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Selective attention and emotional vulnerability: Assessing the causal basis of their association through the experimental manipulation of attentional bias.
Abstract
Although it is well-established that vulnerability to negative emotion is associated with attentional bias toward aversive information, the causal basis of this association remains undetermined. Two studies addressed this issue by experimentally inducing differential attentional responses to emotional stimuli using a modified dot probe task, and then examining the impact of such attentional manipulation on subsequent emotional vulnerability. The results supported the hypothesis that the induction of attentional bias should serve to modify emotional vulnerability, as revealed by participants' emotional reactions to a final standardized stress task. These findings provide a sound empirical basis for the previously speculative proposal that attentional bias can causally mediate emotional vulnerability, and they suggest the possibility that cognitive-experimental procedures designed to modify selective information processing may have potential therapeutic value.
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“An initial study found that subliminal ABM training did not induce attentional changes to threatening stimuli (MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, 2002).”
From Advancing the treatment of anxiety disorders in transition‐age youth: a review of the therapeutic effects of unconscious exposure. (2025) · cites this paper as MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, 2002
In the citing paper
“Also, training attentional bias towards negative stimuli increases self-reported distress to a laboratory stressor (MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, & Holker, 2002)”
From Attentional bias and emotional reactivity as predictors and moderators of behavioral treatment for social phobia (2013) · cites this paper as MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, & Holker, 2002
In the citing paper
“Selective biases in attention can be modified by a simple computerized technique; the Attention Bias Modification task (ABM), pioneered by Colin MacLeod et al. [19]”
In the citing paper
“These simple, computer-based training tasks have been found to alter processing biases (eg, in attention) in both non-clinical (Browning et al, 2010b; MacLeod et al, 2002) and clinical groups (Amir et al, 2009)”
From Using an Experimental Medicine Model to Explore Combination Effects of Pharmacological and Cognitive Interventions for Depression and Anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as MacLeod et al, 2002
In the citing paper
“In line with previous work, both citalopram (Harmer et al, 2004; Murphy et al, 2009) and positive cognitive bias training (Browning et al, 2010b; MacLeod et al, 2002) on their own produced relatively positive changes in emotional bias, consistent with the idea that this may be a common process in treatments of emotional disorders (Harmer, 2008).”
From Using an Experimental Medicine Model to Explore Combination Effects of Pharmacological and Cognitive Interventions for Depression and Anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as MacLeod et al, 2002
In the citing paper
“After promising preclinical studies (MacLeod et al., 2002), first successful clinical applications have been reported in targeted prevention (See et al., 2009) and in clinically anxious patient groups (Amir et al., 2009;Schmidt et al., 2009), and targeted prevention (See et al., 2009) with maintenance of clinical improvement reported four months after the training (Schmidt et al., 2009).”
From Addiction, adolescence, and the integration of control and motivation (2011) · cites this paper as MacLeod et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“inducing a negative attentional bias in healthy participants increases anxiety (4)”
From Lateral prefrontal cortex mediates the cognitive modification of attentional bias (2010) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Thus, not only is exposure ineffective for those who are negatively biased, training attention toward threat in non-avoidant populations has also been found to increase rather than decrease anxiety in both adults and children [41,43,44].”
From Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way (2019) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“One such potential intervention is attention bias modification (ABM), a computer-delivered treatment for anxiety that emerged from research in experimental psychopathology (MacLeod & Mathews, 2012;MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, & Holker, 2002).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as MacLeod et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“These differing views point to a potential limitation of ABM-threat-avoidance training which focuses on modifying an automatic bias in initial orienting to threat (MacLeod et al., 2002), rather than other attention mechanisms such as top-down attention control which may support emotion regulation and resilience to anxiety (e.g., Derryberry & Rothbart, 1997).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as MacLeod et al., 2002
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“Recent research suggests that another construct known as anxiety sensitivity (the tendency to fear and catastrophize anxiety-related sensations) is a theoretically and phenomenologically distinct individual difference variable (Cox, Borger, & Enns, 1999; Lilienfeld, 1999) and is associated with information-processing…”
Deficient inhibition of return for emotional faces in depression
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“It has also been found that attentional bias correlates with susceptibility to depression (MacLeod et al., 2002), indicating that it might contribute to the onset of depression.”
