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Discontinuities and cognitive changes in an exposure-based cognitive therapy for depression
Open accessAbstract
Significant shifts or discontinuities in symptom course can mark points of transition and reveal important change processes. The authors investigated 2 patterns of change in depression-the rapid early response and a transient period of apparent worsening that the authors call a depression spike. Participants were 29 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder who enrolled in an open trial of an exposure-based cognitive therapy. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed an overall cubic shape of symptom change and that both the rapid response and spike patterns predicted lower posttreatment depression. Patients wrote weekly narratives about their depression. Early narratives of rapid responders were coded as having more hope than those of nonrapid responders. The narratives of patients with a depression spike had more cognitive-emotional processing during this period of arousal than those without a spike. Findings are discussed in the context of cognitive-emotional processing theories in depression and anxiety disorders.
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“Previous studies have suggested that activation of negative cognition may result in a transient exacerbation of depressive symptoms, and this temporary deterioration is positively associated with treatment outcomes upon completion (29).”
From A virtual reality-based self-guided training on identification of negative automatic thoughts in healthy adults: a mixed-methods feasibility study (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
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Cited by
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“…based on previous research on psychotherapy narratives and sought to align with other work on clients' perspectives on their treatment (e.g., Adler & McAdams, 2007a; Adler et al., 2008; Gershefski, Arnkoff, Glass, & Elkin, 1996; Hayes et al., 2005, 2007; Levy, Glass, Arnkoff, & Gershefski , 1996).”
InfluentialThe bright side of being blue: depression as an adaptation for analyzing complex problems.
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Self-citationExploring the roles of approach and avoidance in depression: An integrative model
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“, Kanfer & Grimm, 1977; Lewinsohn, 1974) and cognitive and emotional exposure have been explicitly incorporated into exposure based cognitive therapy for depression (Hayes, Beevers, Feldman, Laurenceau, & Perlman, 2005; Hayes et al., 2007).”
BackgroundBeyond linear mediation: Toward a dynamic network approach to study treatment processes
Hofmann, S. G., Curtiss, J. E., & Hayes, S. C. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101824 · Cited by 232
Changes in mindfulness and emotion regulation in an exposure-based cognitive therapy for depression
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“As reported previously (Hayes et al. 2005, 2007), growth-curve analyses revealed that there was a significant linear decrease in depression (self-report and interview) over the course of therapy in both the intent-to-treat and the completer samples.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationImplicit cognition and depression: A meta-analysis
Phillips, W. J., Hine, D. W., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.05.002 · Cited by 182
The ups and downs of psychotherapy: Sudden gains and sudden losses identified with session reports
Lutz, W., Ehrlich, T., Rubel, J. A., Hallwachs, N., Röttger, M.-A., Jorasz, C., Mocanu, S., Vocks, S., Schulte, D., & Tschitsaz, A. (2012) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2012.693837 · Cited by 208
“( 2007 ) defined a large group (41%) of early responders as having achieved 60% or more of their total symptom reduction within the first five sessions.”
BackgroundRozental, A., Boettcher, J., Andersson, G., Schmidt, B., & Carlbring, P. (2015) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2015.1008033 · Cited by 189
“In other words, not all patient-related negative effects are necessarily problematic or enduring, even though they are perceived as distressing when they first occur, reflecting negative experiences that are temporary in nature and related to specific treatment interventions, but regarded as beneficial, or, at least,…”
BackgroundUnited we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies.
