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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
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Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
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Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
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“Metacognition is often defined as ‘cognition about cognitive phenomena’ (Flavell, 1979, p. 906) or thinking about thinking (e.g. Lai, 2011).”
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O’Brien, C., Behan, S., & Taylor, J. A. (2024) · Sport Education and Society · doi:10.1080/13573322.2024.2437023 · Cited by 4
“Metacognition is a means of monitoring progress by thinking about how one is thinking about how to solve a problem (Flavell, 1979).”
Stelz, S., & Altgassen, M. (2024) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2024.2441689 · Cited by 4
“Metacognition refers to the ability to reflect about one’s own thinking and learning process and to choose the appropriate strategies that lead us to achieve our goals based on this reflection (Flavell, 1979).”
Zhao, Y., Liu, Y., Pásztor, A., & Molnár, G. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23445 · Cited by 4
“Flavell (1979) metacognitive theory emphasizes the individual's ability to monitor and regulate their cognitive activities.”
Telenius, M., Iiskala, T., Laakkonen, E., & Vauras, M. (2025) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.70004 · Cited by 6
Metacognitive deficits in major depressive disorder
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Sarı, S. V., Camadan, F., & Özmen, S. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02594-3 · Cited by 8
“…[25], critical thinking [26, 27], self-regulation and self-control [28], listening and listening comprehension [29], academic achievement [30], and academic self-efficacy [31], has brought new perspectives to applied fields such as educational psychology and clinical psychology [23, 32–34].”
Clark, S. A., Rivers, M. L., & Overono, A. L. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15040477 · Cited by 6
“Metacognition—the process of evaluating and regulating one’s understanding and cognitive performance (Flavell, 1979)—may contribute to improved test performance when MC questions include answer justifications.”
Mei, H., Li, L., & Liu, H. (2025) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2025.2493112 · Cited by 4
“Defined as “cognition about cognitive phenomena” (Flavell, 1979, p. 906), metacognition generally encompasses both knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Brown, 1987).”
Gütges, I. D., Xi, H., Gauggel, S., & Forster, S. D. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1576353 · Cited by 7
“It recruits higher-order self-reflective cognitive processes that enable individuals to evaluate their patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving, as well as social cognitions of how others perceive those patterns (Carlson et al., 2010; Flavell, 1979).”
Exploring the Impact of Different Tools on Metacognitive Performance
Chen, H.-J., & Lin, Y.-F. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93838-2_9 · Cited by 4
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“Lastly, metacognitivesupportencourages learners to reflect on and regulate their learning processes (Flavell, 1979).”
How do students self-assess? examining the metacognitive processes of student self-assessment
Rickey, N., Panadero, E., & DeLuca, C. (2025) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-025-09430-4 · Cited by 12
“These findings offer support to the important role that metacognitive feelings of dif - ficulty may play as an instantiation of processing disfluency which may provoke confusion and support strategy selection.”
InfluentialMulholland, K., Gray, W. S., Counihan, C., & Nichol, D. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15070892 · Cited by 8
From reaction to reflection: A recursive framework for the evolution and structure of intelligence
Trukovich, J. J. (2025) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2025.105549 · Cited by 4
Chen, C., & Zhang, L. J. (2025) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-025-09435-z · Cited by 4
“It directs our attention to the nature and functions of three elements of metacognition, namely, metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive regulation, and metacognitive experiences (Efklides, 2008 ; Efklides & Misailidi, 2010; Flavell, 1979 ; Kuhn, 2022).”
InfluentialReflective thinking among Finnish pre-service teachers and its relation to metacognitive awareness
Pousi, I., Kallio, M., Hotulainen, R., & Toom, A. (2025) · European Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/02619768.2025.2554688 · Cited by 7
Bao, C., Xu, Z., & Ji, W. (2025) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2025.114493 · Cited by 4
Şahin, M. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17198613 · Cited by 6
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Mejoramiento de habilidades de análisis estratégico de textos en estudiantes universitarios
Rodríguez, J. E., Velásco, C. S., & Vázquez, L. C. (2010) · Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta · doi:10.5514/rmac.v36.i1.18015 · Cited by 4
The Six-Sentence Argument: Training Critical Thinking Skills Using Peer Review
Kölbel, J. F., & Jentges, E. (2017) · Management Teaching Review · doi:10.1177/2379298117739856 · Cited by 4
“To be successful, such teaching needs to encourage metacognition (Flavell, 1979), which describes a process of “thinking about thinking.””
