A complex systems approach to the study of change in psychotherapy

Hayes, Adele M.; Andrews, Leigh A.

doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01662-2

Cited by 149Psychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsMental Health Research TopicsChaos, Complexity, and Education

A complex systems approach to the study of change in psychotherapy

Open access

Hayes, Adele M., Andrews, Leigh A.·2020·BMC Medicine

DOI 10.1186/s12916-020-01662-2PMC PMC7359463

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: A growing body of research highlights the limitations of traditional methods for studying the process of change in psychotherapy. The science of complex systems offers a useful paradigm for studying patterns of psychopathology and the development of more functional patterns in psychotherapy. Some basic principles of change are presented from subdisciplines of complexity science that are particularly relevant to psychotherapy: dynamical systems theory, synergetics, and network theory. Two early warning signs of system transition that have been identified across sciences (critical fluctuations and critical slowing) are also described. The network destabilization and transition (NDT) model of therapeutic change is presented as a conceptual framework to import these principles to psychotherapy research and to suggest future research directions. DISCUSSION: A complex systems approach has a number of implications for psychotherapy research. We describe important design considerations, targets for research, and analytic tools that can be used to conduct this type of research. CONCLUSIONS: A complex systems approach to psychotherapy research is both viable and necessary to more fully capture the dynamics of human change processes. Research to date suggests that the process of change in psychotherapy can be nonlinear and that periods of increased variability and critical slowing might be early warning signals of transition in psychotherapy, as they are in other systems in nature. Psychotherapy research has been limited by small samples and infrequent assessment, but ambulatory and electronic methods now allow researchers to more fully realize the potential of concepts and methods from complexity science.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s12916-020-01662-2

Cites

128 of 128 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Modeling downstream mechanisms will likely require complex approaches such as network analytic frameworks.
“Modeling downstream mechanisms will likely require complex approaches such as network analytic frameworks”
From Measuring the active elements of cognitive-behavioral therapies (2023) · cites this paper as Hayes & Andrews, 2020

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper
Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2018) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1 · Cited by 5,715 · see citing works
Early-warning signals for critical transitions
Scheffer, M., Bascompte, J., Brock, W. A., Brovkin, V., Carpenter, S. R., Dakos, V., Held, H., van Nes, E. H., Rietkerk, M., & Sugihara, G. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08227 · Cited by 4,854 · see citing works
Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology
Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608 · Cited by 4,359 · see citing works
A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action
Thelen, E., & Smith, L. B. (1996) · Computers & Mathematics with Applications · doi:10.1016/s0898-1221(96)90021-8 · Cited by 3,454 · see citing works
How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective
Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611419671 · Cited by 3,024 · see citing works
Dynamic patterns: The self-organization of brain and behavior
(1997) · Computers & Mathematics with Applications · doi:10.1016/s0898-1221(97)90151-6 · Cited by 2,857 · see citing works
Positive Emotions Trigger Upward Spirals Toward Emotional Well-Being
Fredrickson, B. L., & Joiner, T. (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00431 · Cited by 2,655 · see citing works
Maximizing exposure therapy: An inhibitory learning approach
Craske, M. G., Treanor, M., Conway, C. C., Zbozinek, T., & Vervliet, B. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.04.006 · Cited by 2,339 · see citing works
Anticipating Critical Transitions
Scheffer, M., Carpenter, S. R., Lenton, T. M., Bascompte, J., Brock, W., Dakos, V., van de Koppel, J., van de Leemput, I. A., Levin, S. A., van Nes, E. H., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1225244 · Cited by 2,208 · see citing works
Just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) in mobile health: key components and design principles for ongoing health behavior support
Nahum-Shani, I., Smith, S. N., Spring, B. J., Collins, L. M., Witkiewitz, K., Tewari, A., & Murphy, S. A. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9830-8 · Cited by 2,171 · see citing works
Australian vegetated coastal ecosystems as global hotspots for climate change mitigation
Serrano, Ó., Lovelock, C. E., Atwood, T. B., Macreadie, P. I., Canto, R., Phinn, S., Arias‐Ortiz, A., Bai, L., Baldock, J., Bedulli, C., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12176-8 · Cited by 1,181 · see citing works
Dynamic patterns: the self-organization of brain and behavior
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-1521 · Cited by 1,143 · see citing works
Lack of group-to-individual generalizability is a threat to human subjects research
Fisher, A. J., Medaglia, J. D., & Jeronimus, B. F. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1711978115 · Cited by 1,099 · see citing works
Methods for Detecting Early Warnings of Critical Transitions in Time Series Illustrated Using Simulated Ecological Data
Dakos, V., Carpenter, S. R., Brock, W. A., Ellison, A. M., Guttal, V., Ives, A. R., Kéfi, S., Livina, V., Seekell, D. A., van Nes, E. H., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041010 · Cited by 1,077 · see citing works
Mental disorders as networks of problems: a review of recent insights
Fried, E. I., van Borkulo, C. D., Cramer, A. O. J., Boschloo, L., Schoevers, R. A., & Borsboom, D. (2016) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1319-z · Cited by 1,067 · see citing works
Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology
Garland, E. L., Fredrickson, B., Kring, A. M., Johnson, D. P., Meyer, P. S., & Penn, D. L. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.002 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Moving Forward: Challenges and Directions for Psychopathological Network Theory and Methodology
Fried, E. I., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617705892 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
The network approach to psychopathology: a review of the literature 2008–2018 and an agenda for future research
Robinaugh, D. J., Hoekstra, R. H. A., Toner, E. R., & Borsboom, D. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719003404 · Cited by 861 · see citing works
Sudden gains and critical sessions in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression.
