Cited by 6,775Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionPhilosophy and Theoretical SciencePsychology and Mental Health

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Beyond pleasure and pain

Higgins, E. Tory·1997·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/0003-066x.52.12.1280

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Abstract

People approach pleasure and avoid pain. To discover the true nature of approach-avoidance motivation, psychologists need to move beyond this hedonic principle to the principles that underlie the different ways that it operates. One such principle is regulatory focus, which distinguishes self-regulation with a promotion focus (accomplishments and aspirations) from self-regulation with a prevention focus (safety and responsibilities). This principle is used to reconsider the fundamental nature of approach-avoidance, expectancy-value relations, and emotional and evaluative sensitivities. Both types of regulatory focus are applied to phenomena that have been treated in terms of either promotion (e.g., well-being) or prevention (e.g., cognitive dissonance). Then, regulatory focus is distinguished from regulatory anticipation and regulatory reference, 2 other principles underlying the different ways that people approach pleasure and avoid pain.

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Authors: Higgins, E. T.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author: Higgins, E. Tory
ORCID: Higgins, E. Tory
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1997-12
Volume: 52
Issue: 12
Pages: 1280-1300
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.52.12.1280
OpenAlex: W4234715662
Cited by: 6,775
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 307 · 2025: 381 · 2024: 367 · 2023: 415 · 2022: 355 · 2021: 356 · 2020: 356 · 2019: 338 · 2018: 376 · 2017: 350 · 2016: 330 · 2015: 354 · 2014: 354 · 2013: 292 · 2012: 287
FWCI: 43.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH39429)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
Keywords: pleasure, pain, affect, emotions
MeSH terms: Emotions, Humans, Models, Psychological, Motivation, Philosophy, Pleasure-Pain Principle

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