BackgroundXu, X., Bland, L. C., Kusano, S., & Johri, A. (2018) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--28959 · Cited by 4
“The conceptualization of “thinking about thinking” has evolved since Flavell [8] first discussed metacognition.”
BackgroundInfluentialBaydilek, N. B., Altay, B., & Saracaloğlu, A. S. (2018) · Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.24106/kefdergi.413317 · Cited by 4
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Canbaloğlu, G., & Jan Treur, A. (2021) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90321-3_82 · Cited by 4
Huong, T. T., Hà, N. Đ. N., Tuyen, T., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Education Studies · doi:10.46827/ejes.v8i10.3932 · Cited by 4
A Pedagogy of Metacognition for Reading Classrooms
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Effects of temporally regular versus irregular distractors on goal-directed cognition and behavior
Lui, T. K., & Wöstmann, M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-13211-3 · Cited by 4
Sharma, Y., & Jaikumar, S. (2022) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-10-2019-3454 · Cited by 4
Gai, F., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1026554 · Cited by 8
“By contrast, metacognitive experiences, which are “[experiences] concerning self, tasks, goals, and strategies” as well as the results of activated metacognitive knowledge (Flavell, 1979, p. 908), can occur at any time before, after, or during the cognitive enterprise of writing RAs.”
BackgroundDevelopmental Relationship Between Metacognitive Monitoring and Reading Comprehension
Edossa, A. K., Lockl, K., & Weinert, S. (2022) · Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology · doi:10.5539/jedp.v13n1p1 · Cited by 8
“Metacognitive judgment in the process of monitoring helps us to observe and reflect on our cognitive process (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundTantowie, T. A., Sunendar, D., Rahman, R., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research · doi:10.26803/ijlter.21.11.15 · Cited by 4
Introduction: cultural intelligence in perspective
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Dispositions towards learning: the importance of epistemic attributes for postgraduate learners
Spray, E., Holbrook, A., Scevak, J., & Cantwell, R. (2023) · Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education · doi:10.1108/sgpe-03-2022-0026 · Cited by 5
Your feedback procedure, my inspiration: Enhancing student achievement through assessment
Kloppers, M. M., & Potgieter, E. (2023) · South African Journal of Education · doi:10.15700/saje.v43n1a2124 · Cited by 4
“According to Flavell (1979) and Lerner, Brindis, Batanova and Blum (2018), self-regulation is employed successfully when individuals (students) are aware of their own cognition (metacognitive knowledge) in teaching-learning situations.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFord, D. J., Luke, S. E., Vaughn, S. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Educational Technology Systems · doi:10.1177/00472395231184566 · Cited by 4
“Teaching requires careful and “highly conscious thinking” (Flavell, 1979, p. 908) that is planned in advance and subsequently evaluated.”
BackgroundThe Gaming World of Educational Robotics. A Review Study
Paglia, F. L., Barbera, D. L., & Caci, B. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35979-8_3 · Cited by 4
Flipped Classroom Assisted with Schoology Applications to Support Student Metacognition Skills
Nurdiyanti, N., & Wajdi, M. (2023) · Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA · doi:10.29303/jppipa.v9i7.3855 · Cited by 7
“Metacognition is a term that was first introduced by John Flavell in 1970, which means "thinking about thinking (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundKAMEYAMA, H., HARADA, Y., & KUSABA, M. (2023) · Journal of Research in Science Education · doi:10.11639/sjst.21047 · Cited by 4
Adler, I., & Sarsour, L. (2023) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-023-09649-1 · Cited by 7
“Metacognition refers to the ability to reflect upon, understand, and control one’s learning (Flavell, 1979).”
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The Factors Affecting Filipino Grade 11–12 students’ Pronunciation
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Implementing a Metalinguistic Approach to Secondary School Writing
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Describing teacher educators’ metatalk moves enacted for teaching how to teach concepts
Soysal, Y., & Soysal, S. (2023) · Education Inquiry · doi:10.1080/20004508.2023.2299055 · Cited by 5
“Rooted in cognitive psychology and educational psychology theories, the concept of metacognition was initially introduced by psychologists John Flavell and Ann Brown in the 1970s (Flavell, 1979; Kuhn, 2022).”
