope composition allows insight into long‐standing questions in the Earth sciences, but remaining discrepancies between calibration schemes hamper interpretation of temperature measurements. To address discrepancies between calibrations, we designed and analyzed a sample suite (41 total samples) with broad applicability across the geosciences, with an exceptionally wide range of formation temperatures, precipitation methods, and mineralogies. We see no statistically significant offset between sample types, although the comparison of calcite and dolomite remains inconclusive. When data are reduced identically, the regression defined by this study is nearly identical to that defined by four previous calibration studies that used carbonate‐based standardization; we combine these data to present a composite carbonate‐standardized regression equation. Agreement across a wide range of temperature and sample types demonstrates a unified, broadly applicable clumped isotope thermometer calibration.
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- Findingown data
ANCOVA variably accepts or rejects the null hypothesis depending on how the single protodolomite sample is categorized.
“ANCOVA variably accepts/rejects the null hypothesis depending on the categorization of the single protodolomite sample.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Calcite-water 18O fractionation calculated from 20 samples with fluid δ18O data agrees closely with the equations of Coplen (2007) and Daëron et al. (2019).
“Calcite-water fractionation in 18 O calculated from a subset of 20 samples with fluid δ 18 O data (Figure S5) agrees closely with the equations of Coplen (2007) and Daëron et al. (2019).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Coplen, 2007
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- cites Daëron et al., 2019
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- Findingown data
The data define a linear 1/T2-Δ47 relationship from 0.5°C to 1,100°C.
“these data define a linear 1/T 2 -Δ 47 relationship from 0.5°C to 1,100°C that is shown in Figure 1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites York et al., 2004
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- Findingown data
ANCOVA fails to reject a single regression line for natural and laboratory-precipitated samples at the 95% confidence level (p slope = 0.43, p intercept = 0.17).
“analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) fails to reject the null hypothesis that both types of samples are characterized by a single regression line at the 95% confidence level at our typical sample precision levels (1SE) of ∼10 ppm (p slope = 0.43, p intercept = 0.17; see Table S1 in supporting information for the full table of ANCOVA analyses).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Antarctic microbially mediated lacustrine calcites show no discernible offset from the overall trend.
“The microbially mediated lacustrine calcites from Antarctic show no discernible offset from the overall trend”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
The regression through aragonite-containing samples is statistically similar to the regression through all calcite samples.
“The regression through aragonite-containing samples (four samples < 6%; one sample = 38%; one sample = 78%) is statistically similar to the regression through all calcite samples (Figure 2b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Natural and laboratory-precipitated samples fall on nearly identical regression lines.
“Natural and lab-precipitated samples fall on nearly identical regression lines (Figure 2a)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
When data are reduced identically, the regression from this study is nearly identical to regressions from four previous carbonate-standardized calibration studies.
“When data are reduced identically, the regression defined by this study is nearly identical to that defined by four previous calibration studies that used carbonatebased standardization”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Δ47 values for two extremely slow-growing samples from Devil's Hole and Laghetto Basso are within 0.001‰ of expected values based on this study's calibration.
“Δ 47 values for two extremely slow-growing samples re-analyzed for this study at LCSE on an Isoprime 100 mass spectrometer (see Text S3), respectively, from Devil's Hole, NV, USA, and Laghetto Basso, Italy (see Coplen, 2007;Daëron et al., 2019;Drysdale et al., 2012;Winograd et al., 2006), are within 0.001‰of the expected values based on the calibration from this study (Figure 3b).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Coplen, 2007
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- cites Daëron et al., 2019
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- cites Drysdale et al., 2012
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- Findingown data
Reprocessing data from recent calibration studies with updated InterCarb anchor values yields an almost identical regression to the one calculated in this study.
“Reprocessing data from recent calibration studies (Breitenbach et al., 2018;Jautzy et al., 2020;Meinicke et al., 2020;Peral et al., 2018) with updated InterCarb anchor values (Bernasconi et al., n.d.) yields an almost identical regression to that calculated in this study (Figure 3).”
- Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · plain
“the 1/T 2 -Δ 47 regression defined by data presented here is nearly identical (0.2°C offset at 25°C and 100°C) to the regression defined by a suite of recent calibration studies”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Breitenbach et al., 2018
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- cites Jautzy et al., 2020
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- cites Meinicke et al., 2020
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- Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · plain
- Findingnone given
Regressions through this study (cubic and linear), previous data, and the composite dataset are nearly identical.
“Regressions through this study (cubic and linear), previous data, and the composite dataset are nearly identical.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No systematic offset in the T-Δ47 relationship corresponds to any known sample characteristic.