Tang, T. Z., & DeRubeis, R. J. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.6.894 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on psychological treatments research in tomorrow's science
Holmes, E. A., Ghaderi, A., Harmer, C. J., Ramchandani, P. G., Cuijpers, P., Morrison, A. P., Roiser, J. P., Bockting, C. L. H., O'Connor, R. C., Shafran, R., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30513-8 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Multistability and metastability: understanding dynamic coordination in the brain
Kelso, J. A. S. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0351 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Major Depression as a Complex Dynamic System
Cramer, A. O. J., van Borkulo, C. D., Giltay, E. J., van der Maas, H. L. J., Kendler, K. S., Scheffer, M., & Borsboom, D. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167490 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Flickering gives early warning signals of a critical transition to a eutrophic lake state
Wang, R., Dearing, J. A., Langdon, P. G., Zhang, E., Yang, X., Dakos, V., & Scheffer, M. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11655 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Change is not always linear: The study of nonlinear and discontinuous patterns of change in psychotherapy
Hayes, A. M., Laurenceau, J., Feldman, G. C., Strauss, J. L., & Cardaciotto, L. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.008 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Study of Psychopathology from the Network Analysis Perspective: A Systematic Review
Contreras, A., Nieto, I., Valiente, C., Espinosa, R., & Vázquez, C. (2019) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000497425 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Positive affect treatment for depression and anxiety: A randomized clinical trial for a core feature of anhedonia
Craske, M. G., Meuret, A. E., Ritz, T., Treanor, M., Dour, H., & Rosenfield, D. (2019) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000396 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Stuck in a rut: rethinking depression and its treatment
Holtzheimer, P. E., & Mayberg, H. S. (2010) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2010.10.004 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Understanding cognitive behaviour therapy: A retrieval competition account
Brewin, C. R. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.02.005 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Critical Slowing Down as a Personalized Early Warning Signal for Depression
Wichers, M., Groot, P. C., & Psychosystems, E. G. (2016) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000441458 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action
(1995) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1995.7.4.512 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Moving From Static to Dynamic Models of the Onset of Mental Disorder
Nelson, B., McGorry, P. D., Wichers, M., Wigman, J. T. W., & Hartmann, J. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0001 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
A complex network perspective on clinical science
Hofmann, S. G., Curtiss, J., & McNally, R. J. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616639283 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Quantifying resilience of humans and other animals
Scheffer, M., Bolhuis, J. E., Borsboom, D., Buchman, T. G., Gijzel, S. M. W., Goulson, D., Kammenga, J. E., Kemp, B., van de Leemput, I. A., Levin, S. A., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1810630115 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Stability and variability of personality networks. A tutorial on recent developments in network psychometrics
Costantini, G., Richetin, J., Preti, E., Casini, E., Epskamp, S., & Perugini, M. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.011 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Sudden gains and critical sessions in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression
Tang, T. Z., & DeRubeis, R. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.67.6.894 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Personalized Models of Psychopathology
Wright, A. G. C., & Woods, W. C. (2020) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-102419-125032 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Toward a dynamic model of psychological assessment: Implications for personalized care.
Fisher, A. J. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000026 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Human Change Processes
McCullough, J. P. (1992) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199208000-00013 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Early alliance, alliance ruptures, and symptom change in a nonrandomized trial of cognitive therapy for avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Strauss, J. L., Hayes, A. M., Johnson, S. L., Newman, C. F., Brown, G. K., Barber, J. P., Laurenceau, J., & Beck, A. T. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.2.337 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citation
Micro-Level Affect Dynamics in Psychopathology Viewed From Complex Dynamical System Theory
Wichers, M., Wigman, J. T. W., & Myin‐Germeys, I. (2015) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073915590623 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Depression as a systemic syndrome: mapping the feedback loops of major depressive disorder
Wittenborn, A. K., Rahmandad, H., Rick, J., & Hosseinichimeh, N. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715002044 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Mindfulness training promotes upward spirals of positive affect and cognition: multilevel and autoregressive latent trajectory modeling analyses
Garland, E. L., Geschwind, N., Peeters, F., & Wichers, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00015 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Discontinuities and cognitive changes in an exposure-based cognitive therapy for depression
Hayes, A. M., Feldman, G. C., Beevers, C. G., Laurenceau, J.-P., Cardaciotto, L., & Lewis-Smith, J. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.3.409 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Process of Psychotherapy
Kiesler, D. J. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315134246 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Inhibitory learning approaches to exposure therapy: a critical review and translation to obsessive-compulsive disorder
Jacoby, R. J., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.07.001 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Introducing network intervention analysis to investigate sequential, symptom-specific treatment effects: A demonstration in Co-occurring insomnia and depression
Blanken, T. F., Van Der Zweerde, T., Van Straten, A., Van Someren, E. J. W., Borsboom, D., & Lancee, J. (2019) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000495045 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Maximizing exposure therapy An inhibitory learning approach
Pittig, A., Stevens, S., Vervliet, B., Treanor, M., Conway, C., Zbozinek, T. D., & Craske, M. G. (2015) · Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) · Cited by 182 · see citing works
A Model of Socioemotional Flexibility at Three Time Scales
Hollenstein, T., Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A., & Potworowski, G. A. (2013) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073913484181 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Critical fluctuations as an early-warning signal for sudden gains and losses in patients receiving psychotherapy for mood disorders
Olthof, M., Hasselman, F., Strunk, G., van Rooij, M., Aas, B., Helmich, M. A., Schiepek, G., & Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619865969 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The identification of critical fluctuations and phase transitions in short term and coarse-grained time series—a method for the real-time monitoring of human change processes
Schiepek, G. K., & Strunk, G. (2010) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s00422-009-0362-1 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Dynamic emotional processing in experiential therapy: Two steps forward, one step back.
Pascual‐Leone, A. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014488 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Taking Emergence Seriously: The Centrality of Circular Causality for Dynamic Systems Approaches to Development
Witherington, D. C. (2011) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000326814 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Network destabilization and transition in depression: New methods for studying the dynamics of therapeutic change
Hayes, A. M., Yasinski, C. W., Barnes, J. B., & Bockting, C. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.007 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citation
A dynamic systems approach to psychotherapy: A meta-theoretical framework for explaining psychotherapy change processes.
Gelo, O. C. G., & Salvatore, S. (2016) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000150 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Dynamic systems theory as a paradigm for the study of change in psychotherapy: An application to cognitive therapy for depression.
Hayes, A. M., & Strauss, J. L. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.66.6.939 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citation
Dynamic systems theory as a paradigm for the study of change in psychotherapy: An application to cognitive therapy for depression.
Hayes, A. M., & Strauss, J. L. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.66.6.939 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flickering as an early warning signal
Dakos, V., van Nes, E. H., & Scheffer, M. (2013) · Theoretical Ecology · doi:10.1007/s12080-013-0186-4 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
State Space Grids
Hollenstein, T. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5007-8 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Exposure and reorganization: The what and how of effective psychotherapy
Carey, T. A. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.004 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Early warning signals of recovery in complex systems
Clements, C. F., Mccarthy, M. A., & Blanchard, J. L. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09684-y · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Slowing Down of Recovery as Generic Risk Marker for Acute Severity Transitions in Chronic Diseases
Rikkert, M. G. M. O., Dakos, V., Buchman, T. G., de Boer, R. J., Glass, L., Cramer, A. O. J., Levin, S. A., van Nes, E. H., Sugihara, G., Ferrari, M. D., et al. (2016) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000001564 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The interplay between cognitive risk and resilience factors in remitted depression: A network analysis
Hoorelbeke, K., Marchetti, I., Schryver, M. D., & Koster, E. H. W. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.001 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Exploring the Utility of Community-Generated Social Media Content for Detecting Depression: An Analytical Study on Instagram
Ricard, B. J., Marsch, L. A., Crosier, B. S., & Hassanpour, S. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/11817 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Bridging the gap between complexity science and clinical practice by formalizing idiographic theories: A computational model of functional analysis
Burger, J., van der Veen, D. C., Robinaugh, D. J., Quax, R., Riese, H., Schoevers, R. A., & Epskamp, S. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01558-1 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Integrative Psychotherapy: A Feedback-Driven Dynamic Systems Approach
Schiepek, G. K., Eckert, H., Aas, B., Wallot, S., & Wallot, A. (2015) · Hogrefe Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1027/00472-000 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
A Clinician’s Primer for Idiographic Research: Considerations and Recommendations
Piccirillo, M. L., Beck, E. D., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.02.002 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The Impact of Treatments for Depression on the Dynamic Network Structure of Mental States: Two Randomized Controlled Trials
Snippe, E., Viechtbauer, W., Geschwind, N., Klippel, A., de Jonge, P., & Wichers, M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep46523 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Psychotherapy Is Chaotic—(Not Only) in a Computational World
Schiepek, G. K., Viol, K., Aichhorn, W., Hütt, M. ‐., Sungler, K., Pincus, D., & Schöller, H. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00379 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-organization in psychotherapy: testing the synergetic model of change processes
Schiepek, G. K., Tominschek, I., & Heinzel, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01089 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Can we predict the direction of sudden shifts in symptoms? Transdiagnostic implications from a complex systems perspective on psychopathology
Wichers, M., Schreuder, M. J., Goekoop, R., & Groen, R. N. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718002064 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The Intrinsic Dynamics of Psychological Process
Vallacher, R. R., van Geert, P. L. C., & Nowak, A. K. (2015) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414551571 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Positive cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of depression: A randomized order within-subject comparison with traditional cognitive behavior therapy
Geschwind, N., Arntz, A., Bannink, F., & Peeters, F. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.03.005 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Destabilization in self-ratings of the psychotherapeutic process is associated with better treatment outcome in patients with mood disorders
Olthof, M., Hasselman, F., Strunk, G., Aas, B., Schiepek, G. K., & Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A. (2019) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2019.1633484 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of sudden gains in psychotherapy: Outcome and moderators.
Shalom, J. G., & Aderka, I. M. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101827 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Sudden gains in cognitive–behavior therapy for treatment-resistant depression: Processes of change.
Abel, A., Hayes, A. M., Henley, W., & Kuyken, W. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000101 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citation
Competitive memory training for treating depression and rumination in depressed older adults: a randomized controlled trial
Ekkers, W., Korrelboom, K., Huijbrechts, I., Smits, N., Cuijpers, P., & van der Gaag, M. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.05.010 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Psychotherapy as A Chaotic Process II. The Application of Nonlinear Analysis Methods on Quasi Time Series of the Client-Therapist Interaction: A Nonstationary Approach
Kowalik, Z. J., Schiepek, G. K., Kumpf, K., Roberts, L. E., & Elbert, T. R. (1997) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503309712331331973 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Major depressive disorder as a nonlinear dynamic system: bimodality in the frequency distribution of depressive symptoms over time
Hosenfeld, B., Bos, E. H., Wardenaar, K. J., Conradi, H. J., van der Maas, H. L. J., Visser, I., & de Jonge, P. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0596-5 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Bringing light into darkness: A multiple baseline mixed methods case series evaluation of Augmented Depression Therapy (ADepT)
Dunn, B. D., Widnall, E., Reed, N., Owens, C., Campbell, J., & Kuyken, W. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103418 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A characteristic destabilization profile in parent-child interactions associated with treatment efficacy for aggressive children.
Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A., Hasselman, F., Cox, R. F. A., Pepler, D. J., & Granic, I. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Development and initial implementation of the Dynamic Assessment Treatment Algorithm (DATA)
Fernandez, K. C., Fisher, A. J., & Chi, C. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178806 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Linguistic analysis of patients with mood and anxiety disorders during cognitive behavioral therapy
Sonnenschein, A. R., Hofmann, S. G., Ziegelmayer, T., & Lutz, W. (2018) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1419505 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Time Dependency of Psychotherapeutic Exchanges: The Contribution of the Theory of Dynamic Systems in Analyzing Process
Salvatore, S., & Tschacher, W. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00253 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Synergetics in Psychology
Haken, H. (1992) · Springer series in synergetics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-77534-5_2 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Psychotherapy as A Chaotic Process I. Coding the Client-Therapist Interaction by Means of Sequential Plan Analysis and the Search for Chaos: A Stationary Approach
Schiepek, G. K., Kowalik, Z. J., Schütz, A., Köhler, M., Richter, K., Strunk, G., Mühlnickel, W., & Elbert, T. R. (1997) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503309712331331953 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Processes of change in cognitive behavioral therapy for treatment-resistant depression: psychological flexibility, rumination, avoidance, and emotional processing
Yasinski, C. W., Hayes, A. M., Ready, C. B., Abel, A., Görg, N., & Kuyken, W. (2019) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2019.1699972 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pattern destabilization and emotional processing in cognitive therapy for personality disorders
Hayes, A. M., & Yasinski, C. W. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00107 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citation
Nomothetic and idiographic symptom change trajectories in acute-phase cognitive therapy for recurrent depression.
Vittengl, J. R., Clark, L. A., Thase, M. E., & Jarrett, R. B. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032879 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Dynamic patterns in psychotherapy--discontinuous changes and critical instabilities during the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder.
Heinzel, S., Tominschek, I., & Schiepek, G. K. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 54 · see citing works
In and out of schizophrenia: Activation and deactivation of the negative and positive schemas
Beck, A. T., Himelstein, R., & Grant, P. M. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.046 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The Potential Role of Learning Capacity in Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Depression: A Systematic Review of the Evidence and Future Directions for Improving Therapeutic Learning
Bruijniks, S. J. E., DeRubeis, R. J., Hollon, S. D., & Huibers, M. J. H. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619830391 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Personality development in psychotherapy: a synergetic model of state-trait dynamics
Schöller, H. J., Viol, K., Aichhorn, W., Hütt, M. ‐., & Schiepek, G. K. (2018) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-018-9488-y · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Instabilities and phase transitions in human brain and behavior
Kelso (2010) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00023 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The cusp catastrophe model as cross-sectional and longitudinal mixture structural equation models.