Chen, Y. (2024) · The Interpreter and Translator Trainer · doi:10.1080/1750399x.2023.2296263 · Cited by 5
“Metacognition concerns individuals’ conscious reflection and modulation of their cognitive processes (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundTurgut, S., & Uğurlu, M. (2024) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23141 · Cited by 4
Ma, Y., Lee, L. Y., Wang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102315 · Cited by 4
Intention offloading: Domain-general versus task-specific confidence signals
Sachdeva, C., & Gilbert, S. J. (2024) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-024-01529-4 · Cited by 5
“Metacognition refers to the ability to monitor mental processes, often for the purpose of cognitive control (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMetacognition in musical practices: two studies with beginner and expert Brazilian musicians
de Araújo, R. C., Ferronato, R. S., & Veloso, F. D. D. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1331988 · Cited by 11
“For Flavell (1979) monitoring includes a variety of actions and interactions from four classes of phenomena: (a) metacognitive knowledge, (b) metacognitive experiences, (c) objectives (or tasks) and (d) actions (or strategies).”
BackgroundInfluentialWell-Being Literacy in the Academic Landscape: Trioethnographic Inquiry Into Scholarly Writing
Lemon, N. S., Francis, J., & Baker, L. M. (2024) · Brock Education Journal · doi:10.26522/brocked.v33i1.1120 · Cited by 6
The moderating effect of creative metacognition on adolescents’ risk-taking in creative performance
Woo, J., & Lee, S.-Y. (2024) · Asia Pacific Education Review · doi:10.1007/s12564-024-09927-8 · Cited by 11
“The knowledge and regulation of one's cognitive activities, metacognition (Flavell, 1979), can indeed facilitate the production of creative outcomes (Cropley, 2006; Kaufman & Beghetto, 2013b).”
InfluentialAlarcón, V. B., López-González, M. A., & Saúl, L. Á. (2024) · Revista de Psicoterapia · doi:10.5944/rdp.v35i127.39568 · Cited by 4
The Relationship Between Executive Functions, Self-Reflection, and Insight Across Adulthood
İlkmen, Y. S., & Buyukiscan, E. S. (2024) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2024.2331404 · Cited by 4
“In this regard, it taps into the cognitive component of self-awareness, and may be linked with metacognitive knowledge, which refers to the degree of one’s awareness regarding their cognitive capacity including cognitive abilities and effective/non-effective cognitive strategies (Flavell, 1979).”
Ajani, O. A. (2024) · Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology · doi:10.33902/jpsp.202424002 · Cited by 19
La Metacognición: Estrategia para el Desarrollo de Competencias Académicas
Lara, L. M. M. (2024) · Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar · doi:10.37811/cl_rcm.v8i2.11030 · Cited by 4
Leveraging multimodal visualization reflections for L2 writing research
Kessler, M. (2024) · Research Methods in Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1016/j.rmal.2024.100126 · Cited by 4
Motor Strategies: The Role of Active Behavior in Spatial Hearing Research
Valzolgher, C. (2024) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941241260246 · Cited by 6
“These can also be linked to metacognitive judgments about our abilities, the expectations we have about our performance, and the knowledge we have about a particular phenomenon (see for instance Flavell, 1979; Palmer et al., 2014).”
MacNeil, S. L., Wood, E., & Arslantas, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1402599 · Cited by 8
Muhammadpour, M., & Sabet, M. K. (2024) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-024-00162-2 · Cited by 4
“Metacognition has been tersely defined by Flavell [20] as "thinking about thinking" and has been brought into second language learning and teaching by Wenden [61].”
Investigating assessment types in an online climate change class: moderating and mediating effects
Millet, A. L., Dinç, E., & Bralower, T. J. (2024) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-024-10392-8 · Cited by 4
“…interaction in online education (Moore, 1989), the use of backward design for the design of learning (Wiggins & McTighe, 2005), the organization of assessment formats based on Bloom’s taxonomy (Anderson et al., 2001), and the advantage of monitoring cognition under meta-cognition (Flavell, 1979).”