Mennin, D. S., Ellard, K. K., Fresco, D. M., & Gross, J. J. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.02.004 · Cited by 172
“Other approaches have combined traditional (“tCBTs”) and recent (“rCBTs”) approaches either in additive (Interpersonal Emotional Processing, Newman et al., 2011; MBCT; Segal et al., 2002) or integrative designs (STAIR-PE; Cloitre, Koenen, Cohen, & Han, 2002; Acceptance-Based Behavioral Therapy; ABBT; Roemer & Orsillo,…”
Lutz, W., Stulz, N., & Köck, K. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.019 · Cited by 186
“In addition, results of previous studies dealing with a uniform sample consisting of major depressive patients (Hayes et al., 2007; Renaud et al., 1998) are supported in the way that, also with newest data analytic strategies, there is a large subgroup of rapid early responders that experience a…”
ResultA complex systems approach to the study of change in psychotherapy
Hayes, A. M., & Andrews, L. A. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01662-2 · Cited by 149
Self-citationEmotion Regulation Therapy: A Mechanism-Targeted Treatment for Disorders of Distress
Renna, M. E., Quintero, J. M., Fresco, D. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00098 · Cited by 152
“…to deliberately provoke and activate historical negative content such as loss, so that this material can be explored alongside information that is dissonant and serve to facilitate broad-based change in maladaptive cognitive–affective– behavioral–somatic patterns (e.g., Hayes et al., 2007).”
BackgroundNiles, A. N., Haltom, K. E. B., Mulvenna, C. M., Lieberman, M. D., & Stanton, A. L. (2013) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2013.802308 · Cited by 145
“Researchers and clinicians treating affective disorders have begun to incorporate writing into clinical interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder (Esterling, L’Abate, Murray, & Pennebaker, 1999; Sloan & Marx, 2004; Smyth, Hockemeyer, & Tulloch, 2008) and depression (Hayes et al., 2007).”
Schiepek, G. K., & Strunk, G. (2010) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s00422-009-0362-1 · Cited by 143
“This especially holds true for intentional or supervised change processes such as decision making (Haken 1996), learning (Freeman 2000; Vetter et al. 1997), or therapy processes (Haken and Schiepek 2006; Hayes et al. 2007a,b; Kowalik et al. 1997; Schiepek et al. 1997; Strunk 2005).”
BackgroundKross, E., Gard, D., Deldin, P., Clifton, J., & Ayduk, O. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028808 · Cited by 140
“…that self-distancing promotes—less recounting and more reconstruing— overlap closely with the concept of cognitive change in clinical research, which has been linked with adaptive outcomes for adults with depression (e.g., Greenberg, 2002; Hayes et al., 2007; Tang & DeRubeis, 1999; Whisman, 1993).”
BackgroundDynamic emotional processing in experiential therapy: Two steps forward, one step back.
Pascual‐Leone, A. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014488 · Cited by 141
“Similarly, Hayes, Feldman, et al. (2007) used symptom measures every 2 weeks to identify depression spikes; the conceptual opposite of a sudden gain.”
Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy, and Resources in Adults With ADHD
Newark, P. E., Elsässer, M., & Stieglitz, R. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712459561 · Cited by 164
“experiencing competence, self-esteem (Grawe & Grawe-Gerber, 1999), and hope (Hayes et al., 2007); 2.”
BackgroundWorking with patients’ strengths: A microprocess approach
Flückiger, C., Caspar, F., Holtforth, M. G., & Willutzki, U. (2009) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300902755300 · Cited by 132
“inducing experiences, as evaluated by patients (Cheavens et al., 2006; Hayes et al., 2007).”
BackgroundHayes, A. M., Yasinski, C. W., Barnes, J. B., & Bockting, C. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.007 · Cited by 144
Self-citationReal-Time Monitoring of Psychotherapeutic Processes: Concept and Compliance
Schiepek, G. K., Aichhorn, W., Gruber, M., Strunk, G., Bachler, E., & Aas, B. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00604 · Cited by 133
“…the sequence of therapy sessions that defines when patients give survey-based feedback. de Jong et al. (2014) report on a feedback study in outpatient settings with about 50% OQ administrations out of 32.3 (SD: 41.4) therapy sessions. de Beurs et al. (2011) administered the Brief Symptom…”
BackgroundInfluentialPrimum Non Nocere: An Evolutionary Analysis of Whether Antidepressants Do More Harm than Good
Andrews, P. W., Thomson, J. A., Amstadter, A., & Neale, M. C. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00117 · Cited by 120
“…writing about one’s strongest thoughts and feelings related to the episode) have been found to increase insight and shorten the duration of episodes (Hayes et al., 2005, 2007; Gortner et al., 2006; Graf et al., 2008), suggesting that these interventions address cause (Andrews and Thomson Jr.,…”
BackgroundLarsen, S. E., Stirman, S. W., Smith, B. N., & Resick, P. A. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.12.009 · Cited by 114
“However, examining pre-post worsening assumes gradual change over the course of treatment, and therefore it is not sufficiently sensitive to capture the short-term changes that are also important to study (Hayes, Laurenceau, Feldman, Strauss, & Cardociotto, 2007), because they may affect treatment outcome (Hayes et al…”
InfluentialGallagher, M. W., Long, L. J., Richardson, A., D’Souza, J., Boswell, J. F., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2020) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.06.001 · Cited by 108
Effects of expressive writing on depressive symptoms-A meta-analysis
Reinhold, M., Bürkner, P., & Holling, H. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12224 · Cited by 110
“…with oral narrative components, such as cognitive processing therapy (CPT; e.g., Resick & Schnicke, 1993), trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT; e.g., Cohen, Mannarino, Berliner, & Deblinger, 2000), or exposure-based cognitive therapy for depression (e.g., Hayes et al., 2007).”