“The absence of systematic offset in the T-Δ 47 relationship corresponding to any known sample characteristic”
- Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · plain
“When measured in a consistent analytical setting with carbonate-based standardization, no systematic offset is observed between samples precipitated across a broad spectrum of conditions that were previously determined to have disparate Δ 47 values.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · plain
- Findingreasoning
The T-Δ47 relationship is consistent across a broad range of materials and temperatures, from Antarctic lacustrine microbially mediated carbonates to laboratory-grown carbonates heated to 1,100°C.
“the consistency of the T-Δ 47 relationship across a broad range of materials and temperatures (e.g., from Antarctic lacustrine microbially-mediated carbonates to laboratory-grown carbonates heated to 1,100°C)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Slow-growing calcites from Devils Hole, NV, USA, and Laghetto Basso, Italy, measured on an IsoPrime100 at LCSE fall directly on the plotted regression lines.
“Slow-growing calcites respectively from Devils Hole, NV, USA, and Laghetto Basso, Italy, measured on an IsoPrime100 at LCSE (see supporting information Text S3) fall directly on the plotted regression lines.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The composite calibration regression (Equation 1) is Δ47 = 0.0391 ± 0.0004 × 10^6/T^2 + 0.154 ± 0.004, with r^2 = 0.97, in I-CDES.
“Δ 0.0391 0.0004 0.154 0.004 ( 0.97) I CDES C r T (1)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The authors observe no evidence that a non-linear fit better describes high-temperature data.
“we observe no evidence that a non-linear fit better describes high-temperature data.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Among the sample types measured here, there is no evidence that the particular character of the sample material, such as mineralogy, addition of carbonic anhydrase, pH, precipitation rate, or biological mediation, influences the Δ47 calibration.
“Among sample types measured here, we find no evidence that the particular character of sample material (e.g., mineralogy, the addition of carbonic anhydrase, pH, precipitation rate, biological mediation) influences the Δ 47 calibration”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Carbonate clumped isotope thermometry can determine the formation temperature of a carbonate mineral from the temperature-dependent abundance of 13C-18O bonds in the crystal lattice.
“Carbonate clumped isotope thermometry is a powerful geochemical tool that can determine the formation temperature of a carbonate mineral based on the temperature-dependent propensity for 13 C-18 O bond formation in the carbonate crystal lattice (Schauble et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schauble et al., 2006
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- Premisecitation
Recent calibration studies converge on statistically similar T-Δ47 slopes when data are reduced consistently.
“recent calibration studies have converged on statistically similar slopes for the T-Δ 47 regression line when data is reduced consistently (Petersen et al., 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Petersen et al., 2019
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- Study design and conductnone given
The clumped isotope calibration reported here uses a low unknown-to-anchor ratio to firmly tie unknown measurements to the I-CDES.
“uses a low unknown: anchor ratio to firmly tie unknown measurements to the I-CDES.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given
Temperature precision for laboratory precipitates was ±0.5°C.
“Temperature precision was ±0.5°C.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductnone given
This calibration does not contain marine carbonates, which are of particular interest to the clumped isotope community.
“does not contain marine carbonates, which are of particular interest to the clumped isotope community.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given
This calibration has an unequal distribution of samples in 1/T2 space.
“this calibration has an unequal distribution of samples in 1/T 2 space”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Because the study measured only three stoichiometric dolomite samples, no stoichiometric dolomite below 100°C, and no calcite between 95°C and 1,100°C, the authors cannot rigorously compare calcite and dolomite regressions.
“With only three stoichiometric dolomite samples, no stoichiometric dolomite samples below 100°C, and no calcite samples between 95°C and 1,100°C measured for this study, we cannot rigorously compare calcite and dolomite regressions”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Current discrepancies between empirical calibration equations cause Δ47T differences of about 10°C near Earth surface temperatures and tens of °C for higher-temperature samples.
“current discrepancies between empirical calibration equations still lead to Δ 47 T differences of ∼10°C for carbonates near Earth surface temperatures and tens of °C for higher temperature samples (Figure 1; Jautzy et al., 2020;Petersen et al., 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Jautzy et al., 2020
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- cites Petersen et al., 2019
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- Study design and conductown data
The clumped isotope calibration reported here covers the broadest range of temperatures.
“The clumped isotope calibration reported here covers the broadest range of temperatures”
- Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · plain
“Equation 1 spans the broadest range of temperatures measured in a consistent analytical setting”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · plain
- Study design and conductown data
The long-term repeatability (1SD) of Δ47 for all analyses after data processing is 0.036‰.
“The long-term repeatability (1SD) of Δ 47 for all analyses (after data processing described above) is 0.036‰.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The authors cannot assert that dolomite and calcite samples can be described by a single regression equation, contrary to earlier suggestions by Bonifacie et al. (2017) and Petersen et al. (2019).
“Therefore, we cannot assert that dolomite and calcite samples can be described using a single regression equation, as previously suggested by Bonifacie et al. (2017) and Petersen et al. (2019)”
- Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · hedged
“although calcite and dolomite agreement remain inconclusive.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Bonifacie et al. (2017)
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- cites Petersen et al. (2019)
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- Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · hedged
- Interpretationcitation
Varying preparation and measurement procedures between laboratories produce consistent results when data are standardized using common carbonate reference materials.
“Together, these studies support that varying preparation and measurement procedures between laboratories produce consistent results if data are standardized using common carbonate reference materials.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
InterCarb found that Δ47 values of measured carbonate standards are statistically indistinguishable across procedural differences such as sample gas purification, mass spectrometer type, or acidification procedure.
“Furthermore, the InterCarb study found that Δ 47 values of measured carbonate standards are statistically indistinguishable irrespective of procedural differences between laboratories such as sample gas purification, mass spectrometer type, or sample acidification procedure.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bernasconi et al., n.d.
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- Study design and conductown data
This calibration is anchored at the coldest temperatures by unusual carbonates.
“is anchored at the coldest temperatures by unusual carbonates”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The clumped isotope calibration reported here includes diverse carbonates.
“includes diverse carbonates”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
A single T-Δ47 calibration can adequately describe a wide variety of sample types.
“indicates that a single T-Δ 47 calibration can adequately describe a wide variety of sample types.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Jautzy et al. (2020) found their 5-726°C carbonate-standardized calibration regression statistically indistinguishable from several previous carbonate-standardized calibrations.
“Jautzy et al. (2020) created a new calibration spanning 5°C-726°C using carbonate-based standardization and found the regression equation defined by the data was statistically indistinguishable from a series of previous calibration efforts using carbonate-based standardization (Bernasconi et al., 2018;Breitenbach et al., 2018;Daëron et al., 2019;Meinicke et al., 2020;Peral et al., 2018;Piasecki et”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Jautzy et al., 2020
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- cites Bernasconi et al., 2018
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- cites Breitenbach et al., 2018
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- Interpretationown data
Agreement across a wide range of temperatures and sample types supports a unified, broadly applicable clumped isotope thermometer calibration.
“Agreement across a wide range of temperature and sample types demonstrates a unified, broadly applicable clumped isotope thermometer calibration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
This data set and the community-developed InterCarb anchor values narrow the discrepancy between calibrations using carbonate anchor values and heated or equilibrated gases, most notably the calibration of Petersen et al. (2019).
“this data set and the community-developed InterCarb anchor values (Bernasconi et al., n.d.) narrow the discrepancy between calibrations using carbonate anchor values and heated/equilibrated gases, most notably Petersen et al. (2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Bernasconi et al., n.d.
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- cites Petersen et al. (2019)
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- Interpretationreasoning
Discrepancies between these exact samples in previous calibration efforts are not caused by the character of the measured sample material.
“suggests that discrepancies between these exact samples from previous calibration efforts are not a function of the character of measured sample material (Bonifacie et al., 2017;Kele et al., 2015;Kelson et al., 2017;Kluge et al., 2015;Wacker et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bonifacie et al., 2017
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- cites Kele et al., 2015
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- cites Kelson et al., 2017
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- Interpretationreasoning
Calibration uncertainty of this magnitude compounds with analytical uncertainty and hampers interpretation of clumped isotope data.
“Uncertainty from calibrations on this order compounds with analytical uncertainty and hampers interpretation of clumped isotope data.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Equation 1, when corrected with carbonate anchor values from the InterCarb exercise or with heated or equilibrated gases, may be applied across a wide range of natural and laboratory-grown carbonate material.
“Equation 1 spans the broadest range of temperatures measured in a consistent analytical setting and, when corrected with carbonate anchor values from the InterCarb exercise (Bernasconi et al., n.d.) or heated/equilibrated gases, may be applied across a wide range of natural and laboratory-grown carbonate material.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bernasconi et al., n.d.
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- May combine two claims. 15
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 11
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
May combine two claims.
FindingreasoningNatural samples have a weaker correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.96 vs. 0.99) and larger error of the estimate than laboratory-precipitated samples.
“Natural samples display a weaker correlation coefficient (r 2 = 0.96 vs. 0.99) and larger error of the estimate”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataNo statistically significant Δ47 offset exists between passively and actively degassed samples or with the addition of carbonic anhydrase in the reanalysis of Kelson et al. (2017) samples.
“We observe no statistically significant Δ 47 offset between passively and actively degassed samples (p slope = 0.19, p intercept = 0.79) or with the addition of carbonic anhydrase (p slope = 0.79, p intercept = 0.32; Figure S1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kelson et al., 2017
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May combine two claims.
