Stressing the group: Social identity and the unfolding dynamics of responses to stress.
Abstract
Participants in the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) prison study were randomly assigned to high-status (guard) and low-status (prisoner) groups. Structural interventions increased the prisoners' sense of shared group identity and their willingness to challenge the power of the guards. Psychometric, physiological, behavioral, and observational data support the hypothesis that identity-based processes also affected participants' experience of stress. As prisoners' sense of shared identity increased, they provided each other with more social support and effectively resisted the adverse effects of situational stressors. As guards' sense of shared identity declined, they provided each other with less support and succumbed to stressors. Findings support an integrated social identity model of stress that addresses intragroup and intergroup dynamics of the stress process.
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Such leadership provides a psychological platform for group members to coordinate efforts to tackle stressors.
“More importantly, though, it provides a psychological platform for group members to coordinate efforts to tackle stressors 202 .”
From Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response (2020) · cites this paper as [202]
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Self-citationMuldoon, O. T., Haslam, S. A., Haslam, C., Cruwys, T., Kearns, M. L., & Jetten, J. (2019) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2020.1711628 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Self-citationMaking a Virtue of Evil: A Five‐Step Social Identity Model of the Development of Collective Hate
Reicher, S. D., Haslam, S. A., & Rath, R. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00113.x · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Self-citationDrury, J., Brown, R. J., González, R., & Miranda, D. (2015) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2146 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Abusive Supervision Climate: A Multiple-Mediation Model of its Impact on Group Outcomes
Priesemuth, M., Schminke, M., Ambrose, M. L., & Folger, R. (2014) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2011.0237 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Theorizing gender in the face of social change: Is there anything essential about essentialism?
Morton, T. A., Postmes, T., Haslam, S. A., & Hornsey, M. J. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012966 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Self-citationFrom Group Identity to Political Cohesion and Commitment
Huddy, L. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199760107.013.0023 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Individual and social benefits of online discussion forums
Pendry, L. F., & Salvatore, J. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.067 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Bizumić, B., Reynolds, K. J., Turner, J. C., Bromhead, D., & Subašić, E. (2008) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00387.x · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Praharso, N. F., Tear, M. J., & Cruwys, T. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.039 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
The social treatment: The benefits of group interventions in residential care settings.
Haslam, C., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Bevins, A., Ravenscroft, S., & Tonks, J. (2010) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0018256 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationDrury, J., Cocking, C., Reicher, S. D., Burton, A., Schofield, D., Hardwick, A., Graham, D., & Langston, P. A. (2009) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.41.3.957 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationWhen Prisoners Take Over the Prison
Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868311419864 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond the Banality of Evil: Three Dynamics of an Interactionist Social Psychology of Tyranny
Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206298570 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationAvanzi, L., Schuh, S. C., Fraccaroli, F., & van Dick, R. (2015) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2015.1004225 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The experience of collective participation: shared identity, relatedness and emotionality
Neville, F., & Reicher, S. (2011) · Contemporary Social Science · doi:10.1080/21582041.2012.627277 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationBurden, R. (2008) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.371 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
A Leak in the Academic Pipeline: Identity and Health Among Postdoctoral Women
Ysseldyk, R., Greenaway, K. H., Hassinger, E., Zutrauen, S., Lintz, J., Bhatia, M. P., Frye, M., Starkenburg, E., & Tai, V. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01297 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
The Social Identity Model of Cessation Maintenance: Formulation and initial evidence
Frings, D., & Albery, I. P. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.023 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Biron, C., & Karanika‐Murray, M. (2013) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/a0033227 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Haslam, S. A. (2014) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12061 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotions in strategic organization: Opportunities for impactful research
Huy, Q. N. (2012) · Strategic Organization · doi:10.1177/1476127012453107 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Bosson, J. K., & Michniewicz, K. S. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033126 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Coping Options: Missing Links between Minority Group Identification and Psychological Well‐Being
