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Selective attention and emotional vulnerability: Assessing the causal basis of their association through the experimental manipulation of attentional bias.
Abstract
Although it is well-established that vulnerability to negative emotion is associated with attentional bias toward aversive information, the causal basis of this association remains undetermined. Two studies addressed this issue by experimentally inducing differential attentional responses to emotional stimuli using a modified dot probe task, and then examining the impact of such attentional manipulation on subsequent emotional vulnerability. The results supported the hypothesis that the induction of attentional bias should serve to modify emotional vulnerability, as revealed by participants' emotional reactions to a final standardized stress task. These findings provide a sound empirical basis for the previously speculative proposal that attentional bias can causally mediate emotional vulnerability, and they suggest the possibility that cognitive-experimental procedures designed to modify selective information processing may have potential therapeutic value.
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“An initial study found that subliminal ABM training did not induce attentional changes to threatening stimuli (MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, 2002).”
From Advancing the treatment of anxiety disorders in transition‐age youth: a review of the therapeutic effects of unconscious exposure. (2025) · cites this paper as MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, 2002
In the citing paper
“Also, training attentional bias towards negative stimuli increases self-reported distress to a laboratory stressor (MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, & Holker, 2002)”
From Attentional bias and emotional reactivity as predictors and moderators of behavioral treatment for social phobia (2013) · cites this paper as MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, & Holker, 2002
In the citing paper
“Selective biases in attention can be modified by a simple computerized technique; the Attention Bias Modification task (ABM), pioneered by Colin MacLeod et al. [19]”
In the citing paper
“These simple, computer-based training tasks have been found to alter processing biases (eg, in attention) in both non-clinical (Browning et al, 2010b; MacLeod et al, 2002) and clinical groups (Amir et al, 2009)”
From Using an Experimental Medicine Model to Explore Combination Effects of Pharmacological and Cognitive Interventions for Depression and Anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as MacLeod et al, 2002
In the citing paper
“In line with previous work, both citalopram (Harmer et al, 2004; Murphy et al, 2009) and positive cognitive bias training (Browning et al, 2010b; MacLeod et al, 2002) on their own produced relatively positive changes in emotional bias, consistent with the idea that this may be a common process in treatments of emotional disorders (Harmer, 2008).”
From Using an Experimental Medicine Model to Explore Combination Effects of Pharmacological and Cognitive Interventions for Depression and Anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as MacLeod et al, 2002
In the citing paper
“After promising preclinical studies (MacLeod et al., 2002), first successful clinical applications have been reported in targeted prevention (See et al., 2009) and in clinically anxious patient groups (Amir et al., 2009;Schmidt et al., 2009), and targeted prevention (See et al., 2009) with maintenance of clinical improvement reported four months after the training (Schmidt et al., 2009).”
From Addiction, adolescence, and the integration of control and motivation (2011) · cites this paper as MacLeod et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“inducing a negative attentional bias in healthy participants increases anxiety (4)”
From Lateral prefrontal cortex mediates the cognitive modification of attentional bias (2010) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Thus, not only is exposure ineffective for those who are negatively biased, training attention toward threat in non-avoidant populations has also been found to increase rather than decrease anxiety in both adults and children [41,43,44].”
From Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way (2019) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“One such potential intervention is attention bias modification (ABM), a computer-delivered treatment for anxiety that emerged from research in experimental psychopathology (MacLeod & Mathews, 2012;MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, & Holker, 2002).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as MacLeod et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“These differing views point to a potential limitation of ABM-threat-avoidance training which focuses on modifying an automatic bias in initial orienting to threat (MacLeod et al., 2002), rather than other attention mechanisms such as top-down attention control which may support emotion regulation and resilience to anxiety (e.g., Derryberry & Rothbart, 1997).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as MacLeod et al., 2002
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“Using this approach, MacLeod et al. (2002) first established that attentional biases could be modified by working with participants who scored in the middle third of the distribution on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger et al. 1971).”
BackgroundCognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders
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Self-citationMechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review
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“Studies have shown that training attention to be biased towards threat increases anxiety (MacLeod et al., 2002), and that training attention away from threat can actually reduce symptoms of social phobia (Amir et al.”
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“Research in the field is moving quickly in this direction, using top-down, strategic re-training of valence evaluation (eg, Yiend et al, 2008) and bottom-up manipulations of attentional deployment (Hayes, Krebs, Mathews, & Hirsch, 2009 ; MacLeod et al, 2002 , 2004 ) to normalise the cognitive processing of emotional m…”
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“This bias may be a causal or maintaining factor of anxiety symptomatology (MacLeod et al. 2002).”
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Induced processing biases have causal effects on anxiety
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Self-citationCognitive Bias Modification Approaches to Anxiety
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“For example, demand effects cannot readily accommodate the observation that participants commonly report no difference in mood state directly following CBM-A or CBM-I but instead show differences in emotional reactivity only to a subsequent stressor (MacLeod et al. 2002, Wilson et al. 2006).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationImplicit cognition and addiction: a tool for explaining paradoxical behavior
Stacy, A. W., & Wiers, R. W. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131444 · Cited by 607
“Following the seminal study of MacLeod and colleagues in the domain of anxiety (MacLeod et al. 2002), first attempts were made to directly manipulate attentional biases in addictive behaviors (Attwood et al. 2008, Field et al. 2007b, Field & Eastwood 2005, Schoenmakers et al. 2007).”
BackgroundResultThe Developmental Psychopathology of Anxiety
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“Several studies investigating this type of attentional training procedure have been able to successfully modify attentional bias, and they found significant effects on emotional reactivity to induced or to real-life stressors in normal volunteers (e.g., Dandeneau & Baldwin, 2004; Dandeneau, Baldwin, Baccus, Sakellarop…”
BackgroundRetraining automatic action-tendencies to approach alcohol in hazardous drinkers.
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“In line with dual process models and findings from attentional retraining, where a 90% contingency was used [26,29], we expected that participants would not become aware of the changed contingencies.”
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“For example, repeated attention to negative triggers and consequently experience of intense negative affect is discussed as a pathway for trait anxiety and anxiety disorder (MacLeod et al., 2002; Matthews & Macleod, 2002, 2005; See, MacLeod, & Bridle, 2009).”
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“MacLeod et al. (2002) found that these two groups of participants developed differentially biased attention responses Table 1 A list of the extant attention bias modification (ABM) studies that were in accord with the assigned threat-target contingency.”
ResultUnreliability of the dot probe task
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“34 The neural circuitry affected by antidepressant drug administration includes areas believed to be involved in the automatic monitoring of threat such as the amygdala, frontal systems involved in the interface between emotion and cognition and visual processing regions involved in translating…”
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“In summary, the current study examined the effect of a multiple-session attention training program similar to that described by Macleod et al. (2002) on anxiety in individuals with GAD.”
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“generally, we argue that experimental manipulations of processes can yield insight into causal relations of relatively stable inter-individual differences in these processes (e.g. Maltese, Baumert, Schmitt, & MacLeod, 2016; MacLeod et al., 2002).”
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“Consistent with the findings of MacLeod et al. (2002), participants in the AMP condition showed significantly less attention bias to threat after training relative to the ACC group.”
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A cognitive model of pathological worry
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“Hence the more threatening the thought content, or the more catastrophic the interpretation, the more likely it is to capture attention, promoting escalation of negative thoughts into a full-blown and protracted worry episode.”
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Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion
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“In the MacLeod et al. (2002) study, undergraduate students attempted to complete several unsolvable anagram puzzles under timed conditions with failure feedback while being videotaped to elevate their stress level and elicit negative emotion.”
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Self-citationRelatively strong automatic appetitive action‐tendencies in male carriers of the OPRM1 G‐allele
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“minus the median RT for pulling [in keeping with the original publication on this measure and related RT tests (MacLeod et al. 2002), we analyzed the median RTs, which are less sensitive to outliers than means (Rinck & Becker 2007)].”