Findingown dataA single Aqua Borra sample with 15% goethite has individual Δ47 analyses both higher and lower than expected, but its mean Δ47 value closely agrees with the regression presented here.
“A single sample (Aqua Borra) with minor goethite (15%) has individual Δ 47 analyses both much higher and lower than expected but has a mean Δ 47 value that closely agrees with the regression presented here.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataNo statistically significant Δ47 offset exists between sample types, although the calcite versus dolomite comparison remains inconclusive.
“We see no statistically significant offset between sample types, although the comparison of calcite and dolomite remains inconclusive.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataNo significant difference in Δ47 exists between samples precipitated at low versus high pH or between intensive and moderate precipitation rates in the reanalysis of Kele et al. (2015) and Kelson et al. (2017) samples.
“there is no significant difference between samples precipitated at low (<7) versus high (>7) pH (p slope = 0.4, p intercept = 0.99) or intensive versus moderate precipitation rate (p slope = 0.05, p intercept = 0.11; Figure S2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Kele et al., 2015
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- cites Kelson et al., 2017
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May combine two claims.
Findingown dataA third-order polynomial regression through the data falls within the 95% confidence limits of the linear fit over the entire temperature range and does not improve the goodness of fit, with r^2 = 0.97 for both.
“A third-order polynomial regression through our data falls within the 95% CL of our linear fit over the entire temperature range (Figure 3a) and does not improve the goodness of fit (r 2 = 0.97 for both)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe composite calibration regression in Equation 1 differs from the study by Petersen et al. (2019) by 3°C near 25°C and by 7°C near 100°C.
“the composite calibration regression shown in Equation 1 differs from the study by Petersen et al. (2019) by 3°C near 25°C and by 7°C near 100°C (Figure 1a).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Petersen et al. (2019)
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May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningΔ47 can be used to calculate both mineral formation temperature and the δ18O of the precipitating fluid.
“Because Δ 47 reflects an internal state of isotope distribution within the carbonate mineral phase, it can be used to calculate mineral formation temperature ( Δ 47 T ) as well as the δ 18 O of the precipitating fluid.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ghosh et al., 2006
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- cites Schauble et al., 2006
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenIUPAC parameters were used to correct raw data.
“IUPAC parameters were used to correct raw data”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe low number of rapid precipitates, especially at low temperatures, makes the precipitation-rate comparison inconclusive.
“The low number of rapid precipitates (particularly at low temperatures) makes the above claim inconclusive”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premiseown dataCalibrations given by Jautzy et al. (2020) and Petersen et al. (2019) differed by 5°C near 25°C and by 20°C near 100°C.
“calibrations given by Jautzy et al. (2020) and Petersen et al. (2019) differed by 5°C near 25°C and 20°C near 100°C”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Jautzy et al. (2020)
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- cites Petersen et al. (2019)
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenNo pressure baseline correction was applied.
“No pressure baseline correction was applied.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataIn total, 0.81% of cycles and 0.42% of analyses were removed.
“In total, 0.81% of cycles and 0.42% of analyses were removed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe clumped isotope calibration reported here replicates measurements several times.
“replicates measurements several times”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationReprocessing past calibration data with a consistent data reduction scheme and IUPAC parameters reduced but did not eliminate differences between calibrations.
“By reprocessing past calibration data with a consistent data reduction scheme and IUPAC parameter set (Brand et al., 2010;Daëron et al., 2016;Schauer et al., 2016), Petersen et al. (2019) reduced but did not eliminate differences between calibrations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Petersen et al., 2019
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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenAnalytical uncertainty and uncertainty associated with creation of the reference frame were propagated throughout the dataset.
“analytical uncertainty and uncertainty associated with creation of the reference frame was propagated throughout.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe sample-to-standard ratio was 1:1.
“sample to standard ratio was 1:1”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataIAEA-C1 was treated as an unknown and used as an internal consistency check (n = 16, mean = 0.292‰, 1SE = 0.098‰).
“IAEA-C1 was treated as an unknown and used as an internal consistency check (n = 16, mean = 0.292‰, 1SE = 0.098‰).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningThe weaker correlation and larger error for natural samples are likely due to greater variability of fluid temperature in natural settings.
“likely due to the greater variability of fluid temperature in natural settings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Study design and conductown dataSmall sample numbers and limited temperature range prohibit formal analysis of the Antarctic lacustrine calcites.
“but small sample numbers and limited temperature range prohibit formal analysis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenEach sample was replicated at least six times, with a mean of nine measurements.
“measurement of each sample was replicated at least six times (mean = 9)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe near-perfect agreement of these calibrations, with offsets of about 0.2°C near 25°C and 100°C despite differences in sample material and measurement method, indicates the strength of carbonate-based standardization and the potential of a unified clumped isotope calibration.