BackgroundGraf, M. C., Gaudiano, B. A., & Geller, P. A. (2008) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300701691664 · Cited by 90
“Other theories point toward an exposure-based model, suggesting that repeatedly writing about the same stressful event can decrease negative emotions surrounding the event (Foa & Kozak, 1986; Hayes et al., 2007).”
BackgroundFeldman, G., Harley, R., Kerrigan, M., Jacobo, M., & Fava, M. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.01.005 · Cited by 79
“…behavior therapy for depression (DBT; Harley, Sprich, Safren, Jacobo, & Fava, 2008; Lynch, Morse, Mendelson, & Robins, 2003), exposure-based cognitive therapy (A.M. Hayes et al., 2007), and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT; for a review, see S. Hayes, Luoma, Bond, Masuda, & Lillis, 2006).”
Self-citationSpecific and general therapeutic mechanisms in cognitive behavioral treatment of chronic pain
Burns, J. W., Nielson, W. R., Jensen, M. P., Heapy, A., Czlapinski, R., & Kerns, R. D. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037208 · Cited by 77
Exposure and reorganization: The what and how of effective psychotherapy
Carey, T. A. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.004 · Cited by 112
Olthof, M., Hasselman, F., Strunk, G., Aas, B., Schiepek, G. K., & Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A. (2019) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2019.1633484 · Cited by 78
Zilcha‐Mano, S., & Errázuriz, P. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000192 · Cited by 81
Sudden gains in cognitive–behavior therapy for treatment-resistant depression: Processes of change.
Abel, A., Hayes, A. M., Henley, W., & Kuyken, W. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000101 · Cited by 92
Self-citationSchiepek, G. K., Tominschek, I., Karch, S., Lutz, J., Mulert, C., Meindl, T., & Pogarell, O. M. (2008) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622970802311829 · Cited by 73
“these variations may indicate early rapid responses in psychotherapy (Lambert and Ogles 2004; Hayes et al. 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialLichtwarck‐Aschoff, A., Hasselman, F., Cox, R. F. A., Pepler, D. J., & Granic, I. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 69
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Nature and Relation to Non-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Lorenzo‐Luaces, L., Keefe, J. R., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.02.012 · Cited by 66
“Hayes and colleagues (Grosse Holtforth et al., 2012; Hayes, Beevers, Feldman, Laurenceau, & Perlman, 2005; Hayes et al., 2007) have proposed, and found evidence for, a model of change in depression treatment where behavioral interventions foster emotional arousal that, when combined with cognitive processing, leads to…”
BackgroundComplexity and Nonlinear Dynamics in Psychotherapy
Schiepek, G. K. (2009) · European Review · doi:10.1017/s1062798709000763 · Cited by 67
“5,13,14 Additionally, marked alternations in brain activity were to be Alternations in brain activity involved widespread areas, e.g. the medial frontal brain regions including anterior cingulate cortex, superior and middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal and precentral gyrus, superior temporal…”
BackgroundEffects of psychotherapy training and intervention use on session outcome.
Boswell, J. F., Castonguay, L. G., & Wasserman, R. H. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020088 · Cited by 62
No pain, no gain: Depressed clients' experiences of cognitive behavioural therapy
Barnes, M., Sherlock, S., Thomas, L., Kessler, D. S., Kuyken, W., Owen‐Smith, A., Lewis, G., Wiles, N., & Turner, K. M. (2013) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12021 · Cited by 72
Høglend, P. A., & Hagtvet, K. A. (2019) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000381 · Cited by 66
Cognitive inefficiency in depressive undergraduates: Stroop processing and ERPs
Krompinger, J. W., & Simons, R. F. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.12.004 · Cited by 62
Yarger, H. A., Hoye, J. R., & Dozier, M. (2016) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21585 · Cited by 63
Pattern destabilization and emotional processing in cognitive therapy for personality disorders
Hayes, A. M., & Yasinski, C. W. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00107 · Cited by 64
Self-citationVittengl, J. R., Clark, L. A., Thase, M. E., & Jarrett, R. B. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032879 · Cited by 61
Identifying Functional Mechanisms in Psychotherapy: A Scoping Systematic Review
Carey, T. A., Griffiths, R., Dixon, J. E., & Hines, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00291 · Cited by 53
“Furthermore, the reorganization model can account for the nonlinear and unpredictable nature of the change process (38).”
BackgroundBruijniks, S. J. E., DeRubeis, R. J., Hollon, S. D., & Huibers, M. J. H. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619830391 · Cited by 57
Yasinski, C. W., Hayes, A. M., Ready, C. B., Abel, A., Görg, N., & Kuyken, W. (2019) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2019.1699972 · Cited by 71
“That study used the CHANGE observational coding system (Hayes et al., 2007b) to examine hope and processing in the sessions before sudden gains (significant decrease in depression symptoms in a one-week interval) or in corresponding sessions for patients without sudden gains.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe therapeutic process in psychological treatments for eating disorders: A systematic review
Brauhardt, A., de Zwaan, M., & Hilbert, A. (2014) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22287 · Cited by 59
Serretti, A., Chiesa, A., Calati, R., Perna, G., Bellodi, L., & Ronchi, D. D. (2008) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0b013e32831db2d7 · Cited by 48
“This influence of these factors on both MD and some anxiety disorders could be explained by cognitive distortions related to the severity of illness itself and independent from the type of illness, which can create a barrier to the drug’s efficacy, in accordance with some earlier findings showing that there are cognit…”
ResultReligiously oriented mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy
Hathaway, W., & Tan, E. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20569 · Cited by 47
Newman, M. G., & Fisher, A. J. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031690 · Cited by 45
“…the role of CBT to promote more flexible and evidence-based thinking, reduced bodily tension, and reduced automatic emotional and physiological responses to nondangerous external triggers, leading to greater adaptability to the natural environment (e.g., Hayes et al., 2007; Hayes & Strauss, 1998).”
BackgroundRubel, J., Lutz, W., Kopta, S., Köck, K., Minami, T., Zimmermann, D., & Saunders, S. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000060 · Cited by 46
“Other studies used a minimum percentage of improvement in the relevant outcome measure to identify early positively responding patients (Hayes et al., 2007; Renaud et al., 1998).”
ResultBreaking the vise of hopelessness: Targeting its components, antecedents, and context
Marchetti, I., Alloy, L., & Koster, E. (2019) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-023-00165-1 · Cited by 49
“, rapid early response pattern; Tang & DeRubeis, 1999) is associated with narratives focused on hope in depressed patients (Hayes et al., 2007).”
BackgroundNonlinear Dynamics: Theoretical Perspectives and Application to Suicidology
Schiepek, G. K., Fartacek, C., Sturm, J., Kralovec, K., Fartacek, R. R., & Plöderl, M. (2011) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.2011.00062.x · Cited by 49
Sudden gains versus gradual gains in a psychotherapy training clinic
Greenfield, M. F., Gunthert, K. C., & Haaga, D. A. F. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20748 · Cited by 43
Schiepek, G. K., Gelo, O. C. G., Viol, K., Kratzer, L., Orsucci, F. F., de Felice, G., Stöger‐Schmidinger, B., Sammet, I., Aichhorn, W., & Schöller, H. J. (2020) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12300 · Cited by 43
Holtforth, M. G., Krieger, T., Zimmermann, J., Altenstein-Yamanaka, D., Dörig, N., Meisch, L., & Hayes, A. M. (2019) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2017.1397796 · Cited by 32
“However, as reported in the two open trials of EBCT and EBCT-R (grosse Holtforth et al., 2012; Hayes et al., 2007), EP occurred during this affectively charged phase and predicted better posttreatment outcomes.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationValidation of the Integrative Hope Scale in people with psychosis
Schrank, B., Woppmann, A., Hay, A. G., Sibitz, I., Zehetmayer, S., & Lauber, C. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.12.052 · Cited by 41
“Oliver, 1999; Hayes et al., 2007), being consistently identified as a key factor in psychotherapy by patients, family members and therapists in various settings (Schrank et al., 2008; Redlich et al., 2010).”
BackgroundHoltforth, M. G., Hayes, A. M., Sutter, M., Wilm, K., Schmied, E., Laurenceau, J., & Caspar, F. (2012) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000336813 · Cited by 39
Self-citationPATTERNS OF CHANGE IN RESPONSE TO PROLONGED EXPOSURE: IMPLICATIONS FOR TREATMENT OUTCOME
Clapp, J. D., Kemp, J. J., Cox, K. S., & Tuerk, P. W. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22534 · Cited by 40
“Hayes et al.[63] observed a similar trajectory among patients receiving exposure-based cognitive therapy for depression.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDepression sudden gains and transient depression spikes during treatment for PTSD.
Keller, S. M., Feeny, N. C., & Zoellner, L. A. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035286 · Cited by 48
“Defining Transient Depression Spikes—Depression spikes derived from Hayes et al. (2007) were measured using the same 7-point criteria as defined by Tang and DeRubeis (1999) above, with the exception of the third criterion1.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialGunlicks‐Stoessel, M., & Mufson, L. H. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20849 · Cited by 40
“[7] Treatment studies of adult depression have also found that early treatment response predicts treatment outcome, though the time point and criteria for classifying a patient as an early responder have varied.[11,13,14] The majority of the studies that examined early prediction of treatment response used pre-determi…”
ResultAvoidance motivation in psychological problems and psychotherapy
Holtforth, M. G. (2008) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300701765849 · Cited by 40
Predicting symptoms of depression from social anhedonia and emotion regulation
Atherton, B. D., Nevels, R. M., & Moore, M. T. (2015) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000262 · Cited by 39
“Kumar et al. (2008), using exposure-based cognitive therapy (Hayes et al., 2007), was effective in combating depression.”
Norton, P. J., Hayes‐Skelton, S. A., & Klenck, S. C. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.02.006 · Cited by 39
Trauma-focused treatments for depression. A systematic review and meta-analysis
Dominguez, S. K., Matthijssen, S. J. M. A., & Lee, C. W. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254778 · Cited by 40
“This deficit is particularly unexpected due to the diverse body of literature supporting other TFTs [28, 34, 51], including a recent book dedicated to the practise of imagery and ImRs for treating depression and bipolar disorder [52].”
BackgroundCohen, L. H., Gunthert, K. C., Butler, A. C., Parrish, B. P., Wenze, S. J., & Beck, J. S. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014131 · Cited by 38
“…pretreatment ability to regulate affect in the face of major and daily stress, independent of initial depression, should influence her or his response to CT (Beck et al., 1979; Cronbach & Snow, 1977), especially during the early part of treatment (Hayes et al., 2007; Ilardi & Craighead, 1994).”
BackgroundMethodThe Use of Relational‐Cultural Theory in Counseling Clients Who Have Traumatic Stress Disorders
Kress, V. E. W., Haiyasoso, M., Zoldan, C. A., Headley, J. A., & Trepal, H. (2018) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12182 · Cited by 41
Predictors of Depression Treatment Response in an Intensive CBT Partial Hospital
Beard, C., Stein, A. T., Hearon, B. A., Lee, J., Hsu, K. J., & Björgvinsson, Þ. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22269 · Cited by 36
The form and function of depressive rumination
Bartošková, M., Ševčíková, M., Durisko, Z., Maslej, M. M., Barbic, S. P., Preiss, M., & Andrews, P. W. (2018) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.01.005 · Cited by 44
Sudden Gains Can Occur in Psychotherapy Even When the Pattern of Change Is Gradual
Thomas, C., & Persons, J. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12029 · Cited by 33
Facilitating emotional processing in depression: the application of exposure principles
Hayes, A. M. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.032 · Cited by 40
Self-citationDu, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, X., Xie, C., Liu, C., Hu, W., & Li, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.600837 · Cited by 35
Chu, B. C., Skriner, L. C., & Zandberg, L. J. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033390 · Cited by 33
Does Feeling Bad, Lead to Feeling Good? Arousal Patterns during Expressive Writing
Pascual‐Leone, A., Yeryomenko, N., Morrison, O.-P., Arnold, R., & Kramer, U. (2016) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000083 · Cited by 32
“Furthermore, expressive writing has been used as an adjunct intervention in cognitive exposure therapy (Hayes et al., 2007) among others, and has even been proposed as a low-cost treatment alternative (Kacewicz, Slatcher, & Pennebaker, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodIntervention strategies and clinical process in transdiagnostic cognitive–behavioral therapy.
Boswell, J. F. (2013) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0032157 · Cited by 33
“Recent reviews of the empirical literature on corrective learning in psychotherapy support this conceptualization of exposure and related interventions broadly, and many of the aforementioned elements specifically (Carey, 2011; Hayes et al., 2007; Tryon & Misurell, 2008).”
BackgroundAmbivalence over emotional expression in major depression
Brockmeyer, T., Holtforth, M. G., Krieger, T., Altenstein, D., Doerig, N., Friederich, H., & Bents, H. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.002 · Cited by 32
Hayes, A. M., Yasinski, C. W., Grasso, D. J., Ready, C. B., Alpert, E., McCauley, T. G., Webb, C. P. M., & Deblinger, E. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.06.004 · Cited by 39
Self-citationExpressive writing in psychotherapy: A tool to promote and track therapeutic change.
Cummings, J. A., Hayes, A. M., Saint, D. S., & Park, J. (2014) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0037682 · Cited by 31
Self-citationVittengl, J. R., Clark, L. A., Thase, M. E., & Jarrett, R. B. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573400510666140929195441 · Cited by 30
“Frequent measurement of depressive symptoms during treatment of MDD is now a recommended standard of care [49], but interpretation of idiographic patterns of change is an evolving concern [46, 50].”
BackgroundPersons, J., Marker, C., & Bailey, E. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104338 · Cited by 22
Barbic, S. P., Durisko, Z., & Andrews, P. W. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112077 · Cited by 32
Lorenzo‐Luaces, L., Driessen, E., DeRubeis, R. J., Van, H. L., Keefe, J. R., Hendriksen, M., & Dekker, J. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.11.011 · Cited by 29
Strategies for resolving challenging psychedelic experiences: insights from a mixed-methods study
Wood, M. J., McAlpine, R. G., & Kamboj, S. K. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-79931-w · Cited by 29
Felicidad y esperanza subjetiva
Sarıçam, H. (2015) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy14-1.shah · Cited by 32
“Moreover, hope is a protective factor for human adaptation, and for psychotherapeutic change (Magaletta & Oliver, 1999; Hayes et al., 2007), being consistently identified as a key factor in psychological counseling by client, family members and therapists in various settings (Schrank, Stanghellini, & Slade, 2008; Redl…”
BackgroundContextualizing the negative effects of psychotherapy
Rosendahl, J., Klatte, R., Frenzl, D., Castonguay, L. G., Vybíral, Z., & Strauss, B. M. (2025) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-025-00472-8 · Cited by 33
Sudden gains in two trauma-focused treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder
Sloan, D., Thompson-Hollands, J., Hayes, A. M., Lee, D. J., Alpert, E., & Marx, B. P. (2021) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.08.003 · Cited by 21
Self-citationGumz, A., Kästner, D., Geyer, M. A., Wutzler, U., Villmann, T., & Brähler, E. (2010) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300903551021 · Cited by 27
“( 2007 ) discovered two different discontinuous patterns of change in patients with depression (exposure-based cognitive therapy).”