Outten, H. R., Schmitt, M. T., Garcia, D. M., & Branscombe, N. R. (2008) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00386.x · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Wakefield, J. R. H., Bowe, M., Këllezi, B., McNamara, N., & Stevenson, C. (2019) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12440 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Gleibs, I. H., Haslam, C., Jones, J. M., Alexander Haslam, S., McNeill, J., & Connolly, H. (2011) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2010.536137 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationHaslam, S. A., Ryan, M. K., Postmes, T., Spears, R., Jetten, J., & Webley, P. (2006) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.370 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationKnight, C., & Haslam, S. A. (2010) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2009.00683.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationA Social Identity Approach to Understanding and Promoting Physical Activity
Stevens, M. R., Rees, T., Coffee, P., Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., & Polman, R. C. J. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0720-4 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationLeader Behavior as a Determinant of Health at Work: Specification and Evidence of Five Key Pathways
Wegge, J., Shemla, M., & Haslam, S. A. (2014) · German Journal of Human Resource Management Zeitschrift für Personalforschung · doi:10.1177/239700221402800102 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citation“We” are not stressed: Social identity in groups buffers neuroendocrine stress reactions
Häusser, J. A., Kattenstroth, M., van Dick, R., & Mojzisch, A. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.02.020 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Loss of group memberships predicts depression in postpartum mothers
Seymour‐Smith, M., Cruwys, T., Haslam, S. A., & Brodribb, W. E. (2016) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1315-3 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationGray, D., & Stevenson, C. (2019) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2448 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Social identification, stress and citizenship in teams: a five‐phase longitudinal study
Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., & Waghorn, C. (2008) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1221 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationMcNamara, N., Stevenson, C., & Muldoon, O. T. (2013) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1953 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Gómez, Á., Seyle, D. C., Huici, C., & Swann, W. B. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016358 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D. (2007) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/019027250707000204 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationA longitudinal investigation of the rejection-identification hypothesis.
Ramos, M., Cassidy, C., Reicher, S., & Haslam, S. A. (2012) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02029.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationNational identity predicts public health support during a global pandemicPreprint
Bavel, J. J. V., Cichocka, A. K., Capraro, V., Sjåstad, H., Nezlek, J. B., Alfano, M., Azevedo, F., Cisłak, A., Lockwood, P. L., Ross, R. M., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ydt95 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self, social identity and psychological well-being
Sharma, S., & Sharma, M. (2010) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-010-0011-8 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Social Identity and Youth Aggressive and Delinquent Behaviors in a Context of Political Violence
Merrilees, C. E., Cairns, E., Taylor, L. K., Goeke‐Morey, M. C., Shirlow, P., & Cummings, E. M. (2013) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12030 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The case for employee resource groups
Welbourne, T. M., Rolf, S., & Schlachter, S. D. (2017) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-01-2016-0004 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Fischer, P. A., Ai, A. L., Aydin, N., Frey, D., & Haslam, S. A. (2010) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021624 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationMaking support work: The interplay between social support and social identity
Frisch, J. U., Häusser, J. A., van Dick, R., & Mojzisch, A. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.06.009 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Cummings, E. M., Goeke‐Morey, M. C., Schermerhorn, A. C., Merrilees, C. E., & Cairns, E. (2009) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-009-0041-8 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Work‐place bullying: A group processes framework
Ramsay, S. G., Troth, A. C., & Branch, S. (2010) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/2044-8325.002000 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Steffens, N. K., Jetten, J., Haslam, C., Cruwys, T., & Haslam, S. A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01519 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationGroup Identity and Political Cohesion
Huddy, L. (2015) · Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0155 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Srivastava, S., & Gupta, P. (2021) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.11.014 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Group Ties Protect Cognitive Health by Promoting Social Identification and Social Support
Haslam, C., Cruwys, T., Milne, M., Kan, C.-H., & Haslam, S. A. (2015) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264315589578 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationSteffens, N. K., Yang, J., Jetten, J., Haslam, S. A., & Lipponen, J. (2017) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000090 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationTee, E. Y. J., Paulsen, N., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2013) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.10.002 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Beyond prevalence to process: the role of self and identity in medical student well‐being
Mavor, K. I., McNeill, K. G., Anderson, K., Kerr, A., O'Reilly, E., & Platow, M. J. (2014) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.12375 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Bliuc, A., Ellis, R. A., Goodyear, P., & Hendreș, D. M. (2011) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2011.585948 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Junker, N. M., van Dick, R., Avanzi, L., Häusser, J. A., & Mojzisch, A. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12308 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Understanding and coping with immigration detention: Social identity as cure and curse
Këllezi, B., Bowe, M., Wakefield, J. R. H., McNamara, N., & Bosworth, M. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2543 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
When and why telepressure and technostress creators impair employee well-being
Pfaffinger, K. F., Reif, J. A. M., & Spieß, E. (2020) · International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/10803548.2020.1846376 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
An integrative review of social and occupational factors influencing health and wellbeing
Gallagher, M., Muldoon, O. T., & Pettigrew, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01281 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Monrouxe, L. V., Bullock, A. D., Tseng, H., & Wells, S. E. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017942 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Këllezi, B., Reicher, S. D., & Cassidy, C. (2008) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00382.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationBobowik, M., Martinović, B., Basabe, N., Barsties, L. S., & Wachter, G. G. (2017) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2306 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Midwifery students' experiences of their clinical internship: A qualitative descriptive study
Bradshaw, C., Tighe, S. M., & Doody, O. (2018) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2018.06.019 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Identity Processes in Organizations
Haslam, S. A., & Ellemers, N. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_30 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial identification and post-traumatic stress symptoms in post-conflict Northern Ireland
Muldoon, O. T., & Downes, C. (2007) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.022038 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Cold comfort at the Magh Mela: Social identity processes and physical hardship
Pandey, K., Stevenson, C., Shankar, S., Hopkins, N., & Reicher, S. D. (2013) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12054 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationTeam identification and postdisaster social well-being: The mediating role of social support
Inoue, Y., Funk, D., Wann, D., Yoshida, M., & Nakazawa, M. (2015) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/gdn0000019 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Wegge, J., & Haslam, S. A. (2005) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320500349961 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationUsing Social and Behavioural Science to Support COVID-19 Pandemic ResponsePreprint
Bavel, J. J. V., D, K. B. A., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A. K., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4178356 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationScarf, D., Moradi, S., McGaw, K., Hewitt, J., Hayhurst, J., Boyes, M., Ruffman, T., & Hunter, J. (2016) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12151 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Leaders Enhance Group Members' Work Engagement and Reduce Their Burnout by Crafting Social Identity
Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Kerschreiter, R., Schuh, S. C., & van Dick, R. (2014) · German Journal of Human Resource Management Zeitschrift für Personalforschung · doi:10.1177/239700221402800110 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationDerks, B., Van Laar, C., & Ellemers, N. (2007) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2007.00008.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
VIOLENT SPLITS OR HEALTHY DIVIDES? COPING WITH INJUSTICE THROUGH FAULTLINES
Bezrukova, K., Spell, C. S., & Perry, J. L. (2010) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01185.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Social Identity, Groups, and Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder
Muldoon, O. T., & Lowe, R. D. (2012) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00874.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Das, D., Dharwadkar, R., & Brandes, P. (2008) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726708096636 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Political Violence and Psychological Well‐Being: The Role of Social Identity
Muldoon, O. T., Schmid, K., & Downes, C. (2008) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00385.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Wolfe, M. T., & Patel, P. C. (2021) · Journal of Business Venturing Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2021.e00231 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
- Authors
- Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Exeter (GB)
- University of St Andrews (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Psychology
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1037-1052
- ISSN
- 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1854
- OpenAlex
- W2098038440
- Cited by
- 502
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 56.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- social identity, stress, group identity, social support, power relations, status groups, stress tolerance, intragroup dynamics, intergroup dynamics, physiological stress response
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aggression, Attitude, Burnout, Professional, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Saliva, Social Identification, Stress, Psychological
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