The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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In the citing paper
“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., Flavell, J. H., & Hagen, J. W. (1975) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165955 · Cited by 514
Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
Flavell, J. H., Friedrichs, A. G., & Hoyt, J. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90019-8 · Cited by 401
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
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“Traditionally defined as “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena” (Flavell, 1979), the concept of metacognition, which was the focus of the current study, has recently been conceptualized as including a spectrum of activities ranging from those that allow for an awareness of discrete experiences) e.”
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“Metacognitive knowledge or understanding refers to the knowledge or beliefs that one has about epistemic matters, such as what knowledge is, how knowledge is produced, and how one comes to know (Barzilai & Zohar, 2014; Flavell, 1979).”
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“Building on past literature (Blakemore, 2018; Bosacki, 2016), most typically, developing adolescent minds are capable of social cognitive skills such as mentalisation, including metacognition (the ability to think about thinking) (Efklides, 2011; Flavell, 1979), self-cognitions, and social-relational skills (Nicolic e…”
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“The individual with metacognition reveals the ability to understand and learn, control and manipulate (Schraw & Dennison, 1994; Pressley et., 1987; Borkowski et al., 1987; Flavell, 1979).”
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“That interview was structured on the basic components of metacognition described by Flavell & Wellman (1977). In later years an improved structured interview was also used to measure metacognition of young children before and after intervention (Paris & Jacob, 1984).”
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“The most common reason for exclusion among OCD patients was a comorbid psychiatric illness (8) (depression [4], agoraphobia [2], and social anxiety disorder [2]).”
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“Theorists proposed that metacognitive abilities continues develop throughout adolescences (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979; Garner & Alexander, 1989) Knowledge of cognition is not expressible.”
BackgroundSkillful use of symbolizations and the dual nature of metalinguistic awareness
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“Metacognition, or more commonly known as thinking about thinking, is the knowledge and regulation of one's thinking process [1].”
BackgroundThe Relationship Between Language Learning Strategies And Academic Self-Concept
Bıyıklı, C. (2021) · doi:10.29329/ijpe.2020.332.7 · Cited by 2
“If students are aware of their potential, they could lead their language learning processes accordingly (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMetacognitive Competences and Implicit Theories of Intelligence in Relation with School Achievement
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“It is series of learning strategy applications and evaluations on learning plans and goals and strategy implementation [20], [21].”
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“Metacognition refers to the individual's monitoring of knowledge gathering activities (Flavell, 1979; Baker & Brown, 1984; Brown, 19^ .”
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“…las dos vertientes clásicas en el estudio de la metacognición: el conocimiento declarativo sobre la propia actividad cognitiva y el conocimiento relacionado con la gestión, la regulación y el control de los procesos cognitivos implicados en la resolución de una tarea (Flavell, 1992; Martí, 1995).”
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“explained as thinking about one's own thinking or the knowledge and control a student has over his/her own thinking and learning activities (Flavell, 1979).”
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“John H. Flavell (1979) describes metacognition as 95 : “Metacognition refers to one’s knowledge concerning one's own cognitive processes or anything related to them, e.g., the learning-relevant properties of information or data.”
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“This set of knowledge about themselves, strategies, and tasks is usually referred to as “metacognitive knowledge” (Flavell, 1979), or “metacognitive theories” (Schraw & Moshman, 1995).”
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“Teachers need to be aware of their own, and their students’, knowledge and skills (metacognitive knowledge) as well as know how to regulate their own, and their students’, learning through intentional actions (metacognitive regulation) (Flavell, 1979).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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