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Selective attention and emotional vulnerability: Assessing the causal basis of their association through the experimental manipulation of attentional bias.
Abstract
Although it is well-established that vulnerability to negative emotion is associated with attentional bias toward aversive information, the causal basis of this association remains undetermined. Two studies addressed this issue by experimentally inducing differential attentional responses to emotional stimuli using a modified dot probe task, and then examining the impact of such attentional manipulation on subsequent emotional vulnerability. The results supported the hypothesis that the induction of attentional bias should serve to modify emotional vulnerability, as revealed by participants' emotional reactions to a final standardized stress task. These findings provide a sound empirical basis for the previously speculative proposal that attentional bias can causally mediate emotional vulnerability, and they suggest the possibility that cognitive-experimental procedures designed to modify selective information processing may have potential therapeutic value.
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“An initial study found that subliminal ABM training did not induce attentional changes to threatening stimuli (MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, 2002).”
From Advancing the treatment of anxiety disorders in transition‐age youth: a review of the therapeutic effects of unconscious exposure. (2025) · cites this paper as MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, 2002
In the citing paper
“Also, training attentional bias towards negative stimuli increases self-reported distress to a laboratory stressor (MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, & Holker, 2002)”
From Attentional bias and emotional reactivity as predictors and moderators of behavioral treatment for social phobia (2013) · cites this paper as MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, & Holker, 2002
In the citing paper
“Selective biases in attention can be modified by a simple computerized technique; the Attention Bias Modification task (ABM), pioneered by Colin MacLeod et al. [19]”
In the citing paper
“These simple, computer-based training tasks have been found to alter processing biases (eg, in attention) in both non-clinical (Browning et al, 2010b; MacLeod et al, 2002) and clinical groups (Amir et al, 2009)”
From Using an Experimental Medicine Model to Explore Combination Effects of Pharmacological and Cognitive Interventions for Depression and Anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as MacLeod et al, 2002
In the citing paper
“In line with previous work, both citalopram (Harmer et al, 2004; Murphy et al, 2009) and positive cognitive bias training (Browning et al, 2010b; MacLeod et al, 2002) on their own produced relatively positive changes in emotional bias, consistent with the idea that this may be a common process in treatments of emotional disorders (Harmer, 2008).”
From Using an Experimental Medicine Model to Explore Combination Effects of Pharmacological and Cognitive Interventions for Depression and Anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as MacLeod et al, 2002
In the citing paper
“After promising preclinical studies (MacLeod et al., 2002), first successful clinical applications have been reported in targeted prevention (See et al., 2009) and in clinically anxious patient groups (Amir et al., 2009;Schmidt et al., 2009), and targeted prevention (See et al., 2009) with maintenance of clinical improvement reported four months after the training (Schmidt et al., 2009).”
From Addiction, adolescence, and the integration of control and motivation (2011) · cites this paper as MacLeod et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“inducing a negative attentional bias in healthy participants increases anxiety (4)”
From Lateral prefrontal cortex mediates the cognitive modification of attentional bias (2010) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Thus, not only is exposure ineffective for those who are negatively biased, training attention toward threat in non-avoidant populations has also been found to increase rather than decrease anxiety in both adults and children [41,43,44].”
From Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way (2019) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“One such potential intervention is attention bias modification (ABM), a computer-delivered treatment for anxiety that emerged from research in experimental psychopathology (MacLeod & Mathews, 2012;MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, & Holker, 2002).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as MacLeod et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“These differing views point to a potential limitation of ABM-threat-avoidance training which focuses on modifying an automatic bias in initial orienting to threat (MacLeod et al., 2002), rather than other attention mechanisms such as top-down attention control which may support emotion regulation and resilience to anxiety (e.g., Derryberry & Rothbart, 1997).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as MacLeod et al., 2002
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“As such, attentional bias to threat is widely considered to be a factor that causally contributes to heightened trait anxiety (Bar-Haim et al., 2007; Mathews & MacLeod, 2002; Van Bockstaele et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe effects of attentional bias modification on emotion regulation
Bockstaele, B. V., Notebaert, L., MacLeod, C., Salemink, E., Clarke, P., Verschuère, B., Bögels, S. M., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.08.010 · Cited by 26
“In a seminal paper, MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, and Holker (2002) used an adaptation of the visual probe task to train participants to either avoid or attend to threat.”