Chow, S., Witkiewitz, K. A., Grasman, R. P. P. P., & Maisto, S. A. (2015) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0038962 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
How a new behavioral pattern is stabilized with learning determines its persistence and flexibility in memory
Kostrubiec, V., Tallet, J., & Zanone, P. (2005) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-005-0208-6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Process of Psychotherapy
Tschacher, W., & Haken, H. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12748-0 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Overgeneralized Beliefs, Accommodation, and Treatment Outcome in Youth Receiving Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Childhood Trauma
Ready, C. B., Hayes, A. M., Yasinski, C. W., Webb, C. P. M., Gallop, R., Deblinger, E., & Laurenceau, J. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.03.004 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citation
Nonlinear Dynamics: Theoretical Perspectives and Application to Suicidology
Schiepek, G. K., Fartacek, C., Sturm, J., Kralovec, K., Fartacek, R. R., & Plöderl, M. (2011) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.2011.00062.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Relation between cognitive and behavioral strategies and future change in common mental health problems across 18 years.
Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000428 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Dynamic Pattern Formation: A Primer
Kelso, J. A. S., Ding, M., & Schöner, G. (1993) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/2523.003.0006 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Complex individual pathways or standard tracks? A data‐based discussion on the trajectories of change in psychotherapy
Schiepek, G. K., Gelo, O. C. G., Viol, K., Kratzer, L., Orsucci, F. F., de Felice, G., Stöger‐Schmidinger, B., Sammet, I., Aichhorn, W., & Schöller, H. J. (2020) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12300 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Fostering Cognitive-Emotional Processing in the Treatment of Depression: A Preliminary Investigation in Exposure-Based Cognitive Therapy
Holtforth, M. G., Hayes, A. M., Sutter, M., Wilm, K., Schmied, E., Laurenceau, J., & Caspar, F. (2012) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000336813 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citation
Intraindividual variability in symptoms consistently predicts sudden gains: An examination of three independent datasets.
Shalom, J. G., Gilboa‐Schechtman, E., Atzil–Slonim, D., Bar‐Kalifa, E., Hasson‐Ohayon, I., van Oppen, P., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., & Aderka, I. M. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000344 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A randomised controlled trial of memory flexibility training (MemFlex) to enhance memory flexibility and reduce depressive symptomatology in individuals with major depressive disorder
Hitchcock, C., Gormley, S., Rees, C., Rodrigues, E., Gillard, J., Panesar, I., Wright, I. M., Hammond, E. R., Watson, P., Werner‐Seidler, A., et al. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.08.008 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Modeling and estimating the feedback mechanisms among depression, rumination, and stressors in adolescents
Hosseinichimeh, N., Wittenborn, A. K., Rick, J., Jalali, M. S., & Rahmandad, H. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204389 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A Comparison of Methods for Estimating Change in Drinking following Alcohol Treatment
Witkiewitz, K. A., Maisto, S. A., & Donovan, D. M. (2010) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01308.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Detecting long-lived autodependency changes in a multivariate system via change point detection and regime switching models
Cabrieto, J., Adolf, J. K., Tuerlinckx, F., Kuppens, P., & Ceulemans, E. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33819-8 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Latent Trait, Latent-Trait State, and a Network Approach to Mental Problems and Their Mechanisms of Change
Hoffart, A., & Johnson, S. U. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620901744 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Dynamics among borderline personality and anxiety features in psychotherapy outpatients: An exploration of nomothetic and idiographic patterns.
Ellison, W. D., Levy, K. N., Newman, M. G., Pincus, A. L., Wilson, S. J., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (2019) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000363 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Causation and chance: Detection of deterministic and stochastic ingredients in psychotherapy processes
Tschacher, W., & Haken, H. (2019) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2019.1685139 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Defined symptom-change trajectories during acute-phase cognitive therapy for depression predict better longitudinal outcomes
Vittengl, J. R., Clark, L. A., Thase, M. E., & Jarrett, R. B. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.008 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Transitions in Depression (TRANS-ID) Recovery: Study protocol for a repeated intensive longitudinal n = 1 study design to search for personalized early warning signals of critical transitions towards improvement in depressionPreprint
Helmich, M. A., Snippe, E., Kunkels, Y. K., Riese, H., Smit, A. C., & Wichers, M. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/fertq · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Coherence, Complexity, and Information Flow: Self-Organizing Processes in Psychotherapy
Pincus, D. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139058544.012 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mining concepts of health responsibility using text mining and exploratory graph analysis
Kjellström, S., & Golino, H. F. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1080/11038128.2018.1455896 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Building emotional resilience over 14 sessions of emotion focused therapy: Micro-longitudinal analyses of productive emotional patterns
Pascual‐Leone, A., Yeryomenko, N., Sawashima, T., & Warwar, S. H. (2017) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2017.1315779 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Role of Self-Injury in Behavioral Flexibility and Resilience
Pincus, D., Eberle, K., Walder, C. S., Kemp, A. S., Sandman, C. A., & Lenjavi, M. (2013) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e634192013-034 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-Organization in Psychotherapy
Goudsmit, A. L. (1989) · Recent research in psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-48704-0 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A Fast-Slow Dynamical System Model of Addiction: Predicting Relapse Frequency
Duncan, J. P., Aubele-Futch, T., & McGrath, M. (2019) · SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems · doi:10.1137/18m121410x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sudden gains and patterns of symptom change in cognitive–behavioral therapy for treatment-resistant depression.
Andrews, L. A., Hayes, A. M., Abel, A., & Kuyken, W. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000467 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
Why Does Therapy Work? An Idiographic Approach to Explore Mechanisms of Change Over the Course of Psychotherapy Using Digital Assessments
Altman, A. D., Shapiro, L. A. S., & Fisher, A. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00782 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
How to modify psychopathological states? Hypotheses based on complex systems theory
Haken, H., & Tschacher, W. (n.d.) · PubMed · doi:10.7892/boris.108121 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Therapeutic Chaos
Strunk, G., & Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A. (2019) · Journal for Person-Oriented Research · doi:10.17505/jpor.2019.08 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Are changes in children's communication patterns predictive of treatment outcomes for children with anxiety?
Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A., & van Rooij, M. M. J. W. (2019) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2383 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A Nonlinear Dynamic Systems Model of Psychotherapy: First Steps Toward Validation and the Role of External Input.
Schöller, H. J., Viol, K., Goditsch, H., Aichhorn, W., Hütt, M. ‐., & Schiepek, G. K. (2019) · PubMed · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-Organization in Social Groups
Tschacher, W., Brunner, E. J., & Schiepek, G. K. (1992) · Springer series in synergetics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-77534-5_19 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Clinical Psychology at the Crossroads: An Introduction to the Special Issue on Nonlinear Dynamical Systems.
Pincus, D. (2019) · PubMed · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Causation and Chance: Integrating the Dynamical Systems Approach with Statistical Thinking
Tschacher, W., & Haken, H. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12748-0_1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Interventions in Psychotherapy
Tschacher, W., & Haken, H. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12748-0_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

[8]Tschacher W, Schiepek G, Brunner EJ, editors. Self-organization and clinical psychology. 1st ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1992. 366 p. (Springer Series in Synergetics).
[90]Hayes AM, Andrews LA. Early warning signs and the study of transitions in psychotherapy. In: Viol K, Schöller H, editors. Self-organization: a paradigm for the human sciences? New York: Springer Publishing Company. in press.

Sorted by citations

Modeling psychopathology: From data models to formal theories.
Haslbeck, J. M. B., Ryan, O., Robinaugh, D. J., Waldorp, L., & Borsboom, D. (2021) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000303 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
A new science of mental disorders: Using personalised, transdiagnostic, dynamical systems to understand, model, diagnose and treat psychopathology
Roefs, A., Fried, E. I., Kindt, M., Martijn, C., Elzinga, B., Evers, A. W. M., Wiers, R. W., Borsboom, D., & Jansen, A. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104096 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“It is embedded in a wider framework of systems science and network science (e.g., Hayes, 2020; Robinaugh, Hoekstra, Toner, & Borsboom, 2020; Schiepek, 2009, 2020).”
Background
Systems all the way down: embracing complexity in mental health research
Fried, E. I., & Robinaugh, D. J. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01668-w · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Complexity theory of psychopathology.
Olthof, M., Hasselman, F., Oude Maatman, F., Bosman, A. M. T., & Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000740 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Mindfulness Training Changes Brain Dynamics During Depressive Rumination: A Randomized Controlled Trial
van der Velden, A. M., Scholl, J., Elmholdt, E.-M., Fjorback, L. O., Harmer, C. J., Lazar, S. W., O’Toole, M. S., Smallwood, J., Roepstorff, A., & Kuyken, W. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.06.038 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Early warning signals and critical transitions in psychopathology: challenges and recommendations
Helmich, M. A., Olthof, M., Oldehinkel, A. J., Wichers, M., Bringmann, L. F., & Smit, A. C. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.02.008 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
A cultural-ecosocial systems view for psychiatry
Gómez-Carrillo, A., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1031390 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“In clinical settings, nonlinear dynamics are commonly observed and putative explanations in terms of loops could be tested by interventions that target specific parameters (188, 189).”
Background
Anticipating manic and depressive transitions in patients with bipolar disorder using early warning signals
Bos, F. M., Schreuder, M. J., George, S. V., Doornbos, B., Bruggeman, R., van der Krieke, L., Haarman, B. C. M., Wichers, M., & Snippe, E. (2022) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-022-00258-4 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“2016; Hayes and Andrews 2020).”
Measuring the active elements of cognitive-behavioral therapies
Cohen, Z. D., Barnes-Horowitz, N. M., Forbes, C. N., & Craske, M. G. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104364 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Pattern breaking: a complex systems approach to psychedelic medicine
Hipólito, I., Mago, J., Rosas, F. E., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2023) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niad017 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“…described ‘thin-skinned’ or ‘open-hearted’ quality of individuals in the aftermath of a psychedelic experience, where interpersonal support and a grounded psychosocial matrix (Eisner 1997) may be vital for a positive therapeutic trajectory [see Hayes and Andrews (2020) for relevant material].”
Complexity in psychological self-ratings: implications for research and practice
Olthof, M., Hasselman, F., & Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01727-2 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Our primary aim is to illustrate how the clinical implications of a complex systems approach, as we and others have proposed elsewhere [1, 2, 90, 91], relate to the three characteristics that we examined.”
Background
Networks of Adversity in Childhood and Adolescence and Their Relationship to Adult Mental Health
Pollmann, A., Fritz, J., Barker, E. D., & Fuhrmann, D. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00976-4 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Using this approach in psychopathology, instead of analysing individual parts of a mental health disorder (e.g., a specific symptom), we can look at different aspects of a disorder interacting and changing over time (Hayes & Andrews, 2020).”
Method
Building an early warning system for depression: Rationale, objectives, and methods of the WARN-D study
Fried, E. I., Rieble, C., & Rieble, C. (2023) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.10075 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“In clinical psychology and psychiatry, recent studies have demonstrated the potential utility of a systems approach for understanding mental health problems like depression (Hayes & Andrews, 2020; Lutz et al., 2018; Olthof et al., 2023; Robinaugh et al., 2020; Wichers, 2014).”
Background
Implications of the Network Theory for the Treatment of Mental Disorders
Schumacher, L., Klein, J. P., Elsaeßer, M., Härter, M. C., Hautzinger, M., Schramm, E., & Kriston, L. (2023) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.2823 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Slow down and be critical before using early warning signals in psychopathology
Helmich, M. A., Schreuder, M. J., Bringmann, L. F., Riese, H., Snippe, E., & Smit, A. C. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00369-y · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Clinically, a method such as EWS (which promises to facilitate personalized early detection of destabilization) could be extremely valuable for timely intervention in relapse prevention, or for reinforcement when the patient is most receptive in the context of therapy 10,36–40 .”
Detecting Impending Symptom Transitions Using Early-Warning Signals in Individuals Receiving Treatment for Depression
Helmich, M. A., Smit, A. C., Bringmann, L. F., Schreuder, M. J., Oldehinkel, A. J., Wichers, M., & Snippe, E. (2022) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221137006 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…for those individuals, the process of depressive remission showed the nonlinearity one would expect from a dynamic system, particularly in the context of therapy (Hayes & Andrews, 2020; Hayes & Strauss, 1998; Heinzel et al., 2014; Schiepek, 2009; Shapiro, 2015; Strunk & Lichtwarck-Aschoff, 2019).”
