The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
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An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
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Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
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Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
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“The factor connected to the self-regulated learning of younger children is connected to restrictions in metacognitive functioning (Flavell, 1979.).”
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“Furthermore, Flavel (1979) refers to critical thinking as metacognition or the process of”
BackgroundWang, T., & Ge, S. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92836-0_34 · Cited by 1
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“Metacognitive knowledge is divided into three categories: person knowledge, task knowledge and strategy knowledge (Flavell, 1979; Wenden, 1998; Vandergrift & Goh, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialA Review of Metacognitive Knowledge, Experience and Strategies in English Writing
张, 铭. (2022) · Modern Linguistics · doi:10.12677/ml.2022.103064 · Cited by 1
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Rezzi, N., & Brissaud, J. (2021) · Questions vives recherches en éducation · doi:10.4000/questionsvives.5777 · Cited by 1
“Les sciences cognitives (Flavell, 1979 ; Brown, 1987) nous aident car nous cherchons à démontrer que ce dispositif pédagogique s’inspirant de l’éducation expérientielle et s’inscrivant dans le concept du socioconstructivisme permet, outre le développement d’habiletés métacognitives, en particulier celle d’autorégulati…”
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“Metacognition refers to awareness about one’s own thinking and was considered by Flavell (1979) to be the knowledge one has of their own cognitive processes.”
BackgroundThe Metacognitive Awareness Inventory for Teachers: A Validation Study
Parsons, S. A. (2019) · American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) · doi:10.3102/1441935 · Cited by 1
Metacognitive Judgments in Learning the Derivative Concept Using the Virtual Lab Strategy
Lara-Escobar, R. D., Delgado, O. O. C., Garcés-Gómez, Y. A., Parra, P. A., & Jimenez, P. A. L. (2022) · Latinoamericana de Estudios Educativos · doi:10.17151/rlee.2022.18.1.9 · Cited by 2
“…tangent line, starting from the theory of metacognitive regulation, which according to several authors, allows improving the problem-solving skills (Flavell, 1970,1975,1979,1999, Hacker et al., 1998; Huitt, 1997; Mayer,1998; Özsoy and Ataman, 2009; García et al., 2016; Gok, 2010; Händel and…”
BackgroundMarket sophistication and metacognition of workers in collectivistic vs. individualistic countries
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“…creativity (Scholer & Miele, 2016), judgment, decision-making, and persuasion (See, Petty, & Fabrigar, 2008), children’s cognitive development (Flavell, 1979), problem solving and memory (Nelson & Narens, 1990), learning strategies and self-regulation (Efklides, 2008; Efklides &…”
BackgroundPoveda, I. L. (2022) · Investigações em Ensino de Ciências · doi:10.22600/1518-8795.ienci2022v27n2p57 · Cited by 1
Öztekin, E., & Erçetin, G. (2022) · International Journal of Listening · doi:10.1080/10904018.2022.2120880 · Cited by 2
“The first model of metacognitive knowledge proposed by Flavell (1979) offered three domains of metacognition: metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experiences and metacognitive strategies.”
BackgroundRaju, B., Jumah, F., Nagaraj, A., et al. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-02078-0_7 · Cited by 1
Metacognitive Knowledge and Language Learning in a Web-Based Distance Learning Context
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Monika, M., & Devi, V. A. (2022) · Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation · doi:10.21554/hrr.092204 · Cited by 1
“The term metacognition has been coined by John Flavell (1979) and he defines metacognition as one’s acquaintance and knowing their cognition.”
BackgroundTechnology in the Pandemic: Rupturing the Aura of Higher Education
Lean, G., & Barber, W. (2022) · European Conference on e-Learning · doi:10.34190/ecel.21.1.912 · Cited by 1
“In a broad sense, metacognition involves learners reflecting on their knowledge and becoming critically aware of how they learn (Flavell, 1979; Zimmerman, 2002), but Negretti (2012) and Ramadhanti et al. (2020) emphasize declarative, procedural, and conditional knowledge as distinct aspects of…”
BackgroundExploring students’ emotional state during a test-related task using wearable electroencephalogram
Garcés-Gómez, Y. A., Lara-Escobar, R. D., Jimenez, P. A. L., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems/International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering · doi:10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp307-314 · Cited by 1
Kumlu, G. D. Y., & Şahin, F. (2022) · Science Insights Education Frontiers · doi:10.15354/sief.22.or066 · Cited by 1
“In developing these forms, the literature about metacognition was utilized (e.g., Chen, 2013; Flavell, 1979; Gunstone & Mitchell, 1998; O’Malley ve Chamot, 1990; Ozturk, 2017; Pearson & Cervetti, 2017; Schraw & Dennison, 1994; Vandergrift, 1997) and the forms were created to include metacognitive…”
BackgroundMethodReflexión metacognitiva en el aprendizaje de Química Orgánica en estudiantes de Bachillerato
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“These strategies have been shown to support inferential thinking (Cross & Paris, 1988); oral comprehension and communication, problem solving, and self-instruction (Flavell, 1979); and reading effectiveness (Yan & Cai, 2022), all of which are included in these sophisticated standards.”
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“It is the individual’s active monitoring and continuous regulation of the cognitive process based on cognitive objects, including planning, monitoring, regulation and evaluation [1].”
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“Metacognition is defined by Flavell (1979) as the conscious regulation or control of a person's knowledge and as the awareness or knowledge of a learner's cognitive processes, their operation and their results.”
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Carmona-Huerta, J., Durand-Arias, S., Cárdenas-García, E., Arámbula-Román, J. C., Guzmán-Ramírez, M., Estrada-Ramírez, I., Amezcua-Ramírez, M. T., Lastra-González, V., Castiello, S., & Aldana-López, J. A. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04835-4 · Cited by 1
“MCT: It is focused on improving metacognition, which is defined as the active examination and reflection of the cognitive processes themselves, the observation of their products and the study of the reasoning generated [18, 19].”
BackgroundSelf-report to investigate metacognition growth in writing
Universitas PGRI Sumatera Barat, I., Ramadhanti, D., Yanda, D. P., et al. (2023) · Journal of Applied Studies in Language · doi:10.31940/jasl.v7i1.75-85 · Cited by 1
Responding to the New Normal: Strengthening Student Identity Development
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“2020.v4.i2.pp.108-118 Introduction1 Metakognisi (metakognitif) pertama kali dikenalkan oleh Flavell (1979) yang didasarkan pada konsep meta memori yang berasal dari kata meta yaitu setelah, melebihi, atau di atas sedangkan kognisi diartikan sebagai proses berpikir.”
BackgroundEstratégias metacognitivas de leitura no aplicativo “FraçãoTeen”:
Rabello, M. G. D., Junior, F. M. B., Barros, I. B. D. R., et al. (2023) · Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo · doi:10.55905/cuadv15n6-003 · Cited by 1
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Metacognitive Awareness Towards Academic Learning
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Chapter 2: Pedagogy of play: A framework for self-directed learning
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Chapter 1: Problem-based learning: A 21st-century teaching and learning strategy
Research Unit Self-Directed Learning, F. O. E., Golightly, A., Sebatana, M. J., & School of Mathematics, S. A. T. E. (2023) · NWU Self-Directed Learning Series · doi:10.4102/aosis.2023.bk409.01 · Cited by 1
朱, 君. (2023) · Advances in Education · doi:10.12677/ae.2023.1391097 · Cited by 1
Can metacognitive accuracy be altered through prompting in biology text reading?
Elsner, S., & Großschedl, J. (2023) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-023-00747-9 · Cited by 5
“It is located within the evaluating domain of metacognitive processes that have been investigated since the introduction of the term ‘metacognition’ into educational research and practice in the 1970s (Flavell, 1979).”
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Sergi, K., Elder, A. D., Wei, T., & Javorsky, K. H. (2023) · lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education · doi:10.26822/iejee.2023.310 · Cited by 4
“The multidimensional aspect of metacognition is comprised of interconnected thought processes and regulatory skills, such as planning, monitoring, and evaluating that motivate learners and improve academic performance (Brown et al., 1981; Flavell, 1979; Pintrich & de Groot, 1990).”
Österholm, E., Iiskala, T., Wuorela, M.-K., Kortekangas-Savolainen, O., & Murtonen, M. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13101002 · Cited by 2
Sarfo, F. K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17461-7_65 · Cited by 1
Analysis of Metacognition Ability to Solve Mathematics Problem
Anggraheni, F. Y., Kismiantini, K., & Wijaya, A. (2023) · Southeast Asian Mathematics Education Journal · doi:10.46517/seamej.v13i1.183 · Cited by 1
“The metacognitive skill stages consist of strategies (Flavell, 1979), processes (Hacker et al., 2009), evaluations (Purnomo et al., 2017), and goals (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialExperiencias de aprendizaje metacognitivo en estudiantes de enfermería: Revisión de alcance
Vargas-Toloza, R. E., Escobar, M. I. M., & Álzate, Ó. E. T. (2023) · Investigación en Enfermería Imagen y Desarrollo · doi:10.11144/javeriana.ie25.eame · Cited by 1
“Para Flavell (31), la metacognición es una habilidad cognitiva que favorece el aprendizaje, especicamente la regulación metacognitiva que incluye planeación, monitoreo y evaluación de los resultados y su ecacia.”
BackgroundInfluentialDammen, T., Papageorgiou, C., Lindstrøm, J. C., & Einvik, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1265102 · Cited by 1
“Metacognition can be defined as “the knowledge of knowledge” or “cognition about cognitive phenomena” (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundASLAN, H. (2023) · Sosyal Bilimler ve Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.53047/josse.1364609 · Cited by 1
Mustain, M., & Ahmadi, R. A. K. (2023) · Technium Social Sciences Journal · doi:10.47577/tssj.v50i1.9904 · Cited by 1
Gürbüzer, S., Çite, H., & Küçükaydın, M. A. (2022) · International Journal of Modern Education Studies · doi:10.51383/ijonmes.2022.176 · Cited by 1
“In the event that an individual organizes this own knowledge, plans these studies, and evaluates this own learning situation by analyzing and synthesizing, it means that the individual employs these metacognitive skills (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundThe influence of indigenous knowledge on chemistry metacognition
Tawanda, T., & Mudau, A. V. (2023) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.131685.1 · Cited by 4
Llanos, A. A. C., Barreto, S. A., Sánchez, J. A., et al. (2023) · Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar · doi:10.37811/cl_rcm.v7i5.8145 · Cited by 1
EFFECT OF METACOGNITIVE INTERVENTION STRATEGIES IN ENHANCING RESILIENCE AMONG PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS
Geetha, K., & Fathima, M. P. (2023) · PUPIL International Journal of Teaching Education and Learning · doi:10.20319/pijtel.2023.73.101112 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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