“The near-perfect agreement of these calibrations (∼0.2°C offsets near 25°C and 100°C) despite differences in sample material and measurement method points to the strength of carbonate-based standardization and the potential of a unified clumped isotope calibration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAt high temperatures, theory predicts a non-linear 1/T2-Δ47 relationship.
“At high temperatures, theory predicts a non-linear 1/T 2 -Δ 47 relationship (e.g., Guo et al., 2009;Hill et al., 2014)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Guo et al., 2009
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- cites Hill et al., 2014
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Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The Anderson et al. (2021) calibration is based on reanalysis of original materials with tightly controlled precipitation temperatures, standardized using I-CDES best practices, spanning 0.5-1,100°C with n=91 samples and >1,400 replicates from 5 laboratories.
“The calibration of Anderson et al. (2021) is based on a reanalysis of original materials with tightly controlled precipitation temperatures, standardized using I-CDES best practices, and spanning a temperature range of 0.5-1,100°C with n = 91 samples (>1,400 replicates) from 5 laboratories.”
From Frontiers of Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometry (2023) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. 2021
The Abstract and §2.1 support reanalysis of earlier calibration materials, I-CDES carbonate-based standardization, and the 0.5–1,100°C range. But §2.1 includes natural carbonates, so tightly controlled precipitation temperatures do not describe every sample. The cited copy does not substantiate 91 samples from five laboratories, and §2.1.2 reports 362 unknown analyses rather than more than 1,400 replicates. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Petersen et al. (2019) CDES-referenced T-47 calibration and Anderson et al. (2021) I-CDES-referenced calibration are offset from each other by 3°C near 25°C and 7°C near 100°C and show a similar temperature dependence as the 47 theoretical equilibrium calculations of Schauble et al. (2006) and Hill et al. (2014), with a difference of about 2°C at Earth surface temperatures.
“These two calibrations are offset from each other by 3°C near 25°C and 7°C near 100°C and show a similar temperature dependence as the 47 theoretical equilibrium calculations of Schauble et al. (2006) and Hill et al. (2014) (difference of ∼2°C at Earth surface temperatures).”
From Frontiers of Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometry (2023) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. (2021)
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSecond, to maintain consistency with the calcite calibration measured using identical analytical conditions (Anderson et al., 2021), Merck was only analyzed once per run of 50 replicates, leading to relatively high uncertainty compared to other carbonate anchors.
“Second, to maintain consistency with the calcite calibration measured using identical analytical conditions (Anderson etal.,2021), Merck was only analyzed once per run of 50 replicates, leading to relatively high uncertainty compared to other carbonate anchors.”
From Re-Assessing the Need for Apatite- and Dolomite-Specific Calibrations of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson et al., 2021
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA reanalysis of samples from five previous calibrations by Anderson et al. (2021) using carbonate standardization revealed no significant differences in temperature dependence of Δ47 between different sample sets.
“In addition, a reanalysis of samples from five previous calibrations by Anderson et al. (2021) using carbonate standardization revealed no significant differences in temperature dependence of Δ47 between the different sample sets.”
From InterCarb: A Community Effort to Improve Interlaboratory Standardization of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer Using Carbonate Standards (2021) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. (2021)
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe improvements in interlaboratory comparability that can be achieved with carbonate standardization, coupled with the reductions in the uncertainties of the temperature calibrations, is decreasing the uncertainties in temperature reconstructions to levels comparable or better than other temperature proxies.
“We emphasize that the improvements in interlaboratory comparability that can be achieved with carbonate standardization, coupled with the reductions in the uncertainties of the temperature calibrations (e.g., Anderson et al., 2021), is decreasing the uncertainties in temperature reconstructions to levels comparable or better than other temperature proxies.”
From InterCarb: A Community Effort to Improve Interlaboratory Standardization of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer Using Carbonate Standards (2021) · cites this paper as Anderson et al., 2021
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Authigenic lacustrine carbonate and tufa/travertine appear to follow recent synthetic T-Δ47 calibrations, but such materials as well as biogenic or biologically mediated freshwater carbonates may exhibit seasonal, kinetic, and/or biological effects.
“Authigenic lacustrine carbonate (Anderson et al. 2021) and tufa/travertine (Kele et al. 2015) appear to follow recent synthetic T-47 calibrations, but such materials (e.g., Huntington et al. 2010, Kato et al. 2019, Li et al. 2021) as well as biogenic or biologically mediated freshwater carbonates (e.g., Huntington et al. 2015, Petryshyn et al. 2015, Wang et al. 2021) may exhibit seasonal, kinetic,”
From Frontiers of Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometry (2023) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. 2021
The ∆47 (I-CDES) was used to calculate the temperature of (re)crystallisation for the carbonates by applying a recent multi-lab calibration.