BackgroundAttentional bias in high math-anxious individuals: evidence from an emotional Stroop task
Pellicioni, M. S., Núñez‐Peña, M. I., & Colomé, À. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01577 · Cited by 57
“In this respect, MacLeod et al. (2002) administered medium-trait anxious individuals with a dot probe training procedure1 in order to establish a general disposition to attend selectively toward or away from emotionally negative information.”
BackgroundResultEgloff, B., & Höck, M. (2002) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00265-9 · Cited by 56
Pietrzak, R. H., Huang, Y. H., Corsi-Travali, S., Zheng, M., Lin, S.-F., Henry, S. E., Potenza, M. N., Piomelli, D., Carson, R. E., & Neumeister, A. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.110 · Cited by 55
“Given the heterogeneity of trauma histories in our sample, the stimuli used were 32 trauma-related and 64 neutral words that were selected from a larger list developed by MacLeod et al (2002).”
MethodRetractedLopes, F. M., Pires, A. V., & Bizarro, L. (2014) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.03.002 · Cited by 55
“The visual-probe task is one of the most widely used tasks to investigate attentional bias (MacLeod, Mathews, & Tata, 1986), and a modified version is employed in ABM (MacLeod et al., 2002) which”
MethodFox, E., & Beevers, C. G. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.114 · Cited by 58
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Attentional bias modification facilitates attentional control mechanisms: Evidence from eye tracking
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“MacLeod et al. (2002) demonstrated that this task can indeed modulate attentional bias.”
BackgroundBeck, J. E., Lipani, T. A., Baber, K. F., Dufton, L. M., Garber, J., Smith, C. A., & Walker, L. S. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.01.029 · Cited by 49
“Recent studies suggest that attention training can alter attentional biases and reduce clinical anxiety [4,9,18,26,37].”
BackgroundCortisol administration acutely reduces threat-selective spatial attention in healthy young men
Putman, P., Hermans, E. J., & van Honk, J. (2009) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.11.006 · Cited by 52
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“This seems to contradict earlier studies demonstrating effects in unselected samples of students (MacLeod et al. 2002; See et al. 2009).”
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The influence of emotional context on attention in anxious subjects: neurophysiological correlates
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Validation of a novel attentional bias modification task: the future may be in the cards
Notebaert, L., Clarke, P. J. F., Grafton, B., & MacLeod, C. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.12.007 · Cited by 48
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Temperament and Attention as Core Mechanisms in the Early Emergence of Anxiety
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A randomized controlled trial of Web-based Attentional Bias Modification to help smokers quit.
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“VPT-data were used to calculate median RTs (cf., MacLeod et al., 2002; Schoenmakers et al., 2007) when the probe replaced smoking-related pictures and when it replaced neutral pictures (per respondent).”
InfluentialSánchez-López, Á., Everaert, J., Putter, L. M. S. D., Mueller, S. C., & Koster, E. H. W. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.04.007 · Cited by 51
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“This view has been supported by empirical studies showing that anxious persons have a greater attentional bias for threatening stimuli in comparison with nonanxious individuals (for review, see Bar-Haim, Lamy, Pergamin, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, 2007 ), and by research suggesting that manipulation of the…”
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“Thus, processing of situations as dangerous or threatening to oneself can seriously alter personal and social functioning (MacLeod et al., 2002; Mathews and MacLeod, 2005).”
BackgroundWeighting Positive Versus Negative: The Fundamental Nature of Valence Asymmetry
Pietri, E. S., Fázio, R. H., & Shook, N. J. (2012) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00800.x · Cited by 49
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When ignorance is bliss: explicit instruction and the efficacy of CBM-A for anxiety
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“…participants who were mid-range with respect to dispositional anxiety, in keeping with our intention of closely replicating the original design of MacLeod et al. (2002), where this approach to participant selection was adopted to avoid the prospect of ceiling or floor effects compromising the…”
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“Introduction Selective attention biases may be associated with the vulnerability to developing emotional disturbances (MacLeod et al., 2002).”
BackgroundRobinson, M. D., Meier, B. P., Zetocha, K., & McCaul, K. D. (2005) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2703_2 · Cited by 46
Training Non-Threatening Interpretations in Spider Fear
Teachman, B. A., & Addison, L. M. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9084-z · Cited by 46
Stevens, S., Rist, F., & Gerlach, A. L. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.11.001 · Cited by 46
Koster, E. H. W., & Bernstein, A. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.05.006 · Cited by 46
Are attentional bias and memory bias for negative words causally related?