Background
Modes: Cohesive personality states and their interrelationships as organizing concepts in psychopathology.
Lazarus, G., & Rafaeli, E. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000699 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The best of both worlds? General principles of psychopathology in personalized assessment.
Olthof, M., Hasselman, F., Aas, B., Lamoth, D., Scholz, S., Daniels-Wredenhagen, N., Goldbeck, F., Weinans, E., Strunk, G., Schiepek, G. K., et al. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000858 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The bumpy road of trauma‐focused treatment: Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom exacerbation in people with psychosis
Burger, S. R., Hardy, A., van der Linden, T., van Zelst, C., de Bont, P. A. J. M., van der Vleugel, B. M., Staring, A. B. P., de Roos, C., de Jongh, A., Marcelis, M. C., et al. (2023) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22907 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Therapeutic Potential of Embodied Cognition for Clinical Psychotherapies: From Theory to Practice
Fugate, J. M. B., Macrine, S. L., & Hernandez-Cuevas, E. M. (2024) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-024-10468-y · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Recognizing the intertwined nature of body, mind, and social environment enhances the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions, allowing for a deeper understanding of human change processes (Hayes & Andrews, 2020).”
Transdiagnostic symptom dynamics during psychotherapy
O'Driscoll, C., Epskamp, S., Fried, E. I., Saunders, R., Cardoso, A., Stott, J., Wheatley, J., Cirkovic, M., Naqvi, S. A., Buckman, J., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14901-8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Examining emotional processing theory and predictors of outcome in prolonged exposure for PTSD
Alpert, E., Hayes, A. M., & Foa, E. B. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104341 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Major Problems in Clinical Psychological Science and How to Address them. Introducing a Multimodal Dynamical Network Approach
Westhoff, M., Berg, M., Reif, A., Rief, W., & Hofmann, S. G. (2024) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-024-10487-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Both assumptions are violated in psychological testing (Gomes et al., 2019) and in treatment research most of the time (Hayes et al., 2020).”
Influential
The Kere of Madagascar: a qualitative exploration of community experiences and perspectives
Ralaingita, M. I., Ennis, G., Russell‐Smith, J., Sangha, K. K., & Razanakoto, T. (2022) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-12975-270142 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Preventive mental health care: A complex systems framework for ambient smart environments
White, B. P., & Hipólito, I. (2023) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2023.101199 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Individual-Specific Animated Profiles of Mental Health
Zilcha‐Mano, S. (2024) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231226308 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…whereas changes in the dynamic patterns can be understood as destabilizing the pathological attractor and developing new, more healthy patterns of functioning, switching from a pathological to a healthier attractor, or making minor adjustments to maladaptive patterns (Hayes & Andrews, 2020).”
Influential
On the transience or stability of subthreshold psychopathology
Schreuder, M. J., Wigman, J. T. W., Groen, R. N., Wichers, M., & Hartman, C. A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02711-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Dynamical systems in computational psychiatry: A toy-model to apprehend the dynamics of psychiatric symptoms
Gauld, C., & Depannemaecker, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1099257 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The warning signals leading to this attracting state can thus be detected upstream (Hayes and Andrews, 2020).”
Background
The need for systems thinking to advance Alzheimer's disease research
Uleman, J. F., Quax, R., Melis, R. J. F., Hoekstra, A. G., & Rikkert, M. G. M. O. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115741 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Consequently, an increasing number of researchers recommend conceptualizing such disorders (Cramer et al., 2016; Hayes and Andrews, 2020; Kenzie et al., 2017; van der Wal et al., 2021), including LOAD (Cohen et al., 2022; Pomorska and Ockene, 2017; Rollo et al., 2016; Tang et al., 2019) as emergent…”
Background
Anxiety in the adult population from the onset to termination of social distancing protocols during the COVID-19: a 20-month longitudinal study
Hoffart, A., Bauer, D. J., Johnson, S. U., & Ebrahimi, O. V. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22686-z · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Understanding the Risk of Sexual Reoffending in Adult Men: A Network-Based Model
van den Berg, J. W., van Beek, D. J., Bouman, Y. H. A., Janssen, E., Smid, W., & Gijs, L. A. C. L. (2023) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/10790632231153633 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“From the NBM-RSR, both the relative stability of and changes in risk of sexual reoffending can be understood from self-sustaining networks of dynamic risk factors and their critical transitions (Hayes & Andrews, 2020; Kossakowski, 2020).”
Background
An Introduction to Change in Psychotherapy: Moderators, Course of Change, and Change Mechanisms
Antichi, L., & Giannini, M. (2023) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-023-09590-x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Detecting impending symptom transitions using early warning signals in individuals receiving treatment for depressionPreprint
Helmich, M. A., Smit, A. C., Bringmann, L. F., Schreuder, M. J., Oldehinkel, A. J., Wichers, M., & Snippe, E. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vf86s · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Pattern Breaking: A Complex Systems Approach to Psychedelic MedicinePreprint
Hipólito, I., Mago, J., Rosas, F. E., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ydu3h · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A complex systems view on physical activity with actionable insights for behaviour change
Schüler, J., Heino, M. T. J., Balagué, N., Chater, A., Grüber, M., Kanning, M. K., Keim, D. A., Mier, D. U., Moreno‐Villanueva, M., Nußbeck, F. W., et al. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02279-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The illustration is reminiscent of similar representations of attractor landscapes 48 , such as those used in psychotherapy research 30 . d , In all panels, the progression from left to right represents the second layer of complexity: the temporal dynamics inherent in the interactions between…”
Problem-sustaining patterns: redesigning the concept of mental disorder
Voerman, S. A., Strijbos, D., Staring, A. B. P., de Boer, F. E., van Dijk, M. B., Driessen, J., Glas, G. G., Goekoop, R., Mulder, A., Tromp, N., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1382915 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Mental healthcare may thus be viewed as a form of assisted equilibrium-shifting or phase transition (40, 68), where the goal is often not merely to disrupt the problem-sustaining equilibrium, but also to establish and strengthen a new equilibrium that facilitates the client ’ s values and plans.”
