Cited by 6,775Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionPhilosophy and Theoretical SciencePsychology and Mental Health

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Beyond pleasure and pain

Higgins, E. Tory·1997·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/0003-066x.52.12.1280

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Abstract

People approach pleasure and avoid pain. To discover the true nature of approach-avoidance motivation, psychologists need to move beyond this hedonic principle to the principles that underlie the different ways that it operates. One such principle is regulatory focus, which distinguishes self-regulation with a promotion focus (accomplishments and aspirations) from self-regulation with a prevention focus (safety and responsibilities). This principle is used to reconsider the fundamental nature of approach-avoidance, expectancy-value relations, and emotional and evaluative sensitivities. Both types of regulatory focus are applied to phenomena that have been treated in terms of either promotion (e.g., well-being) or prevention (e.g., cognitive dissonance). Then, regulatory focus is distinguished from regulatory anticipation and regulatory reference, 2 other principles underlying the different ways that people approach pleasure and avoid pain.

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Authors: Higgins, E. T.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author: Higgins, E. Tory
ORCID: Higgins, E. Tory
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1997-12
Volume: 52
Issue: 12
Pages: 1280-1300
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.52.12.1280
OpenAlex: W4234715662
Cited by: 6,775
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 307 · 2025: 381 · 2024: 367 · 2023: 415 · 2022: 355 · 2021: 356 · 2020: 356 · 2019: 338 · 2018: 376 · 2017: 350 · 2016: 330 · 2015: 354 · 2014: 354 · 2013: 292 · 2012: 287
FWCI: 43.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH39429)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
Keywords: pleasure, pain, affect, emotions
MeSH terms: Emotions, Humans, Models, Psychological, Motivation, Philosophy, Pleasure-Pain Principle

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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Beyond pleasure and pain

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks