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Child witnesses to domestic violence: A meta-analytic review
Abstract
This meta-analysis examined 118 studies of the psychosocial outcomes of children exposed to interparental violence. Correlational studies showed a significant association between exposure and child problems (d = -0.29). Group comparison studies showed that witnesses had significantly worse outcomes relative to nonwitnesses (d = -0.40) and children from verbally aggressive homes (d = -0.28). but witnesses' outcomes were not significantly different from those of physically abused children (d = 0.15) or physically abused witnesses (d = 0.13). Several methodological variables moderated these results. Similar effects were found across a range of outcomes, with slight evidence for greater risk among preschoolers. Recommendations for future research are made, taking into account practical and theoretical issues in this area.
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In the citing paper
“Whereas Wolfe et al. (2003) found that boys exposed to domestic violence experienced more externalizing symptoms than did girls, Kitzmann et al. (2003) found no such effects.”
From Exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes (2008) · cites this paper as Kitzmann et al. (2003)
In the citing paper
“For example, when examining the mean effect sizes for specific psychosocial outcomes, Kitzmann et al. (2003) reported d = -.50 for internalizing symptoms and d = -.43 for ex- ternalizing symptoms when studies employed a group design comparing witnesses to nonwitnesses.”
From Exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes (2008) · cites this paper as Kitzmann et al. (2003)
In the citing paper
“On the other hand, Kitzmann et al. (2003) integrated results of 118 published and unpublished studies dating from 1978 to 2000 that examined associations between exposure to do- mestic violence and childhood outcomes, such as social problems, internalizing symptoms, and exter- nalizing symptoms.”
From Exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes (2008) · cites this paper as Kitzmann et al. (2003)
In the citing paper
“However, several studies published after 1990 ( n = 21) were either not included or have been published since the cutoff date for inclusion in that meta-analysis.”
From Exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes (2008) · cites this paper as Kitzmann et al. (2003)
In the citing paper
“In contrast to the present study and to the broader anal- yses by Wolfe, Kitzmann et al. (2003) did not find significant gender differences.”
From Exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes (2008) · cites this paper as Kitzmann et al. (2003)
In the citing paper
“The effect size of this particular study indicates that approximately 63% of children who are exposed to IPV are faring more poorly and have ongoing functional challenges.”
From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as Kitzmann et al., 2003
In the citing paper
“Correlational studies demonstrate that the average effect size for children's exposure to IPV and subsequent adjustment problems is -.29 (Kitzmann, Gaylord, Holt, & Kenny, 2003).”
From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as Kitzmann, Gaylord, Holt, & Kenny, 2003
In the citing paper
“Kitzmann et al. (2003) concluded that the results of their 'current meta-analysis provided robust evidence that exposure to interparental aggression is associated with significant disruptions in children's psychosocial functioning' (p. 347).”
From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as Kitzmann et al., 2003
In the citing paper
“All 118 selected studies yielded a significant association between exposure to interparental aggression and/or violence and to physical abuse and poor child outcomes.”
From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as Kitzmann et al. (2003)
In the citing paper
“Despite evidence of negative effects of DV exposure for children's outcomes, there is also evidence that a proportion of children do not appear to be adversely affected by this exposure (Kitzmann et al., 2003).”
From Risk and protective factors for children's psychopathology in the context of domestic violence – A study using nationally representative longitudinal survey data (2023) · cites this paper as Kitzmann et al., 2003
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kitzmann, K. M., Gaylord, N. K., Holt, A. R., & Kenny, E. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Memphis (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2003
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 339-352
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2138853937
- Cited by
- 1,524
- References
- 162
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 96 · 2013: 92 · 2012: 74
- FWCI
- 3.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- interparental violence, children exposed to domestic violence, psychosocial outcomes, child problems, verbal aggression, physical abuse, preschool children
- MeSH terms
- Child, Psychology, Child, Humans, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Domestic Violence
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