MethodClinical effectiveness of attentional bias modification training in abstinent alcoholic patients
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Amir, N., Weber, G., Beard, C., Bomyea, J., & Taylor, C. T. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013445 · Cited by 356
“…whether attention bias to threat is causally involved in the maintenance of social anxiety, we examined the effect of a single attention training session similar to that described by MacLeod et al. (2002) in reducing anxiety response to a social stressor in individuals with social anxiety.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialEmotion Regulation in Depression
Joormann, J., & Vanderlind, W. M. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614536163 · Cited by 390
Emotion and perception: the role of affective information
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Clinical Efficacy of Attentional Bias Modification Procedures: An Updated Meta-Analysis
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Experimental manipulation of attentional bias increases the motivation to drink alcohol
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“Macleod et al. (2002) manipulated attentional bias for threat-related stimuli and explored the effects of this ‘attentional training’ on subjective anxiety.”
BackgroundBanich, M. T., Mackiewicz, K. L., Depue, B. E., Whitmer, A. J., Miller, G. A., & Heller, W. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.09.010 · Cited by 343
“These symptoms as well as behavioral data suggest that two main processes affected in PTSD are memory (Amir et al., 1996; Vrana et al., 1995) and attention/cognitive control (MacLeod et al., 2002; Matthews and MacLeod, 2002).”
BackgroundRumination and attention in major depression
Donaldson, C., Lam, D., & Mathews, A. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.07.002 · Cited by 337
Dandeneau, S. D., Baldwin, M. W., Baccus, J. R., Sakellaropoulo, M., & Pruessner, J. C. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.651 · Cited by 341
“In two of these studies, MacLeod et al. (2002) used a modified visual probe task (VPT) to induce an attentional bias away from threatening information (toward neutral information), or else toward threat.”
Neural Mechanisms Underlying Selective Attention to Threat
Bishop, S. J. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1417.016 · Cited by 356
Green, S. A., & Ben-Sasson, A. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1007-x · Cited by 327
“In particular, MacLeod et al. (2002) demonstrated that training individuals to have an attentional bias towards threat-relevant words subsequently increased their negative response to stress.”
BackgroundCognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications
Hertel, P. T., & Mathews, A. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611421205 · Cited by 321
“In fact, although the scenario-based method of interpretation training (Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000) can lead to immediate mood changes, most other methods (involving interpretation or attention to single words) do not, as assessed by self-rating or questionnaire measures (e.g., Hoppitt et al., 2010a, 2010b; MacLeod et…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEmpirical recommendations for improving the stability of the dot-probe task in clinical research.
Price, R. B., Kuckertz, J. M., Siegle, G. J., Ladouceur, C. D., Silk, J. S., Ryan, N. D., Dahl, R. E., & Amir, N. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000036 · Cited by 312
Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.001 · Cited by 313
“Verbal instructions to direct attention away from threat are usually not included in ABM-threat-avoidance training (MacLeod& Clarke, 2015; MacLeod et al., 2002), which seeks to induce automatic threat avoidance primarily by habit change via repeated behavioural practice, rather than by engaging…”
BackgroundInfluentialBeard, C., & Amir, N. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.012 · Cited by 319
The attentional bias modification approach to anxiety intervention
MacLeod, C., & Clarke, P. J. F. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614560749 · Cited by 315
Self-citationAttention bias modification for social anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Heeren, A., Mogoașe, C., Philippot, P., & McNally, R. J. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.001 · Cited by 312
Cognitive dysfunction in depression: Neurocircuitry and new therapeutic strategies
Murrough, J. W., Iacoviello, B., Neumeister, A., Charney, D. S., & Iosifescu, D. V. (2011) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2011.06.006 · Cited by 307
“…in a non-clinical population, attention training resulted in a group difference in anxiety vulnerability to subsequent stress, with participants trained to attend toward threat experiencing greater anxiety after stress than participants trained to attend away from threat (MacLeod et al., 2002).”
Arch, J. J., & Craske, M. G. (2008) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00137.x · Cited by 310
“…differentiate nonanxious and anxious individuals (e.g., Asmundson et al., 1992; Bradley et al., 1998, 1999, 2000) and there is initial evidence to support a causal role of attentional biases in the etiology of anxiety and emotional reactivity (MacLeod et al., 2002, 2004; Mathews & MacLeod, 2002).”
BackgroundThe role of peer rejection in adolescent depression
Platt, B., Kadosh, K. C., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22120 · Cited by 300
“The original CBM-A paradigm used a modified version of the dot-probe task to train attention focus away from, or toward, threat cues.[114] In the dot-probe task, an angry and a neutral face are presented simultaneously for a brief period, before a probe appears in the location of one of the images (e.”
Deficient inhibition of emotional information in depression
Goeleven, E., De Raedt, R., Baert, S., & Koster, E. H. W. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.03.007 · Cited by 308
Phenomenological characteristics of attentional biases towards threat: A critical review
Cisler, J. M., Bacon, A. K., & Williams, N. L. (2009) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9161-y · Cited by 306
Temperament, anxiety, and the processing of threat-relevant stimuli
Lonigan, C. J., Vasey, M. W., Phillips, B. M., & Hazen, R. A. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3301_2 · Cited by 303
Addiction, adolescence, and the integration of control and motivation
Gladwin, T. E., Figner, B., Crone, E. A., & Wiers, R. W. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.06.008 · Cited by 296
Pérez-Edgar, K., Bar-Haim, Y., McDermott, J. M., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Pine, D. S., & Fox, N. A. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0018486 · Cited by 295
“For example, McLeod and colleagues (MacLeod, Campbell, Rutherford, & Wilson, 2004; MacLeod et al., 2002; See, MacLeod, & Bridle, 2009) trained nonanxious subjects using a dot-probe task to adopt an attention bias to threat.”
Efficacy of attention bias modification using threat and appetitive stimuli: a meta-analytic review
Beard, C., Sawyer, A. T., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2012.01.002 · Cited by 291
COGNITIVE PROCESSES AND EMOTION REGULATION IN DEPRESSION: Review: Cognitive Processes in Depression
Joormann, J., & Quinn, M. E. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22264 · Cited by 286
“,[59] for example, first established that attentional biases could be modified by working with participants who scored in the middle third of the distribution on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.”
BackgroundWatkins, E. R., Moberly, N. J., & Moulds, M. L. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.3.364 · Cited by 286
Selective visual attention for ugly and beautiful body parts in eating disorders
Jansen, A. T. M., Nederkoorn, C., & Mulkens, S. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.01.003 · Cited by 303
Behavioral Inhibition and Anxiety: The Moderating Roles of Inhibitory Control and Attention Shifting
White, L. K., McDermott, J. M., Degnan, K. A., Henderson, H. A., & Fox, N. A. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9490-x · Cited by 305
“Previous research has shown that children and adolescents with fearful temperaments tend to allocate their attention towards threatening information (Lonigan and Vasey 2009; Lonigan et al. 2004; Perez-Edgar et al. 2010), a processing bias associated with increased emotional vulnerability and the development of anxiety…”
BackgroundResearch Review: A neuroscience framework for pediatric anxiety disorders
Pine, D. S. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01751.x · Cited by 288
“Moreover, the biases are quite plastic, altered by brief training exercises (MacLeod, Rutherford et al., 2002; Monk, Nelson et al., 2004).”
BackgroundIntroduction to the special section on cognitive bias modification in emotional disorders
Koster, E. H. W., Fox, E., & MacLeod, C. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014379 · Cited by 272
“For example, MacLeod et al. (2002) manipulated attentional bias by having a task-relevant visual probe always appear either spatially proximal to threatening information (attend threat condition) or spatially distal from threatening information (avoid threat condition).”
Koster, E. H. W., Hoorelbeke, K., Onraedt, T., Owens, M., & Derakshan, N. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.02.002 · Cited by 289
A naturalistic visual scanning approach to assess selective attention in major depressive disorder
Eizenman, M., Yu, L., Grupp, L. A., Eizenman, E., Ellenbogen, M. A., Gemar, M. C., & Levitan, R. D. (2003) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00068-4 · Cited by 272
“Further, recent evidence suggests that attentional biases causally alter emotional reactivity to stress (MacLeod et al., 2002).”
BackgroundCan mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way
Britton, W. B. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.011 · Cited by 267
“Thus, not only is exposure ineffective for those who are negatively biased, training attention toward threat in non-avoidant populations has also been found to increase rather than decrease anxiety in both adults and children [41,43,44].”
Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015407 · Cited by 288
“Manuck (2010) noted that selection only recognizes reproductive success and that the evolutionary underpinnings of the differential susceptibility model hold only if the behavioral phenotypes resulting from the G × E interaction also predict reproductive outcomes.”
BackgroundThe role of attentional bias in obesity and addiction.
Field, M., Werthmann, J., Franken, I. H. A., Hofmann, W., Hogarth, L., & Roefs, A. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000405 · Cited by 264
Emotion regulation in depression: Examining the role of cognitive processes
Joormann, J., & D’Avanzato, C. (2010) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931003784939 · Cited by 288
“Using this approach, MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, and Holker ( 2002 ) first established that attentional biases could be modified by working with participants who scored in the middle third of the distribution on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spielberger, Gorusch, & Lushene, 1971 ).”
BackgroundCognitive aspects of depression
Kircanski, K., Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1177 · Cited by 279
Negative Affectivity, Effortful Control, and Attention to Threat-Relevant Stimuli
Lonigan, C. J., & Vasey, M. W. (2008) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9284-y · Cited by 279
Browning, M., Holmes, E. A., & Harmer, C. J. (2010) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.10.1.8 · Cited by 247
“If true, this would predict that concurrent MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, & Holker, 2002 ).”
MethodPellicioni, M. S., Núñez‐Peña, M. I., & Colomé, À. (2015) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-015-0370-7 · Cited by 317
Theories and measurement of visual attentional processing in anxiety
Weierich, M. R., Treat, T. A., & Hollingworth, A. (2008) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701597601 · Cited by 245
Attentional bias for threat: Crisis or opportunity?
McNally, R. J. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.005 · Cited by 272
Approach bias modification training and consumption: A review of the literature
Kakoschke, N., Kemps, E., & Tiggemann, M. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.007 · Cited by 244
Whither cognitive bias modification research? Commentary on the special section articles.
MacLeod, C., Koster, E. H. W., & Fox, E. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014878 · Cited by 239
“Some previous studies have examined the effects of CBM on custom-designed measures, such as analogue scales (MacLeod et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLateral prefrontal cortex mediates the cognitive modification of attentional bias
Browning, M., Holmes, E. A., Murphy, S. E., Goodwin, G. M., & Harmer, C. J. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.031 · Cited by 236
“Most onvincingly, a number of recent studies have used a cognitive raining paradigm to alter attention to emotional stimuli and have een able to demonstrate experimentally that inducing a negaive attentional bias in healthy participants increases anxiety (4), hile reducing negative attentional biases in clinically anx…”
Watkins, E. R., Baeyens, C., & Read, R. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013642 · Cited by 252
Metadata
- Authors
- MacLeod, C., Rutherford, E., Campbell, L., Ebsworthy, G., & Holker, L.
- Affiliations
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- ORCID
- MacLeod, Colin
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2002-02
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 107-123
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- OpenAlex
- W2122758649
- Cited by
- 1,334
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 96 · 2012: 83
- FWCI
- 32.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- attentional bias, emotional vulnerability, selective attention, negative emotions, dot-probe task, stress reactivity, causal mediation analysis, cognitive bias modification
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Attention, Female, Humans, Male
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