Using Client Narratives to Identify Predictors of Outcome in Written Exposure Therapy and Cognitive Processing Therapy
Alpert, E., Hayes, A. M., Barnes, J. B., & Sloan, D. M. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.09.002 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
Building an early warning system for depression: rationale, objectives, and methods of the WARN-D studyPreprint
Fried, E. I., Rieble, C., & Proppert, R. K. K. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9qcvs · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cross-Lagged Panel Models for Studying Psychopathology: A Comparative Overview of Structural Equation and Panel Network ApproachesPreprint
Freichel, R., Veer, I. M., Wiers, R. W. H. J., McNally, R. J., & Epskamp, S. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/b94qt · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Quantifying the stability landscapes of psychological networks
Cui, J., Lunansky, G., Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A., Mendoza, N. B., & Hasselman, F. (2026) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-025-02917-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…stability landscape metaphor has been frequently used in the literature of psychopathology, especially from the complex systems approach (Scheffer et al., 2018; van Bork et al., 2024; Hayes & Andrews, 2020; Olthof et al., 2023b), it has not been fully computed from estimated psychological networks.”
The inner workings of anger: A network analysis of anger and emotion regulation
Larsson, J., Bjureberg, J., Zhao, X., & Hesser, H. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23622 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“In each cluster, every anger node reinforces the other nodes within that cluster, a phenomenon akin to “ pathological attractor states ” as outlined by Hayes and Andrews (2020).”
Nature heals: An informational entropy account of self-organization and change in field psychotherapy
Sarasso, P., Tschacher, W., Schoeller, F., Francesetti, G., Roubal, J., Gecele, M., Sacco, K., & Ronga, I. (2024) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2024.09.005 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The therapeutic dyad or group self-organizes and reorganizes into more and less stable relational patterns [6 – 14] and destabilizes and transits into novel patterns [15].”
Tele-drama therapy for community dwelling older adults with constricted life-space mobility: a randomized controlled trial
Elkarif, T., Orkibi, H., & Keisari, S. (2024) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2024.2427581 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Change process research examines how or why psychotherapy leads to change (Hayes & Andrews, 2020).”
Depressive Symptoms and Their Mechanisms: An Investigation of Long-Term Patterns of Interaction Through a Panel-Network Approach
Hoffart, A., Skjerdingstad, N., Freichel, R., Mansueto, A. C., Johnson, S. U., Epskamp, S., & Ebrahimi, O. V. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026231208172 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Daily dynamics of negative affect: indicators of rate of response to treatment and remission from depression?
Helmich, M. A., Wichers, M., Peeters, F. P. M. L., & Snippe, E. (2022) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2022.2129593 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ambient smart environments: affordances, allostasis, and wellbeing
White, B., & Miller, M. (2024) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-024-04679-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…relating it to work in psychiatry and complex systems theory that casts the primary role of therapeutic intervention as disrupting so-called ‘stuck states’, wherein a cognitive system becomes rigidly trapped within a particular attractor state (Hayes & Andrews, 2020 ; Olthof et al., 2020).”
Modeling the onset of a depressive episode: A self-regulation perspective
Strauman, T. J. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.04.003 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dynamic Associations Among Sleep, Emotion Dysregulation, and Desire to Live in a Perinatal Sample
Kaliush, P. R., Butner, J., Williams, P., Conradt, E. D., & Crowell, S. E. (2024) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001297 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Predictors of change are meaningfully distinct from variables that correlate with or simply predict each other because they help to illuminate temporal patterns and potentially more impactful treatment targets (10,64,65).”
Background
Improving treatments for mental disorders using computational models
Ryan, O., Haslbeck, J. M. B., & Robinaugh, D. J. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104706 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Evaluating the impact of motivational interviewing on engagement and outcomes in a web-based self-help intervention for gambling disorder: A randomised controlled trial
Brazeau, B. W., Cunningham, J. A., & Hodgins, D. C. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2023.100707 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Complexity science can inform the field in terms of more sophisticated theories and analytic methods to discover how people change and how that can be facilitated (Hayes and Andrews, 2020; Hayes et al., 2022; Heino et al., 2022; Hofmann et al., 2020; Olthof et al., 2020).”
Background
Within-patient association between emotion regulation and outcome in prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder.
Coyne, A. E., Mattson, E. K., Bagley, J. M., Klein, A. B., Shekhtman, K., Payat, S., Levine, D. S., Feeny, N. C., & Zoellner, L. A. (2023) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000837 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Resurrecting Gaia: harnessing the Free Energy Principle to preserve life as we know it
Montgomery, C., & Hipólito, I. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1206963 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“thinking, so that the Earth and its inhabitants can be encountered as the highly complex adaptive systems they are (Varela et al., 1991; Margulis and Sagan, 1995; Capra, 1997; Duncan, 2018; Fried and Robinaugh, 2020; Hayes and Andrews, 2020).”
Background
A Dynamic Autocatalytic Network Model of Therapeutic Change
Ganesh, K., & Gabora, L. M. (2022) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e24040547 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Traditional methods for studying psychotherapeutic change have limitations [54] that the complex systems approach is well positioned to overcome [85–88], by enabling psychotherapy to be modeled and understood more precisely, using tools that embed it in a larger framework that includes other systems and disciplines.”
Background
Transitions and resilience in ecological momentary assessment: A multiple single-case study
Olthof, M., Bunge, A., Maciejewski, D. F., Hasselman, F., & Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A. (2024) · Journal for Person-Oriented Research · doi:10.17505/jpor.2024.27102 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Such pattern transitions have been extensively studied with EMA in psychotherapy and psychopathology research (Hayes & Andrews, 2020).”
Shifting boundaries, extended minds: ambient technology and extended allostatic control
White, B. P., Clark, A., GUÉNIN--CARLUT, A., Constant, A., & Paolo, L. D. D. (2025) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-025-04924-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Methodological challenges and opportunities when studying the course of autism
Bal, V. H., Szatmári, P., Georgiades, S., Gentles, S. J., Girault, J. B., Howlin, P., Lai, M., Leno, V. C., Lord, C., Madgett, K., et al. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251341012 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…data analysis allow for sophisticated approaches to estimating change over time (e.g. Mund & Nestler, 2019), encompassing multiple outcome domains (e.g. Hayes & Andrews, 2020) and assessing the impact of many prognostic variables simultaneously via formalized theories (Haslbeck et al., 2022).”