Blaut, A., Paulewicz, B., Szastok, M., Prochwicz, K., & Koster, E. H. W. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.01.002 · Cited by 45
Emotional Processing and Antidepressant Action
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Single-session attention bias modification and error-related brain activity
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“Attention bias modification The present study employed an adaptive variant of ABM that contained several modifications that differed from previous versions (Amir et al., 2008; MacLeod et al., 2002).”
InfluentialMood-congruent bias and attention shifts in the different episodes of bipolar disorder
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“In order to analyse the interplay between mood symptoms and cognition in patients with bipolar disorder, we administered an affective shifting task similar to that employed by Murphy et al. (1999). This is a target-detection task that requires participants to respond to relevant targets (e.”
MethodSkin conductance responses as predictor of emotional responses to stressful life events
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Enhanced Detection of Emotional Facial Expressions in Borderline Personality Disorder
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Information processing biases in generalized anxiety disorder
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More than meets the eye: visual attention biases in individuals reporting chronic pain
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No evidence of attentional bias in obsessive compulsive checking on the dot probe paradigm
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“ABM trainings aim at directly modifying the attentional system and patterns of neural activation in social anxious individuals in the context of the dot-probe paradigm (10, 11).”
BackgroundA novel training approach to activate alternative behaviors for smoking in depressed smokers.
Köpetz, C., MacPherson, L., Mitchell, A. D., Houston‐Ludlam, A. N., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2017) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000108 · Cited by 42
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A computational account of threat-related attentional bias
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“Anxious individuals show biased attention towards potentially threatening stimuli [40,41], and this is thought to be a causal factor in the development and maintenance of an anxious state [42].”
BackgroundCortisol, stress, and attentional bias toward threat
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“Word pairs were adopted from previous studies of attentional bias toward threat (Luecken & Appelhans, 2005; MacLeod et al., 2002) and consisted of 96 word pairs.”
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“From the cognitive point of view [19–23], a key factor of the emotional distress and the maintenance of anxiety disorders is the existence of nonadaptative attentional bias toward information with aversive value.”
Selective Processing of Gastrointestinal Symptom-related Stimuli in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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“Similar techniques have been used in the context of anxiety-related disorders, with impressive early success (20).”
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“The aim of the original version of ABMT was to train attention away from threat stimuli towards neutral stimuli (threat-avoidance training) to offset anxiety often using adaptations of the visual probe paradigm (MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, & Holker, 2002).”
MethodBrowning, M., Grol, M., Ly, V., Goodwin, G. M., Holmes, E. A., & Harmer, C. J. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.159 · Cited by 42
“…Beck et al, 1961) and anxious symptomatology (Trait subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [trait-STAI]; Spielberger et al, 1983) as well as state measures of anxiety (state-STAI) and mood (Positive and Negative Affect Scale [PANAS]; Watson et al, 1988) both before and after treatment.”
InfluentialIs there a mutual relationship between opposite attentional biases underlying anxiety?
Onnis, R., Dadds, M. R., & Bryant, R. A. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0022019 · Cited by 49
“evidence that attention training can effectively reduce anxiety (MacLeod et al., 2002; Amir et al., 2008; 2009; Schmidt et al., 2009; See et al., 2009), the current finding suggests that attentional training that favors coping versus avoidant strategies may enhance more adaptive processing of fear stimuli.”
BackgroundMutual long‐term effects of school bullying, victimization, and justice sensitivity in adolescents
Bondü, R., Rothmund, T., & Gollwitzer, M. (2016) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.01.007 · Cited by 42
Neuroimaging the Effectiveness of Substance Use Disorder Treatments
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“The first study investigating CBM adapted a visual probe task for anxiety (MacLeod et al. 2002), in which probes follow neutral cues in the majority of cases, therefore disengaging attention from anxious cues and reducing attentional bias.”
Implicit Processes, Self-Regulation, and Interventions for Behavior Change
Quinton, T. S., & Brunton, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00346 · Cited by 43
“…an individual responds to implicit processes can be done in a number of ways such as evaluative conditioning (Levey and Martin, 1975), approach/avoidance training (AAT; Chen and Bargh, 1999), Attention Bias Modification Treatment (ABMT; MacLeod et al., 2002), and mindfulness (Segal et al., 2002).”