Kolloff, K., & Roebers, C. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Developmental Psychology · doi:10.3389/fdpys.2024.1417197 · Cited by 5
Memory in Infancy and Childhood
Newcombe, N. S., Benear, S. L., Ngo, C. T., & Olson, I. R. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190917982.013.53 · Cited by 13
Gandolfi, E., Limata, T., Favatà, R., & Ianì, F. (2024) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2024.2389186 · Cited by 4
“Metacognitive abilities could be enhanced through targeted training programs in which metacognitive strategies, such as goal-setting, self-monitoring, and reflection are practiced (Flavell, 1979).”
Viou, M., & Georgaca, E. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling · doi:10.1080/13642537.2024.2339826 · Cited by 5
“Reflexivity is part of human metacognition, concerning the capability of a person to think about thought (Flavell, 1979).”
Guntur, M., & Purnomo, Y. W. (2024) · Education 3-13 · doi:10.1080/03004279.2024.2396096 · Cited by 4
“Within the realm of monitoring cognitive processes, one aspect of metacognition, Flavell (1979), in their book ‘Metacognition and Cognitive Monitoring’, identify four key components: metacognitive knowledge; metacognitive experiences; goals or tasks; and actions or strategies.”
Chalah, M. A., & Ayache, S. S. (2024) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcae302 · Cited by 5
“6 In this observational and cross-sectional study from the UK, patients underwent specific MRI sequences, namely diffusion tensor, quantitative magnetization transfer and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging, which permit depicting micro-structural abnormalities.”
BackgroundGroup metacognitive therapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot study
Reinholdt‐Dunne, M. L., Tolstrup, M., Svenstrup, K., Hjemdal, O., & Nordahl, H. (2024) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2024.100912 · Cited by 4
Metacognitive strategies in mathematical modelling: a case study with engineering students
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“For example, they analysed particular cases in which the model had to manifest trivial behaviour, that is, when the result would be equal to zero.”
InfluentialGreengrass, C. J., Mamalchi, S. A., & Kozmenko, V. V. (2024) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.1080/13561820.2024.2405977 · Cited by 4
“Furthermore, individual metacognitive systems (Flavell, 1976, 1979), referring to an internalized process of thinking about the robustness of one’s own strategic thinking, cognitive abilities, or the accuracy of newly acquired knowledge, play a pivotal role in the decision-making processes of the…”
Identifying Gifted Potential Through Positive Psychology Content
Mo, F., Desmet, O. A., & Olenchak, F. R. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14101137 · Cited by 6
Versatile video assignment improves undergraduates’ learning and confidence
Cardace, A., Hefferon, K. L., Levina, A., Angert, E. R., Buckley, D. H., Miller, W., Sanfilippo, L., Silva, T., & Aslan, C. (2024) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/14697874241287208 · Cited by 7
“…p. 50), about cognitive development and the power of self-explanation (Chi et al., 1989, 1994), about the metacognitive value of practicing activities that expose students to their own learning processes (Flavell, 1979), and about inclusive teaching in higher education (Marchesani & Adams, 1992).”
Identifying critical self-regulated learning skills: a Delphi process study
Domino, M., Edmison, B., Edwards, S. H., Mansur, R. S., Thompson, A., & Shaffer, C. A. (2024) · Computer Science Education · doi:10.1080/08993408.2024.2382631 · Cited by 5
“SRL was discussed as a sub-construct of Flavell’s (1979) model of metacognition (Flavell, 1979), though the term was not explicitly used.”
Metacognitive training for algebra teaching to high school students: An action research study
Okumuş, Ö., & Öztürk, M. (2024) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2024.102064 · Cited by 6
Navarro, J., Multon, M., Petit, M., Ouimet, M. C., & Reynaud, E. (2024) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2024.11.021 · Cited by 5
Quick Fix: A Vignette-Based Approach to Demystifying the Concept of Metacognition
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The use of Google Translate for language learning in emergency forced displacement contexts
Bogachenko, T., Burke, R., Zhang, Y., & Gong, Q. (2024) · Australian Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1075/aral.24098.bog · Cited by 4
Valzolgher, C., Lever, L., Rosi, T., & Pavani, F. (2025) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-025-02079-3 · Cited by 5
Sanz‐García, A., Liébana, S., García‐Vera, M. P., Sanz, J., Altungy, P., de Marina, A. G., Navarro‐McCarthy, A., & Marqueses, J. M. S. (2025) · Psicothema · doi:10.70478/psicothema.2025.37.06 · Cited by 5
Students’, Teachers’, and Parents’ Knowledge About and Perceptions of Learning Strategies
Witherby, A. E., Babineau, A. L., & Tauber, S. K. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15020160 · Cited by 4
“Metacognition is broadly defined as a person’s thoughts about cognitive phenomena (Flavell, 1971, 1979).”
