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Cited by 453Child and Animal Learning DevelopmentDevelopmental and Educational NeuropsychologyEarly Childhood Education and Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 90 of the 91 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Executive function and theory of mind. Predictive relations from ages 2 to 4

Hughes, Claire, Ensor, Rosie·2007·Developmental Psychology
DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1447
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Abstract

Despite robust associations between children's theory of mind (ToM) and executive function (EF) skills, longitudinal studies examining this association remain scarce. In a socially diverse sample of 122 children (seen at ages 2, 3, and 4), this study examined (a) developmental stability of associations between ToM, EF, verbal ability, and social disadvantage; (b) continuity and change in ToM and EF; and (c) predictive relations between ToM and EF. Verbal ability and social disadvantage independently predicted changes in EF (but not ToM). Task scores improved with age and showed stable individual differences. The authors examined predictive relations between ToM and EF using partial correlations (controlling for age and verbal ability) and hierarchical regressions (that also controlled for social disadvantage and initial ToM and EF). The findings provide only partial support for the view that ToM is a prerequisite for EF but stronger support for the proposal that EF facilitates children's performance on ToM tasks.

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Crossref · 10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1447

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Metadata

Authors
Hughes, C., & Ensor, R.
Affiliations
University of Cambridge (GB)
ORCID
Hughes, Claire
Venue
Developmental Psychology
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2007
Volume
43
Issue
6
Pages
1447-1459
ISSN
  • 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-0599
DOI
10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1447
OpenAlex
W2049126844
Cited by
453
References
91
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 30
FWCI
18.48
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Economic and Social Research Council (RES-000-23-1371)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
  • Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Keywords
executive function, theory of mind, verbal ability, social deprivation, developmental stability, continuity and change, individual differences, social cognition, cognitive development
MeSH terms
Analysis of Variance, Psychology, Child, Child, Preschool, Family, Humans, Language, Leadership, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychological Tests, Socioeconomic Factors, Speech, Thinking

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