Attentional bias for negative, positive, and threat words in current and remitted depression
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“…be aware, there is a large parallel research literature documenting that attentional bias is associated with anxiety (and depression) and showing that modifying attention to threat cues causes corresponding changes in emotional vulnerability (MacLeod et al., 2002; See, MacLeod, & Bridle, 2009).”
BackgroundCan’t Look Away: An Eye-Tracking Based Attentional Disengagement Training for Depression
Ferrari, G. R. A., Möbius, M., van Opdorp, A., Becker, E. S., & Rinck, M. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9766-0 · Cited by 41
“Keywords Attentional bias modification Eye-tracking Attentional disengagement Depression Stress”
BackgroundMethodEffects of Bias Modification Training in Binge Eating Disorder
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Attentional control predicts change in bias in response to attentional bias modification
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“Third, data are based solely on self-report, and in particular such data on exposure to cookstove promotions are subject to selective attention bias [26], and should be validated as feasible in future studies using independent data [27].”
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The softer side of learning: Measuring students’ non-cognitive skills
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Pringle, A., McCabe, C., Cowen, P., & Harmer, C. (2013) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881112474523 · Cited by 37
Boffo, M., Pronk, T., Wiers, R. W. H. J., & Mannarini, S. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0576-6 · Cited by 43
“After the questionnaires, participants are assessed for baseline alcohol approach bias (VPT) and attentional bias (AAT).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPersonality Dynamics: Insights From the Personality Social Cognitive Literature
Robinson, M. D., & Gordon, K. H. (2011) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2010.542534 · Cited by 40
“Subsequently, MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, and Holker (2002) used an ingenious cognitive procedure to train individuals to selectively disattend to threat in a computerized task.”
Sensibilität für Ungerechtigkeit
Schmitt, M., Baumert, A., Fetchenhauer, D., Gollwitzer, M., Rothmund, T., & Schlösser, T. M. (2009) · Psychologische Rundschau · doi:10.1026/0033-3042.60.1.8 · Cited by 39
Attentional control in depression: A translational affective neuroscience approach
De Raedt, R., Koster, E. H. W., & Joormann, J. (2010) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.10.1.1 · Cited by 39
Woud, M. L., Cwik, J. C., Blackwell, S. E., Kleim, B., Holmes, E. A., Adolph, D., Zhang, H., & Margraf, J. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192837 · Cited by 38
Cha, C. B., Najmi, S., Amir, N., Matthews, J., Deming, C. A., Glenn, J. J., Calixte, R. M., Harris, J. A., & Nock, M. K. (2016) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2016.1162241 · Cited by 40
Attention training in socially anxious children: A multiple baseline design analysis
Cowart, M. J. W., & Ollendick, T. H. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.06.005 · Cited by 43
Modification of threat-processing in non-anxious individuals: A preliminary behavioral and ERP study
Suway, J. G., White, L. K., Vanderwert, R. E., Bar‐Haim, Y., Pine, D. S., & Fox, N. A. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.11.006 · Cited by 38
“As the current study replicated the design of MacLeod and colleagues (2002), it used the same side-by-side presentation.”
InfluentialInterpretation modification training reduces social anxiety in clinically anxious children
Klein, A. M., Rapee, R. M., Hudson, J. L., Schniering, C. A., Wuthrich, V. M., Kangas, M., Lyneham, H. J., Souren, P. M., & Rinck, M. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.10.006 · Cited by 37
Automatic processes and self-regulation of illness
Orbell, S., & Phillips, L. A. (2018) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2018.1503559 · Cited by 44
Syrjämäki, A. H., & Hietanen, J. K. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12299 · Cited by 47
Media multitasking as an avoidance coping strategy against emotionally negative stimuli
Shin, M., & Kemps, E. (2020) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2020.1745194 · Cited by 38
“The anxiety and neutral word pairs were selected from MacLeod et al. (2002).”
