If it's not left, it's right: Electroencephalograph asymmetry and the development of emotion.
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that an initial component involving stimulus evaluation may precede subsequent steps in the generation of emotion. This article presents a model for the development of emotion that involves an initial decision of approach or withdrawal, which results in motor programs, including facial expression, that facilitate either approach or withdrawal. With development, more complex emotions arise, as products of these basic initial responses and interaction with the environment. Evidence is presented that suggests that there are brain asymmetries (as measured by scalp recorded EEG activity) localized to the frontal region that are associated with the generation of emotion in infants. Variability in the pattern of EEG asymmetry between infants may be an important marker of differences in temperament.
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Individuals with greater frontal alpha activity on the left relative to the right hemisphere display more reward-seeking behaviors than do individuals with greater activity on the right side.
“Individuals with greater frontal alpha activity on the left relative to the right hemisphere display more reward-seeking behaviors than do individuals with greater activity on the right side.”
From Social “wanting” dysfunction in autism: neurobiological underpinnings and treatment implications (2012) · cites this paper as [106]
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Subliminal visual oddball stimuli evoke a P300 component.
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“…available supporting the notion that considerable mental activity can happen without conscious awareness (Bunce et al., 1999; Esteves et al., 1994; Fox, 1991; Izard, 1993; LeDoux, 1995; Murphy et al., 1995; Ohman et al., 1995; Shevrin and Fritzler, 1968; Shevrin et al., 1996; Wong et al., 1994,…”
BackgroundShin, Y., Woo, S.-H., Kim, D.-H., Kim, J., Kim, J., & Park, J. Y. (2014) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.046 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Miskovic, V., Schmidt, L. A., Georgiades, K., Boyle, M., & MacMillan, H. L. (2009) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20387 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
van Honk, J., Schutter, D. J. L. G., d’Alfonso, A. A. L., Kessels, R. P. C., & de Haan, E. H. F. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01346-x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Disregarding a danger signal is a risky behavioral strategy and can most likely be observed in low-anxiety, anger-prone individuals, with a presumably left PFC dominance (Coan et al 1999; d’Alfonso et al 2000; Fox 1991; Hermans et al 1999).”
BackgroundResultRight Frontal EEG Asymmetry and Lack of Empathy in Preschool Children of Depressed Mothers
Jones, N. A., Field, T. M., & Davalos, M. (2000) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1023/a:1021399605526 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
EEG Stability in Infants/Children of Depressed Mothers
Jones, N. A., Field, T. M., Davalos, M., & Pickens, J. N. (1997) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1023/a:1025197101496 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Cognitive vs. affective listening modes and judgments of music – An ERP study
Brattico, E., Jacobsen, T., Baene, W. D., Glerean, E., & Tervaniemi, M. H. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.08.014 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“…left-hemispheric frontal cortex, whereas negative emotions rely on the intact functioning of the righthemispheric frontal cortex (Davidson, 1993; Fox, 1991; for supporting results with musical stimuli, see Altenmüller et al., 2002; Flores-Gutierrez et al., 2007; Gagnon and Peretz, 2000; Schmidt…”
Backgroundvan de Laar, M. C., Licht, R., Franken, I. H. A., & Hendriks, V. M. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1928-1 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“The contribution of left frontal sites could be related to appetitive sensation of drug cues since left frontal brain areas are involved when subjects are experiencing increased approach tendencies and right frontal brain areas when experiencing increased avoidance tendencies (Watson and Tellegen 1985; Davidson et al.…”
BackgroundPérez‐Edgar, K. E., & Fox, N. A. (2003) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00007-1 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“In particular , right frontal EEG activation has been linked to negative or withdrawal emotions , while left frontal EEG activation has been linked to positive or approach emotions ( Davidson & Fox , 1989 ; Fox , 1991 ) .”
Self-citationForbes, E. E., Fox, N. A., Cohn, J. F., Galles, S. F., & Kovács, M. (2005) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.05.004 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Consequently, we found support for the posited relation of greater relative right frontal activity to withdrawal behavior (Fox, 1991), but only in the younger age group.”
InfluentialSelf-citationDawson, G., Hessl, D. R., & Frey, K. S. (1994) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400004776 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
It's in our nature: Verbal aggressiveness as temperamental expression
Beatty, M. J., & McCroskey, J. C. (1997) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463379709370076 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Diane Santesso, L., Reker Dana, L., Schmidt, L. A., & Segalowitz, S. J. (2006) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-005-0005-2 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fox, N. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fox, Nathan A.
- ORCID
- Fox, Nathan A.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 863-872
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2008065461
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 4.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 17899)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hemispheric Asymmetry in Neuroscience
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- emotional development, frontal lobe asymmetry, approach-avoidance behavior, motor programs, facial expressions, infants, temperament, EEG variability, stimulus evaluation
- MeSH terms
- Cerebral Cortex, Dominance, Cerebral, Emotions, Facial Expression, Humans, Individuality, Temperament
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