BackgroundSchrank, B., Hayward, M., Stanghellini, G., & Davidson, L. (2011) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.109.007286 · Cited by 27
Vittengl, J. R., Clark, L. A., Thase, M. E., & Jarrett, R. B. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.008 · Cited by 27
Burger, S. R., Hardy, A., van der Linden, T., van Zelst, C., de Bont, P. A. J. M., van der Vleugel, B. M., Staring, A. B. P., de Roos, C., de Jongh, A., Marcelis, M. C., et al. (2023) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22907 · Cited by 27
Polman, A., Bouman, T. K., van Hout, W. J. P. J., de Jong, P. J., & den Boer, J. A. (2009) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.638 · Cited by 25
Schiepek, G. K., Schöller, H. J., de Felice, G., Steffensen, S. V., Bloch, M. S., Fartacek, C., Aichhorn, W., & Viol, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01970 · Cited by 24
Herres, J. L., Williamson, A. A., Kobak, R., Layne, C. M., Kaplow, J. B., Saltzman, W. R., & Pynoos, R. S. (2016) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-016-9204-1 · Cited by 25
“…adults participating in exposure therapy experience an initial increase in symptoms due to anticipated distress, though their symptoms continue to dissipate during the exposure phase as they learn they are able to tolerate this distress (e.g., Hayes et al., 2007; Heimberg & Becker, 2002).”
BackgroundKramer, U., de Roten, Y., Perry, J. C., & Despland, J. (2013) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3182982982 · Cited by 23
“…a) acute treatment aiming at symptom reduction or reduction of etiological factors such as interpersonal conflicts (e.g., Elkin et al., 1989; Hayes et al., 2007; Schramm et al., 2007); b) continuation aiming at relapse prevention (e.g., Bondolfi et al., 2010; Teasdale et al., 2000); and c)…”
BackgroundPenedo, J. M. G., Coyne, A. E., Constantino, M. J., Krieger, T., Hayes, A. M., & Holtforth, M. G. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000502 · Cited by 24
Self-citationExamining emotional processing theory and predictors of outcome in prolonged exposure for PTSD
Alpert, E., Hayes, A. M., & Foa, E. B. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104341 · Cited by 21
Self-citationDynamical Systems Theory in Psychology: Assistance for the Lay Reader is Required
Gelfand, L. A., & Engelhart, S. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00382 · Cited by 21
“For example, Hayes et al. (2007) related their study, in which they examined nonlinear trajectories of depression change during treatment, to DST, although there were no dynamical components to their model.”
BackgroundHeckman, T. G., Heckman, B. D., Anderson, T., Bianco, J. A., Sutton, M., & Lovejoy, T. I. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1989 · Cited by 18
Hegarty, B. D., Marceau, E. M., Gusset, M., & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2019) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2019.1609114 · Cited by 20
“ERRs occur across a range of modalities including CBT, psychodynamic psychotherapy, systemic behavioural family therapy, and non-directive supportive treatment (Beckham, 1989; Crits-Christoph et al., 2001; Haas et al., 2002; Hayes et al., 2007; Ilardi & Craighead, 1994; Renaud et al., 1998).”
BackgroundIetsugu, T., Crane, C., Hackmann, A., Brennan, K., Gross, M., Crane, R. S., Silverton, S., Radford, S., Eames, C., Fennell, M. J. V., et al. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0358-3 · Cited by 19
“In fact, previous research using exposure-based therapy of depression has reported trajectories of change that follow a cubic trend, and it has been argued that temporary worsening and destabilization may contribute to more beneficial effects in the longer term as from a systemic perspective reorganization is often pr…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hayes, A. M., Feldman, G. C., Beevers, C. G., Laurenceau, J.-P., Cardaciotto, L., & Lewis-Smith, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Delaware (US)
- Simmons University (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2007-06
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 409-421
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- PMC
- PMC6961653
- OpenAlex
- W2118653600
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 13.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21-MH62662)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, hope, patient narratives
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Cognition Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Severity of Illness Index, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome
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