MethodResultVanderhasselt, M., Baeken, C., Hendricks, M., & Raedt, R. D. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.03.006 · Cited by 40
Bockstaele, B. V., Verschuère, B., Koster, E. H. W., Tibboel, H., Houwer, J. D., & Crombez, G. (2010) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.10.003 · Cited by 42
Attention bias modification via single-session dot-probe training: Failures to replicate
Everaert, J., Mogoaşe, C., David, D. O., & Koster, E. H. W. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.10.011 · Cited by 47
Kwang, T., Wells, T. T., McGeary, J. E., Swann, W. B., & Beevers, C. G. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20708 · Cited by 39
“Further, inducing attentional biases toward aversive information can foster both anxiety and depressive symptoms following a stressful task([6]) and training attention away from emotion stimuli leads to symptom improvement.”
BackgroundZhang, B., Li, S., Zhuo, C., Li, M., Safron, A., Genz, A., Qin, W., Yu, C., & Walter, M. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.042 · Cited by 40
Otkhmezuri, B., Boffo, M., Siriaraya, P., Matsangidou, M., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Mackintosh, B., Ang, C. S., & Salemink, E. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/11517 · Cited by 42
“Stress reactivity to failure was measured by assessing participants’ emotional responses to a cognitive stressor, the Anagram Stress Task [43].”
MethodBiased attention to threat and anxiety: On taking a developmental approach
Burris, J. L., Buss, K. A., LoBue, V., Pérez‐Edgar, K. E., & Field, A. P. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808719860717 · Cited by 43
“Several studies demonstrate that experimentally manipulating biased attention to threat in healthy and anxious children and adults (Mathews & MacLeod, 2002; MacLeod et al., 2002; Schmidt et al., 2009; Eldar et al., 2012; Eldar et al., 2010; Eldar et al., 2008; Bar-Haim et al. 2012) produces a subsequent change in anxi…”
Luis-Ruiz, S., Caldú, X., Sánchez‐Castañeda, C., Pueyo, R., Garolera, M., & Jurado, M. Á. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.019 · Cited by 41
Pérez‐Edgar, K. E., & Fox, N. A. (2007) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2006.10.010 · Cited by 39
Biased Saccadic Responses to Emotional Stimuli in Anxiety: An Antisaccade Study
Chen, N. T. M., Clarke, P., Watson, T., MacLeod, C., & Guastella, A. J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086474 · Cited by 37
“In addition, studies which have experimentally manipulated such a bias have further shown a causal link between attentional processing and anxiety vulnerability [4–6].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMonk, C. S., Nelson, E. E., Woldehawariat, G., Montgomery, L. A., Zarahn, E., Tone, E. B., Guyer, A. E., Leibenluft, E., Charney, D. S., Ernst, M., et al. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.07.012 · Cited by 39
Waterschoot, J., van der Kaap-Deeder, J., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2020) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-019-09776-8 · Cited by 36
Zvielli, A., Amir, I., Goldstein, P., & Bernstein, A. (2016) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702615588048 · Cited by 35
Callahan, M. L., Binder, L. M., O’Neil, M. E., Zaccari, B., Roost, M. S., Golshan, S., Huckans, M., Fann, J. R., & Storzbach, D. (2018) · Applied Neuropsychology: Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2016.1261867 · Cited by 42
Clarke, P., Bedford, K., Notebaert, L., Bucks, R. S., Rudaizky, D., Milkins, D. B., & MacLeod, C. (2016) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000442025 · Cited by 37
“employed in past research to modify patterns of biased attention for threat [4, 5], and it has been used to establish the presence of attentional bias for threat in insomnia [1].”
MethodSelf-citationFunctional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Pediatric Anxiety
Gerber, A. J., Peterson, B. S., Pine, D. S., Guyer, A. E., & Leibenluft, E. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318185dad0 · Cited by 36
“Such training may target rapidly deployed attention-related processes that are perturbed in anxiety, in ways not targeted by CBT.9,10,14 Indeed, such training regimens have been shown to alter the reactivity to stress.8,10,14 Finally, these clinical studies suggest that experiments could be conducted in animals that i…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- MacLeod, C., Rutherford, E., Campbell, L., Ebsworthy, G., & Holker, L.
- Affiliations
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- ORCID
- MacLeod, Colin
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2002-02
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 107-123
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- OpenAlex
- W2122758649
- Cited by
- 1,334
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 96 · 2012: 83
- FWCI
- 32.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- attentional bias, emotional vulnerability, selective attention, negative emotions, dot-probe task, stress reactivity, causal mediation analysis, cognitive bias modification
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Attention, Female, Humans, Male
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