“This ∆ 47 (I-CDES) was used to calculate the temperature of (re)crystallisation for the carbonates by applying a recent multi-lab calibration [83].”
From Clumped Isotope Reordering and Kinetic Differences in Co-Hosted Calcite and Dolomite Minerals throughout Burial Diagenesis and Exhumation (2023) · cites this paper as [83]
A third-order polynomial regression through the data from this study, on the other hand, diverges from the third-order fit of Anderson et al. (2021); two of the four polynomial fit coefficients fall outside the 1 SD threshold (Figure 1, Table S4).
“A third-order polynomial regression through the data from this study, on the other hand, diverges from the third-order fit of Anderson etal.(2021); two of the four polynomial fit coefficients fall outside the 1 SD threshold (Figure1, TableS4).”
From Re-Assessing the Need for Apatite- and Dolomite-Specific Calibrations of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. (2021)
Mass spectrometry methods were nearly identical to those reported in Anderson et al. (2021; excepting samples Rodolo-HT, Rodolo-HT-quench, and Sansa-HT).
“Mass spectrometry methods were nearly identical to those reported in Anderson etal.(2021; excepting samples Rodolo-HT, Rodolo-HT-quench, and Sansa-HT).”
From Re-Assessing the Need for Apatite- and Dolomite-Specific Calibrations of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. (2021)
The linear dolomite regression from this study has a slightly lower intercept and steeper slope than Anderson et al. (2021), with a calculated temperature of ~2°C greater than calcite at earth-surface temperatures fading to parity at ~250°C and with calculated dolomite temperatures lower than calcite for dolomites formed >250°C (Figure 2).
“The linear dolomite regression from this study has a slightly lower intercept and steeper slope than Anderson etal.(2021), with a calculated temperature of ∼2°C greater than calcite at earth-surface temperatures fading to parity at ∼250°C and with calculated dolomite temperatures lower than calcite for dolomites formed >250°C (Figure2).”
From Re-Assessing the Need for Apatite- and Dolomite-Specific Calibrations of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. (2021)
When all samples are considered, the linear dolomite Δ47-1/T2 regression of data presented here (Figure 1, Table 3) is statistically indistinguishable from the calibration equation of Anderson et al. (2021) using ANCOVA at the p>0.05 level with a 2 SD external Δ47 uncertainty (44 ppm) and is within 1 SD error of the regression for intercept, but narrowly misses this threshold for slope (Table 3).
“When all samples are considered, the linear dolomite Δ 47 -1/T 2 regression of data presented here (Figure 1, Table3) is statistically indistinguishable from the calibration equation of Anderson etal.(2021) using ANCOVA at the p >0.05 level with a 2 SD external Δ 47 uncertainty (44ppm) and is within 1 SD error of the regression for intercept, but narrowly misses this threshold for”
From Re-Assessing the Need for Apatite- and Dolomite-Specific Calibrations of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. (2021)
Linear regressions through these data agree with Anderson et al. (2021) using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and 1 SD error of the estimate; third-order regressions do not agree within 1 SD error of the estimate.
“Linear regressions through these data agree with Anderson etal.(2021) using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and 1 SD error of the estimate; third-order regressions do not agree within 1 SD error of the estimate (see Table3 and TableS4).”
From Re-Assessing the Need for Apatite- and Dolomite-Specific Calibrations of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. (2021)
ANCOVA suggests a similar relationship between well- and poorly ordered dolomites in this data set, but suggests that poorly ordered samples define regression that is statistically similar to Anderson et al. (2021); well-ordered samples reject similarity with Anderson et al. (2021).
“ANCOVA suggests a similar relationship between well- and poorly ordered dolomites in this data set, but suggests that poorly ordered samples define regression that is statistically similar to Anderson etal.(2021); well-ordered samples reject similarity with Anderson etal.(2021).”
From Re-Assessing the Need for Apatite- and Dolomite-Specific Calibrations of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. (2021)
Four heated dolomite samples reported in this study (three formed at ETH at 1,100°C and measured at ETH; one formed at IPG Paris at 1,200°C and measured at MIT) have Δ47 values within 10 ppm of those predicted for calcites with the Anderson et al. (2021) calibration equation (Figure 4).
“Four heated dolomite samples reported in this study (three formed at ETH at 1,100°C and measured at ETH; one formed at IPG Paris at 1,200°C and measured at MIT) have Δ 47 values within 10ppm of those predicted for calcites with the Anderson etal.(2021) calibration equation (Figure4).”
From Re-Assessing the Need for Apatite- and Dolomite-Specific Calibrations of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. (2021)
Samples with magnesium concentrations closer to stoichiometric dolomite show a broad range of offsets from Anderson et al. (2021).