Self-citationLiu, J., Shen, K., & Li, H. (2019) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-018-01650-y · Cited by 26
“ABM training This training has been widely used in previous studies for attention training (Bar-Haim, 2010; MacLeod & Mathews, 2012; MacLeod et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAttentional deployment training impacts neural responses to subsequent regret
Liu, Z., Cheng, X. M., Liu, S., Zhang, Z., Li, S., Li, L., & Guo, X. (2020) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.08.002 · Cited by 27
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Self-citationOn the malleability of emotional encoding
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“Inversely, the experimental reduction of a pre-existing bias led to a decrease of distress reactions (MacLeod et al., 2002).”
BackgroundThe Angry Spotlight: Trait Anger and Selective Visual Attention to Rewards
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“Response latency data were prepared in keeping with previous ABM studies ( Jansson-Fröjmark et al., 2013; MacLeod et al., 2002).”
MethodSelf-citationPrice, R. B., Kuckertz, J. M., Amir, N., Bar‐Haim, Y., Carlbring, P., & Wallace, M. L. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22634 · Cited by 28
“All studies in the current analysis used a training variant of the dot-probe as the ABM intervention (MacLeod et al., 2002).”
Deductive Reasoning and Social Anxiety: Evidence for a Fear-confirming Belief Bias
Vroling, M. S., & de Jong, P. J. (2008) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-008-9220-z · Cited by 28
“A more direct and rigorous way to test the causal properties of belief bias would be to specifically reduce belief bias and to test whether this results in a reduction of dysfunctional beliefs and symptoms of social anxiety (cf. MacLeod et al. 2002).”
BackgroundEmotion‐Related Regulation: The Construct and its Measurement
Eisenberg, N., Morris, A. S., & Spinrad, T. L. (2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470756676.ch21 · Cited by 25
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Metacognitive beliefs increase vulnerability to rumination
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“…studies had already revealed that the (experimental) promotion of cognitive biases is accompanied by increases in fear and anxiety in adults (e.g., MacLeod et al., 2002; Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000; Mathews et al., 2007) as well as children (Lester et al., 2011a, 2011b; Muris, Huijding, et al.,…”
BackgroundThe Impact of Worry on Attention to Threat
Oathes, D. J., Squillante, C. M., Ray, W. J., & Nitschke, J. B. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013411 · Cited by 26
“Second, reliability concerns pertaining to the use of the dot probe task in non-clinical populations were obviated by experimental manipulations that affect attentional vigilance in a state-dependent manner, as shown here and elsewhere [36,72].”
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“MacLeod et al. (2002) demonstrated that attentional training is capable of preventing negative emotional reactions in healthy individuals following stress induction in the lab.”
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“…scores were calculated by subtracting the relevant attentional bias index at pre-training from the corresponding index at post-training, such that a more positive value represented a greater shift towards a more neutral attentional bias (MacLeod et al., 1986, 2002; Sharpe et al., 2012).”
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“Of further note, we manipulated attention either toward or away from reward words, following MacLeod et al. (2002) in this regard.”
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“This task was adopted as a common benchmark in CBM studies [32,43], as it is thought to measure differences in selective attention and response to emotional stimuli [35].”
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“Attention bias modification CBM-A Attention bias training, also administered using E-Prime (Schneider et al., 2002), comprised eight sessions spread over four weeks and was again similar to that used originally by MacLeod et al. (2002) and in line with that used by See, MacLeod, and Bridle (2009).”
MethodAttention and interpretation processes and trait anger experience, expression, and control
Maoz, K. B., Adler, A. B., Bliese, P. D., Sipos, M. L., Quartana, P. J., & Bar‐Haim, Y. (2016) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2016.1231663 · Cited by 21
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“Attention bias modification (ABM) has emerged as one such possible treatment (MacLeod et al. 2002).”
Physical aggression and attentional bias to angry faces: An event related potential study
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“In addition to these cross-sectional findings, there is preliminary evidence that these attentional biases may contribute risk for the development and maintenance of psychopathology (e.g., Beevers and Carver 2003 ;G ibb et al.2009a; MacLeod et al. 2002; Mathews and MacLeod 2002).”