Lin, Y., Wang, W., & Lai, Z.-L. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13470-3 · Cited by 6
“Meta-cognitive skills are an indirect strategy (i.e., general task) and refer to individuals’ conscious attempts to plan, monitor, control, and assess learning progress (Flavell, 1979).”
Yang, W., Martín, R. M., & Wang, X. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04756-5 · Cited by 5
“Thenew technologized environments have signi fi cantly impacted many cognitive processes (e.g., PC screens are used as external working memories), highlighting the importance of mental skills such as metacognition, or thinking about thinking (Flavell, 1979).”
Fick, J., Rudolph, L., & Hendriks, F. (2025) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2025.102121 · Cited by 8
Alscher, P., Ludewig, U., Kleinkorres, R., & McElvany, N. (2025) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2025.102370 · Cited by 4
Κουλιανού, Μ., Dumitru, C., Mastrothanasis, K., Stan, M. M., & Samartzi, S. (2025) · Reflective Practice · doi:10.1080/14623943.2025.2494323 · Cited by 5
“It involves cognitive experiences (Flavell, 1979) processes such as planning (Cross & Paris, 1988), information management strategies (Paris & Winograd, 1990), comprehension monitoring (Schraw & Moshman, 1995), error detection strategies, and evaluation of a cognitive task (Cross & Paris, 1988;…”
de Miranda, L., Malmgren, C. I., Carroll, J. E., Gould, C. S., King, R., Funke, C., & Arslan, S. (2025) · Methodological Innovations · doi:10.1177/20597991251352420 · Cited by 5
“Modern research on metacognition and decision-making (Flavell, 1979) confirms the importance of understanding our own interpretive frameworks.”
The Computational Evolution of Cognitive Architectures
Kotseruba, I., & Tsotsos, J. K. (2025) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844835.001.0001 · Cited by 5
Speech Disfluencies and Hand Gestures as Metacognitive Cues
Yılmaz, B., Reyhan Furman, A., Göksun, T., & Eskenazi, T. (2025) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.70093 · Cited by 4
Zhao, Y., Zheng, Y., Shang, C., Xu, W., & Zhu, M. (2025) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2529455 · Cited by 4
“Metacognition, first proposed by John Flavell (1979), refers to an individual ’ s ability to regulate their own cognitive processes.”
Facets of metacognition and their impact on associative learning
Barrientos, M., Gabriel Reyes, M., & Sackur, J. (2025) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-025-09443-z · Cited by 6
“Metacognitive Knowledge (MK) is the offline aspect of metacognitive monitoring and refers to the declarative knowledge that a learner holds about their abilities, the tasks they engage in, and the strategies they use (Flavell, 1979).”
The Relationship between Executive Functions and Metacognitive Strategy Learning and Application
Jansiewicz, E. M. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/1059920 · Cited by 4
Mutai, D. K., Changeiywo, J. M., & Okere, M. I. O. (2014) · Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform) · Cited by 4
METACOGNIÇÃO E AS ATIVIDADES EXPERIMENTAIS EM FÍSICA: APROXIMAÇÕES TEÓRICAS
da Rosa, C. T. W., & Filho, J. D. P. A. (2013) · Ensaio · doi:10.1590/1983-21172014150107 · Cited by 4
STASIO, S. D., & Chiacchio, C. D. (2015) · Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s3p656 · Cited by 5
Shahrokhi, M., Malekian, P., & Sayedi, S. B. (2015) · Journal of applied linguistics and language research · Cited by 4
DOES METACOGNITIVE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT EXPLANATION MODERATE THE EFFECT OF EXPLANATION EXPECTANCY?
Fukaya, T. (2013) · PSYCHOLOGIA · doi:10.2117/psysoc.2013.246 · Cited by 4
“The Importance of Metacognitive Knowledge about Explanation as an Individual Difference Factor Metacognitive knowledge is defined as knowledge that has to do with diverse cognitive tasks, goals, actions, and experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundSelf, modernity and a direction for curriculum reform
Quicke, J. (1996) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/00071005.1996.9974082 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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