“Samples with magnesium concentrations closer to stoichiometric dolomite show a broad range of offsets from Anderson etal.(2021).”
From Re-Assessing the Need for Apatite- and Dolomite-Specific Calibrations of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. (2021)
ANCOVA shows that the calibration regression for all dolomite samples within the I-CDES reference frame is statistically similar to that of Anderson et al. (2021).
“ANCOVA shows that the calibration regression for all dolomite samples within the I-CDES reference frame is statistically similar to that of Anderson etal.(2021).”
From Re-Assessing the Need for Apatite- and Dolomite-Specific Calibrations of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. (2021)
The two samples with the lowest magnesium concentration (100-A3 and Leeds 20) show very small residuals from the Anderson et al. (2021) calibration (Figure S6).
“The two samples with the lowest magnesium concentration (100-A3 and Leeds 20) show very small residuals from the Anderson etal.(2021) calibration (Figure S6 in Supporting InformationS1).”
From Re-Assessing the Need for Apatite- and Dolomite-Specific Calibrations of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. (2021)
The two well-ordered samples with δ47 values inside the reference frame (Figure 6) and precipitated from an amorphous gel phase (see section below) show close agreement with the calibration of Anderson et al. (2021), possibly indicating that dolomite ordering is not significant.
“The two well-ordered samples with δ 47 values inside the reference frame (Figure6) and precipitated from an amorphous gel phase (see section below) show close agreement with the calibration of Anderson etal.(2021), possibly indicating that dolomite ordering is not significant.”
From Re-Assessing the Need for Apatite- and Dolomite-Specific Calibrations of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. (2021)
For the third order regression, three out of four regression coefficients show worse agreement with Anderson et al. (2021) when the variable AFF is applied.
“For the third order regression, three out of four regression coefficients show worse agreement with Anderson etal.(2021) when the variable AFF is applied.”
From Re-Assessing the Need for Apatite- and Dolomite-Specific Calibrations of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. (2021)
It is apparent that 'poorly ordered' samples are close to or slightly below the expected values from the calibration of Anderson et al. (2021), whereas 'well-ordered' samples are above (Figure 6a), potentially indicative of some true effect.
“It is apparent that 'poorly ordered' samples are close to or slightly below the expected values from the calibration of Anderson etal.(2021), whereas 'well-ordered' samples are above (Figure6a), potentially indicative of some true effect.”
From Re-Assessing the Need for Apatite- and Dolomite-Specific Calibrations of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. (2021)
These observations have conflicting interpretations; the better agreement of poorly ordered dolomites with the calcite-based calibration of Anderson et al. (2021) suggests a relationship between ordering ratio and Δ47, but the lack of a consistent trend in these data weakens this interpretation.
“These observations have conflicting interpretations; the better agreement of poorly ordered dolomites with the calcite-based calibration of Anderson etal.(2021) suggests a relationship between ordering ratio and Δ 47 , but the lack of a consistent trend in these data weakens this interpretation.”
From Re-Assessing the Need for Apatite- and Dolomite-Specific Calibrations of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. (2021)
Regression of samples precipitated from amorphous gels and natural precipitates compared to that of direct precipitates and dolomitized powders. The former agrees more closely with Anderson et al. (2021).
“Regression of samples precipitated from amorphous gels and natural precipitates compared to that of direct precipitates and dolomitized powders. The former agrees more closely with Anderson etal.(2021).”
From Re-Assessing the Need for Apatite- and Dolomite-Specific Calibrations of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. (2021)
Apatites measured here define a calibration equation that is statistically indistinguishable from Anderson et al. (2021).
“We find that apatites measured here define a calibration equation that is statistically indistinguishable from Anderson et al. (2021)”
From Re-Assessing the Need for Apatite- and Dolomite-Specific Calibrations of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson et al. (2021)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Two samples have fewer than the stated minimum of six measurements
MinorThe methods say every sample was measured at least six times, but Table 2 lists four measurements for each of two Lake Fryxell samples.
“measurement of each sample was replicated at least six times (mean = 9)”
“LF2012-9_7-A This study Calcite Natural 2.5 4 2.6 -27.2 0.663 0.023 0.045 LF2012-D1-A This study Calcite Natural 2.5 4 3.4 -27.1 0.658 0.023 0.044”
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MethodSelf-citationClumped isotope thermometry of carbonatites as an indicator of diagenetic alteration
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BackgroundKele, S., Breitenbach, S. F. M., Capezzuoli, E., Meckler, A. N., Ziegler, M., Millan, I. M., Kluge, T., Deák, J., Hanselmann, K., John, C. M., et al. (2015) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.06.032 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Self-citationMost Earth-surface calcites precipitate out of isotopic equilibrium
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationA revised calibration of the clumped isotope thermometer
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BackgroundDevils Hole, Nevada, δ18O record extended to the mid-Holocene
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“At high temperatures, theory predicts a non-linear 1/T2-Δ47 relationship (e.g., Guo et al., 2009; Hill et al., 2014), supported by recent empirical calibrations (e.g., Jautzy et al., 2020; Müller et al., 2019).”