Bockstaele, B. V., Clarke, P., Notebaert, L., MacLeod, C., & Salemink, E. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101561 · Cited by 22
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Taming the Wild Elephant: Mindfulness and Its Role in Overcoming Automatic Mental Processes
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“Attentional bias is assessed and trained through an adapted version of the Visual Probe Task (VPT) [31, 36, 44].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialExploring attentional bias towards threatening faces in chimpanzees using the dot probe task
Wilson, D. A., & Tomonaga, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207378 · Cited by 21
Recalibrating positive and negative weighting tendencies in attitude generalization
Pietri, E. S., Fázio, R. H., & Shook, N. J. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.08.001 · Cited by 21
“For example, many of the attention modification paradigms use threatening facial expressions or words (e.g., Macleod et al., 2002; Dandeneau et al., 2007).”
BackgroundLivermore, N., Sharpe, L., & McKenzie, D. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9168-4 · Cited by 21
“Stimuli used were 20 physical threat, 20 positive and 40 (length and frequency matched) neutral words, all used in previous published research on selective attentional bias (words available from the authors) (Beck et al. 1992; Mathews and MacLeod 1986; Keogh et al. 2001a, b; MacLeod et al. 2002).”
MethodBauer, A., Schneider, S., Waldorf, M., Adolph, D., & Vocks, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188186 · Cited by 21
Lazarov, A., Abend, R., Seidner, S., Pine, D. S., & Bar‐Haim, Y. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.03.002 · Cited by 22
“We chose to use these stress-inducing tasks in accordance with previous ABM studies examining far-transfer effects of ABM, in which emotional reactions to very different experiences, such as stressful anagrams or speaking in front of an audience, were found to be ameliorated posttraining (e.g., Grafton, Ang, & MacLeod…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMaking the leap: From experimental psychopathology to clinical trials
Blackwell, S. E., & Woud, M. L. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087221080075 · Cited by 19
“…(CBM) procedures (Koster et al., 2009); these were initially devised to probe the causal role of cognitive biases in experimental settings (e.g. MacLeod et al., 2002; Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000), but have increasingly been investigated as clinical interventions in their own right (Blackwell,…”
MethodAttentional bias and treatment adherence in substitute-prescribed opiate users
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Burkhouse, K. L., Woody, M. L., Owens, M., & Gibb, B. E. (2014) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2014.11.006 · Cited by 20
“For instance, one study showed that distress levels among individuals could be altered by an attention bias induction such that those trained to demonstrate increased attention to negative stimuli had higher levels of distress following the induction [39].”
Enge, S., Fleischhauer, M., Lesch, K., Reif, A., & Strobel, A. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs398 · Cited by 24
“…may explain both, the enhanced selective attention to negative events leading to increased vulnerability for affective disorders under adverse environmental conditions (e.g., MacLeod et al. 2002; Osinsky et al. 2008), and, in the cognitive domain, the improved processing of goal-relevant stimuli.”
BackgroundMoriya, J., & Sugiura, Y. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047221 · Cited by 23
“Selective attention to threatening stimuli increases state anxiety during stressful events [4–7].”
BackgroundFerrari, G. R. A., Möbius, M., Becker, E. S., Spijker, J., & Rinck, M. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.01.005 · Cited by 20
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“Studies applying CBM paradigms to healthy samples have shown that, in addition to manipulating biases, CBM also affects reactivity to subsequent stressors (Beard et al. 2012; MacLeod et al. 2002; Mathews and Mackintosh 2000; Wilson et al. 2006).”
Rumination: Cognitive consequences of training to inhibit the negative.
Daches, S., Mor, N., & Hertel, P. T. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.01.010 · Cited by 19
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“The task designed to place a demand on emotion regulation (ie, elicit frustration and anxiety) was an anagram task where participants had to unscramble a group of letters to make a single word (MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, & Holker, 2002 ).”
MethodKimonis, E. R., Graham, N., & Cauffman, E. E. (2017) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0295-4 · Cited by 20
“For other psychopathologies, such as anxiety, identifying emotional attention biases has led to the development of new, effective treatments, such as Attention Bias Modification (MacLeod et al. 2002).”
BackgroundAmir, N., Kuckertz, J. M., & Strege, M. V. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9781-1 · Cited by 19
“2007) and variations of the probe detection task (e.g., Koster et al. 2006; MacLeod et al. 2002).”
