The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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In the citing paper
“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., Flavell, J. H., & Hagen, J. W. (1975) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165955 · Cited by 514
Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
Flavell, J. H., Friedrichs, A. G., & Hoyt, J. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90019-8 · Cited by 401
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
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Bergen, A., Dörrenbächer‐Ulrich, L., & Karlen, Y. (2026) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-026-09489-7 · Cited by 1
“…or strategy effectiveness – is consistent with theoretical distinctions between metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979; Schraw & Dennison, 1994), although in the present study metacognitive knowledge Page 19 of 27 43 Assessing knowledge, use, quality,…”
Instrução scaffolding para o desenvolvimento de habilidades metacognitivas
Araújo, S. E. D. M., & Mendonça, A. P. (2026) · Educitec - Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Ensino Tecnológico · doi:10.31417/educitec.v12.2847 · Cited by 1
Alsudairi, F., Asiri, A. M., Khojah, M., Al-Somali, S. A., Bakry, D. S., Alqarni, K., & Alsaigh, M. (2026) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence14090220 · Cited by 1
“Beliefs about one’s own capability are metacognitive judgments—that is, cognition directed at one’s own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979)—and their calibration has direct behavioral consequences.”
Price, S. M. (2009) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries) · Cited by 1
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Cheong, K., & Mitchell, A. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22698-9_33 · Cited by 1
“As Efklides and Vauras explain, metacognition refers to the “ knowledge and awareness of one ’ s cognitive processes and ability to actively control and manage those processes ” [14].”
BackgroundDoes Setting Affect Achievement Of Students With Disabilities: Comparing Co-teaching To Resource
Mote, S. Y. (2010) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 1
Fostering Metacognition in the Middle School Classroom: An Exploration of Teachers' Practices
Peteranetz, M. S. (2014) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska) · Cited by 1
The nature of thinking and thinking skills
Newton, D. P. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489914.004 · Cited by 1
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Lombardo, E., & Dumas, P. (2006) · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · Cited by 1
Improving Theory Application among Pre-Service Teachers.
Jones, A. (2009) · Cited by 1
Hadjileontiadou, S. J. (2010) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/7931 · Cited by 1
Enhancing EFL Readers' Metacognition
Wilawan, S. (2013) · Cited by 1
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Canny, J., & Carle, A. J. (2012) · ProQuest LLC eBooks · Cited by 1
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Murakoshi, S., Nakamura, M., & Kawai, M. (2014) · Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport Sciences) · doi:10.5432/jjpehss.14029 · Cited by 1
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In-Game Peer Performance Assessment Role That Fosters Metacognitive Agility and Reflection
Raybourn, E. M. (2009) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04052-8_45 · Cited by 1
Tsheko, G. N., & Mogapi, M. (2015) · Theory and Practice in Language Studies · doi:10.17507/tpls.0505.02 · Cited by 1
Understanding Nurses' Knowledge Work
Siu, H. M. (2015) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 1
Μεταγνώση και μαθησιακή αυτονομία κατά την εκπόνηση γραπτών εργασιών
ΦΑΝΑΡΙΤΗ, Μ., & Σπανακά, Α. (2010) · Ανοικτή Εκπαίδευση το περιοδικό για την Ανοικτή και εξ Αποστάσεως Εκπαίδευση και την Εκπαιδευτική Τεχνολογία · doi:10.12681/jode.9756 · Cited by 2
A Meta-cognition Modeling of Engineering Product Designer in the Process of Product Design
Liang, J., Jiang, Z., Zhao, Y.-S., et al. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73105-4_17 · Cited by 1
“Meta-cognition is defined by Flavell as “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena” [ 5 ] and often described as the executive process governing our cognitive efforts [1] and it consists of meta-cognitive knowledge and self-regulation [6].”
BackgroundDevelopment of Self-Regulation at University Studies
Šliogerienė, J. (2013) · Santalka Filologija Edulokogija · doi:10.3846/cpe.2013.17 · Cited by 1
“There are two basic manifestations of the monitoring function, namely, metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experiences” (Flavell 1979: 908).”
BackgroundHuang, Y., Shen, C.-Y., & Chang, C.-S. (2011) · Cited by 1
Los estudios metacognitivos y sus raíces en el tiempo
Peronard, M. (2002) · Boletín de filología · Cited by 1
Wesiak, G., Moore, A., Steiner, C., et al. (2013) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40814-4_31 · Cited by 1
Towards Staff Awareness of Communication Education in Engineering
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A Consciência como Estratégia Metacognitiva para a Compreensão Leitora de Textos na Língua Inglesa
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Ações para competências em informação no ciberespaço: reflexões sobre a contribuição da metacognição
Freire, G. H. D. A., & Freire, I. M. (2012) · Encontros Bibli Revista Eletrônica de Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação · doi:10.5007/1518-2924.2012v17nesp1p1 · Cited by 1
The effect of facilitating Chinese instruction with a theory-driven course web site
Feng, M., Xue-hong, L., & Liu, X. (2004) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/bf02960282 · Cited by 1
“In order to master new skills more effectively, learners need to self-check their comprehension of the materials learned ( Flavell, 1979 ).”
BackgroundExploring meta-cognitive beliefs of postgraduates in an EFL context
Wang, J. H., & Li, X. (2013) · International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning · doi:10.5861/ijrsll.2013.369 · Cited by 1
“Metacognitive knowledge is classified into three categories (Flavell, 1979): person knowledge, task knowledge, and strategy knowledge.”