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Microbial Mat Communities along an Oxygen Gradient in a Perennially Ice-Covered Antarctic Lake
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Self-citationPrecise microsampling of poorly laminated speleothems for U-series dating
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Self-citationClumped isotope temperature calibration for calcite: Bridging theory and experimentation
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Self-citationA Decrease to Low Carbonate Clumped Isotope Temperatures in Cryogenian Strata
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Bernasconi, S. M., Daëron, M., Bergmann, K. D., Bonifacie, M., Meckler, A. N., Affek, H. P., Anderson, N., Bajnai, D., Barkan, E., Beverly, E., et al. (2021) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2020gc009588 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Self-citationFull Propagation of Analytical Uncertainties in Δ 47 Measurements
(2021) · doi:10.1029/2020gc009592 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationCenozoic evolution of deep ocean temperature from clumped isotope thermometry
Meckler, A. N., Sexton, P. F., Piasecki, A. M., Leutert, T. J., Marquardt, J., Ziegler, M., Agterhuis, T., Lourens, L. J., Rae, J. W. B., Barnet, J., et al. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abk0604 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationCalibration of the dual clumped isotope thermometer for carbonates
Fiebig, J., Daëron, M., Bernecker, M., Guo, W., Schneider, G., Boch, R., Bernasconi, S. M., Jautzy, J., & Dietzel, M. (2021) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2021.07.012 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationClumped isotopes in modern marine bivalves
Huyghe, D., Daëron, M., de RAFÉLIS, M., Blamart, D., Sébilo, M., Paulet, Y., & Lartaud, F. (2021) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2021.09.019 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationFrontiers of Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometry
Huntington, K. W., & Petersen, S. V. (2023) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-085949 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationTemperature Dependence of Clumped Isotopes (∆ <sub>47</sub> ) in Aragonite
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“A third-order polynomial regression through the data from this study, on the other hand, diverges from the third-order fit of Anderson et al. (2021); two of the four polynomial fit coefficients fall outside the 1 SD threshold (Figure 1, Table S4).”
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Curzi, M., Caracausi, A., Rossetti, F., Rabiee, A., Billi, A., Carminati, E., Aldega, L., Bernasconi, S. M., Boschi, C., Drivenes, K., et al. (2022) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2022gc010474 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationClark, A. J., Torres-Romero, I., Jaggi, M., Bernasconi, S. M., & Stoll, H. M. (2024) · Climate of the Past · doi:10.5194/cp-20-2081-2024 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationParvez, Z. A., Lucarelli, J. K., Matamoros, I. W., Rubi, J., Miguel, K., Elliott, B., Flores, R., Ulrich, R. N., Eagle, R. A., Watkins, J. M., et al. (2023) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2023.06.022 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Robinson, A. S., Dale, A., Adatte, T., & John, C. M. (2022) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g49886.1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationZhou, W. (2025) · Journal of Alloys and Compounds · doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.179919 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lu, C., Hao, F., Zou, H., Koeshidayatullah, A., Manche, C., Li, P., & Swart, P. K. (2024) · Sedimentology · doi:10.1111/sed.13256 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Quantifying the impacts of rainfall and evaporation on Lake Bonneville
Mering, J., Arnold, A. J., Chari, L., Lee, H., Lerback, J., Ajoku, O., Ibarra, D., Nelson, S. T., Farnsworth, A., Valdes, P., et al. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adw4951 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Anderson, N. T., Kelson, J. R., Kele, S., Daëron, M., Bonifacie, M., Horita, J., Mackey, T. J., John, C. M., Kluge, T., Petschnig, P., Jost, A. B., Huntington, K. W., Bernasconi, S. M., & Bergmann, K. D.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research (HU)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Texas Tech University (US)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (DE)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Anderson, N. T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Geophysical Research Letters
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e2020GL092069
- ISSN
- 0094-8276 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-8007
- OpenAlex
- W3119280383
- Cited by
- 323
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 17.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Geophysical Research Letters (publishedVersion)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection
- Funders
- David and Lucile Packard Foundation
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC19K0464)
- Nuclear Safety and Security Commission
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Keywords
- clumped isotope thermometry, carbonate clumped isotopes, thermometer calibration, calcite, dolomite, regression equations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-05.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-05.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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