The Use of Cognitive Bias Modification and Imagery in the Understanding and Treatment of Depression
Browning, M. D., Blackwell, S. E., & Holmes, E. A. (2012) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2012_212 · Cited by 20
“A range of approaches, based on a similar logic, have been described for affective attentional (MacLeod et al. 2002; Dandeneau and Baldwin 2004), interpretative (Grey and Mathews 2000; Lang et al. 2012) and memory biases (Joormann et al. 2009), metacognitive appraisals (Lang et al. 2009; Woud et…”
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“The intention of presenting the probe in the position of the neutral stimulus is to train participants’ attention away from the substance-relevant stimulus [18].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCarlson, J. M., Fang, L., Koster, E. H. W., Andrzejewski, J. A., Gilbertson, H., Elwell, K. A., & Zuidema, T. R. (2022) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108353 · Cited by 19
Hölscher, S. I. E., Gharaei, N., Schachner, M. K., Ott, P. K., & Umlauft, S. (2023) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2023.104425 · Cited by 31
Eysenck, M. W. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10252 · Cited by 19
d-Cycloserine for the augmentation of an attentional training intervention for trait anxiety
Behar, E., McHugh, R. K., Peckham, A., & Otto, M. W. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.02.009 · Cited by 19
“…of attentional training utilize multiple sessions (e.g., Amir et al., 2009), we selected a single session in training to be consistent with MacLeod et al. (2002) and to be consistent with the limited number of exposure sessions used in trials of DCS augmentation (e.g., Ressler et al.,…”
BackgroundMethodLimited transfer of threat bias following attentional retraining
Bockstaele, B. V., Koster, E. H. W., Verschuère, B., Crombez, G., & Houwer, J. D. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.11.001 · Cited by 23
Cognitive-behavior therapy resolves implicit fear associations in generalized anxiety disorder
Reinecke, A., Rinck, M., Becker, E. S., & Hoyer, J. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.10.004 · Cited by 21
McAllister, J., Gascoine, S., Carroll, A., Humby, K., Kingston, M., Shepstone, L., Risebro, H. L., Mackintosh, B., Thompson, T. C. D., & Hodgekins, J. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015601 · Cited by 21
“In particular, socially anxious people have been shown to display attentional biases towards negative facial expressions in the early stages of processing.(25) 26 A technique that has been used to demonstrate this is called probe detection.”
MethodAuday, E. S., Taber‐Thomas, B. C., & Pérez‐Edgar, K. E. (2018) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.04.003 · Cited by 19
“Although studies experimentally manipulating attention bias have modulated levels of anxiety and stress reactivity in children and adults (Eldar et al., 2012; Eldar et al., 2008; MacLeod et al., 2002; Mathews and MacLeod, 2002), we know little regarding the underlying neural mechanisms.”
Nicotine primes attention to competing affective stimuli in the context of salient alternatives.
Asgaard, G. L., Gilbert, D. G., Malpass, D., Sugai, C., & Dillon, A. (2010) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0018516 · Cited by 19
LeMoult, J., Hertel, P. T., & Joormann, J. (2010) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1682 · Cited by 21
Hide and Seek: Choices of Virtual Backgrounds in Video Chats and Their Effects on Perception
Hwang, A. H., Wang, C. Y., Yang, Y.-Y., & Won, A. S. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3476044 · Cited by 18
Attentional biases and daily game craving dynamics: An ecological momentary assessment study
Zhou, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhou, J., Shen, M., & Zhang, M. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2022.00085 · Cited by 18
Mercado, D., Werthmann, J., Duarte, T. A., Campbell, I. C., & Schmidt, U. H. (2023) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-023-00780-5 · Cited by 17
“Attention bias for food cues AB for food cues was assessed using a modified version of the dot-probe task with high- and low-caloric food pictures [12, 33, 57] while recording eye movements.”
MethodCognitive mechanisms of diazepam administration: a healthy volunteer model of emotional processing
Pringle, A., Warren, M., Gottwald, J., Cowen, P. J., & Harmer, C. J. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4269-y · Cited by 18
“For example, experimental studies in healthy volunteers have shown that training attentional biases to threat using modified dot probe tasks can increase anxious symptoms following a stress test (MacLeod et al. 2002).”
InfluentialAttentional bias and its association with anxious mood dynamics.