BackgroundA Comparison of Bias in Four Measures of Monitoring Accuracy
Kuch, F. (2020) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · doi:10.34917/4332566 · Cited by 1
Metacognition Education and Moral Reasoning: a Case Report of High School Girls in Iran
Ghavam, E., & Soghra (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.429 · Cited by 4
“Regarding moral knowledge with relation to task, it should be stated that monitoring and controlling behaviors depends on the child’s understanding of task ‘specifications(Flavell,1979).”
BackgroundThe implementation of problem-based laboratory model at digital signal processing laboratory
Samah, N. A., Jaffri, H., Tahir, L. M., et al. (2014) · IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP) · doi:10.1109/tenconspring.2014.6863103 · Cited by 1
“Higher order thinking Metacognitive strategies [11]”
Lawanto, O., & Santoso, H. B. (2012) · 2022 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie.2012.6462452 · Cited by 1
“Metacognition is a fundamental tool that enables learners to control their own cognition [10].”
BackgroundEsteki, M., & Moinmehr, S. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.01.008 · Cited by 1
Sanagavarapu, P. (2012) · International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning · doi:10.5172/ijpl.2012.7.1.31 · Cited by 1
“Children learn to become effective problem solvers with increasing age, cognitive maturity (Brown & DeLoache, 1978), and familiarity with problems (Flavell, 1979).”
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Steinhilber, S., Rodriguez, J. M., Estrada, C. A., & Kraemer, R. R. (2013) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2500-7 · Cited by 1
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Macarthur, V., & Conlan, O. (2012) · IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT) · doi:10.1109/icalt.2012.196 · Cited by 1
“Metacognition encompasses a learner’s knowledge about cognition and the regulatory strategies with which it is controlled [6].”
BackgroundUna estrategia metacognitiva y de autorregulación en la resolución de problemas en Física
Vargas, M. R. S., & de Cudmani, L. C. (2009) · Caderno Brasileiro de Ensino de Física · doi:10.5007/2175-7941.2009v26n3p514 · Cited by 2
“Estas pueden afectar los objetivos del problema, al conocimiento metacognitivo y a las estrategias utilizadas durante el proceso de resolución (FLAVELL, 1979, p. 906).”
BackgroundMetacognition and its role in the development of team competencies.
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Studying metacognition in natural settings
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“Metacognition is defined as the knowledge and regulation of one’s own learning processes [1, 2].”
BackgroundAhn, D., & Shin, M. H. (2014) · Journal of Gifted/Talented Education · doi:10.9722/jgte.2014.24.1.1 · Cited by 1
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“Because expository text tends to be more complex than narrative, proficient readers of informational text generally tends to have metacognitive abilities, that is they have knowledge about their own cognitive processes and are therefore capable of monitoring their reading and are able to regulate those processes durin…”
BackgroundCultivation of Metacognition in the Web-Based Autonomous Learning Environment
Gong, H., Zhao, H., Wang, Y., et al. (2009) · doi:10.1109/cise.2009.5364683 · Cited by 1
“In the web-based autonomous learning environment, three chief approaches can be adopted for that purpose: giving lectures, integrating metacognitive strategies into diverse web-based learning activities, and constructing the formative evaluation system.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDevlin-Glass, B. (2009) · Cited by 1
How Colleeg Students' Beliefs about English Learning Relate to Their Strategy Use
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McSweeney, L. S. (2013) · Cited by 1
¿Cómo desarrollar la metacognición en la educación superior mediante la resolución de problemas?
Penagos, H. P. (2011) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 1
The Role of Critical Thinking Skills in Students’ Attitudes Toward Business Subjects
Tempelaar, D. T. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8747-9_11 · Cited by 1
“The AILI is based on Flavells’ three-component model of metacognition, which decomposes metacognition into the components knowledge, skills, and attitudes, or responsiveness ( Flavell, 1979 ).”
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Wei-wei, W. (2010) · US-China education review · Cited by 1
Diversity in Utilization of Reading Strategies: A Cross Gender Study on Iranian EFL Learners
Kamran, S. K. (2013) · Studies in English Language Teaching · doi:10.22158/selt.v1n1p172 · Cited by 1
“Flavell (1979) who introduced the issue of meta-cognition, defined it as ''knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena'' (p. 906).”
BackgroundThe Development of Scientific Strategy Knowledge Across Grades
Scherer, R., & Tiemann, R. (2014) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244014522076 · Cited by 1
“It is, therefore, part of the declarative metamemory (Flavell, 1979).”
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Ramos, O. (2009) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 1
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Yee, J. S. R., Michlewski, K., & Bohemia, E. (2007) · Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) · Cited by 1
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“Flavell [2], refers to knowledge and active control over one’s own cognitive processes when engaged in learning.”
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Effects of the Learning Coaching Program for the Elementary Underachievers
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The Role of the Reflection Journal in Making Efficient the Learning Activity within Formal Frames.
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Engineering design journey and project management
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“In this study, regulation in contexts of the model by Butler and Cartier [29, 30, 31] was used to assess the dynamic and iterative interplay between metacognitive and cognitive activity which characterizes SRL as a complex, dynamic, and situated learning process [28].”
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“Flavell (1979) elaborated on the metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experience components of the taxonomy.”
BackgroundModel-Centered Learning and Instructional Design
Blumschein, P. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-76898-4_13 · Cited by 1
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“Metacognitive knowledge is knowledge about strategies, knowledge about tasks and how best to address them, and about one’s own strengths and weaknesses (Flavell, 1976, 1979).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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