Iijima, Y., Takano, K., & Tanno, Y. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000338 · Cited by 18
Efficacy of Attention Bias Training for Child Anxiety Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Chang, S. W., Kuckertz, J. M., Bose, D., Carmona, A. R., Piacentini, J. C., & Amir, N. (2018) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-018-0832-6 · Cited by 19
Young children’s behavioral and neural responses to peer feedback relate to internalizing problems
Morales, S., Vallorani, A., & Pérez‐Edgar, K. E. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.12.008 · Cited by 18
How individuals perceive time in an anxious state: The mediating effect of attentional bias.
Liu, J., & Li, H. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000586 · Cited by 18
Maltreatment and Emotional Development
Harms, M. B., Leitzke, B. T., & Pollak, S. D. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17332-6_28 · Cited by 18
Attentional Bias Modification in Virtual Reality – A VR-Based Dot-Probe Task With 2D and 3D Stimuli
Ma, L., Kruijt, A., Nöjd, S., Zetterlund, E., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02526 · Cited by 18
“Despite numerous studies reporting that ABM reduces attentional bias and anxiety symptoms in both single-session (e.g., MacLeod et al., 2002; Amir et al., 2008) and multi-session (e.g., Dandeneau et al., 2007; Amir et al., 2009) training, the effectiveness of ABM as a therapeutic tool remains a…”
BackgroundBatmaz, S., Altınöz, A. E., & Sonkurt, H. O. (2021) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i9.589 · Cited by 18
Recent advances in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
Antony, M. M. (2011) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0022237 · Cited by 20
Higgins, N. M., & Hughes, B. M. (2011) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2011.616956 · Cited by 18
“Such a sample size is comparable to those of previous studies examining attentional variables (eg, MacLeod et al, 2002 ) and so was deemed likely to be appropriate to the effects under scrutiny in the present study.”
ResultLopes, F. M., Viacava, K. R., & Bizarro, L. (2015) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1590/2237-6089-2015-0011 · Cited by 19
“Mode = 20 Attend/avoid (7) 8 (5) 201-300 (8) 12 to 104 word pairs 700 (3)”
BackgroundA neuromarker of clinical outcome in attention bias modification therapy for social anxiety disorder
Arad, G., Abend, R., Pine, D. S., & Bar‐Haim, Y. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22858 · Cited by 17
Ford, N. J. (2011) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-59904-741-6.ch002 · Cited by 19
Liu, C., Elhai, J. D., Montag, C., & Yang, H. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05938-2 · Cited by 17
“In addition, ABM might reduce emotional vulnerability of participants in real-life social encounters [48], which would help alleviate anxiety symptoms of individuals with social anxiety.”
BackgroundAssary, E., Vincent, J., Machlitt‐Northen, S., Keers, R., & Pluess, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35213-4_7 · Cited by 18
Vermeiren, E., Naets, T., Eyck, A. V., Vervoort, L., Ysebaert, M., Baeck, N., Guchtenaere, A. D., Helvoirt, M. V., Tanghe, A., Bruyndonckx, L., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.794256 · Cited by 17
“In the self-control training, 90% were incongruent trials where the dot appeared at the opposite side of the food stimulus, aiming to reduce this selective attentional bias by presenting the dot on the opposite side of the screen as where the “attention drawing” cue is presented (24).”
BackgroundMethodAmir, N., Holbrook, A., Kallen, A. M., Santopetro, N. J., Klawohn, J., McGhie, S. F., Bruchnak, A., Lowe, M. E., Taboas, W., Brush, C. J., et al. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026231170563 · Cited by 17
“The AABM program was a modified version of a Posner spatial-cuing task (Posner, 1980) that contained several modifications that differed from traditional versions of ABM (Amir et al., 2008; MacLeod et al., 2002).”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- MacLeod, C., Rutherford, E., Campbell, L., Ebsworthy, G., & Holker, L.
- Affiliations
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- ORCID
- MacLeod, Colin
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2002-02
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 107-123
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- OpenAlex
- W2122758649
- Cited by
- 1,334
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 96 · 2012: 83
- FWCI
- 32.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- attentional bias, emotional vulnerability, selective attention, negative emotions, dot-probe task, stress reactivity, causal mediation analysis, cognitive bias modification
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Attention, Female, Humans, Male
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