Dynamic changes in network structure of depressive symptoms: a two-year naturalistic follow-up study
Shen, G., Yang, X., Zou, Y., Zheng, Y., Fang, J., Huang, J., Tang, J., Wu, S., & Chen, L. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07124-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A Network Analysis of Fear-Avoidance Beliefs, Mood, and Disability in Chronic Pain
van der Wijk, G., Huygelier, H., Haslbeck, J. M. B., Evers, A. W. M., Peters, M. L., Teppers, M., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2025) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000001322 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation Flexibility and Electronic Patient-Reported Outcomes: A Framework for Understanding Symptoms and Affect Dynamics in Pediatric Psycho-Oncology
Mirzaie, K., Burns-Gebhart, A., Meyerheim, M., Sander, A., & Graf, N. M. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14163874 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The network dynamics of self‐compassion components and psychological symptoms during an intervention
Huang, J., Chen, S., Yang, W., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12488 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Initial evaluation of a personalized advantage index to determine which individuals may benefit from mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for suicide prevention
Myers, C. E., Dave, C. V., Chesin, M. S., Marx, B. P., Hill, L. M. S., Reddy, V., Miller, R. B., King, A. R., & Interian, A. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104637 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
MT Evaluation in the Context of Language Complexity
Munková, D., Munk, M., Benko, Ľ., & Stastny, J. (2021) · Complexity · doi:10.1155/2021/2806108 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Complex systems have shifted from reductionist analyses of component parts (agents) and simple linear change to the study of interconnected elements ([24], p.”
Background
Physical Exercise Transforms the Topography and Increases the Invulnerability of the Symptom Network of Depression–Anxiety in the Elderly
Zhang, W., Zhang, K., Yang, M.-B., & Si, S. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2971 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
"Can I have my friend attending with me?": Design Implications for Using Virtual Supporters in Remote Psychotherapy
Cao, J., Pai, Y. S., Li, C., Hoermann, S., & Billinghurst, M. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3720086 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Giventhe dynamic nature of psychological therapy[11], co-design sessions with therapists during the development phase are important for implementing effective programmatic controls in virtual supporters.”
Do I Like Me Now? An Analysis of Everyday Sudden Gains and Sudden Losses in Self-Esteem and Nervousness
Eckes, T., & Nestler, S. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026231165677 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Dynamic systems emerge when elements that behave in a self-organizing and nonlinear fashion interact in a way that creates system-specific patterns (DeRuiter et al., 2017; Gelo & Salvatore, 2016; Hayes & Andrews, 2020).”
Background
A complex systems perspective on chronic aggression and self-injury: case study of a woman with mild intellectual disability and borderline personality disorder
Hulsmans, D. H. G., Otten, R., Poelen, E. A. P., van Vonderen, A., Daalmans, S., Hasselman, F., Olthof, M., & Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05836-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Figure 1A shows instability-induced change, in which an existing attractor destabilizes to the extent that there is no valley left to contain the ball, making the ball roll towards a new valley [11, 12, 32].”
Background
Trajectories of parent criticism across treatment for youth self‐harm
Aitken, M., Perquier, F., Park, B., Carvalho, D., Wright-Hughes, A. M., Cottrell, D. J., & Szatmári, P. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14144 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Participating in therapy may change established parent – youth interaction patterns, creating opportunities for therapy effects (Hayes & Andrews, 2020).”
Return of negative interpretation bias after positive interpretation training as a dynamic predictor of treatment outcome in fear of public speaking
Bouwman, V., Mobach, L., Teachman, B. A., & Salemink, E. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104685 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Narrative Identity Perspective on Mechanisms of Change in Imagery Rescripting
Çili, S., & Stopa, L. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.636071 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Understanding women’s help-seeking for problematic and unhealthy alcohol use through the lens of complexity theory
Cane, T. P. C., Newton, P. D., & Foster, J. (2022) · Advances in Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1108/add-12-2021-0019 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Prediction of depression onset and development based on network analysis
Weixia, Z., Min, X., Tiantian, Y., Cheng, W., & Shubin, S. (2023) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2023.02129 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Examining the research methods of early warning signals in clinical psychology through a theoretical lens
Cui, J., Olthof, M., Hasselman, F., & Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06688-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The destabilization of the unhealthy phase, which corresponds to the loosening of undesirable cognitive, affective, or behavioral patterns [12], then functions as a mechanism for the sudden gain toward a healthier phase.”
Influential
Integrating dynamical systems theory and phenomenology to enhance early identification and treatment of psychotic disorders
Feyaerts, J., Brar, P. S., Sass, L. A., & Nelson, B. (2025) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(25)00244-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Psychotherapy Process Dynamics and Their Relation to Treatment Success Do Not Differ Across Diagnoses
Seizer, L., Kratzer, L., Löchner, J., Schöller, H. J., Aichhorn, W., & Schiepek, G. K. (2026) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70222 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This pattern resonates with dynamic systems perspectives that conceptualize improvement as the emergence of new attractor states after periods of instability (Hayes and Andrews 2020; G. Schiepek et al. 2020).”
Embracing Complexity in Clinical Practice: Operationalizing a Systems-Based Perspective in Mental-Health Diagnostics
Driessen, J., Goekoop, R., Voerman, S. A., Mulder, A., Verhaar, M., Bos, J. H., Glas, G. G., & van den Berg, D. P. G. (2026) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026251414040 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Clinical Evidence, Triangulation of Perspectives, and Contextualization. Part 2: Ending an Endless Process
Bernardi, R., & Eidlin, M. (2025) · The Psychoanalytic Quarterly · doi:10.1080/00332828.2025.2518927 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Symptom-specific improvement across therapies and their putative mediators: A mediation network intervention analysis
Echterhoff, J., Kriston, L., Klein, J. P., Härter, M. C., Schramm, E., & Schumacher, L. (2024) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2024.2320349 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“A first step in understanding potential mechanisms of change is to investigate whether the treatment had effects on the postulated mediators of a treatment and whether these postulated mediators impacted, in turn, relevant symptoms (Hayes & Andrews, 2020).”
Anticipating manic and depressive transitions in patients with bipolar disorder using early warning signalsPreprint
Bos, F. M., Schreuder, M. J., George, S. V., Doornbos, B., Bruggeman, R., van der Krieke, L., Haarman, B. C. M., Wichers, M., & Snippe, E. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/v5b7t · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A unified pathogenic hypothesis for mental disorders based on schismogenesis
Garcı́a-Toro, M., & Gómez-Juanes, R. (2025) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2025.105431 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Heuristic recommendations to advance knowledge about personalizing PTSD treatment via practice-based research.
Darnell, B. C., Benfer, N., & Litz, B. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102671 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Prognostic Theory of Treatment Response for Major Depressive Disorder: A Dynamic Systems Framework for Forecasting Clinical Trajectories
Ngabo-Woods, H., Dunai, L., & Verdú, I. S. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app152312524 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Future of the Biopsychosocial Model: Toward a Transdisciplinary Systems Science of Mental Health
Robinaugh, D. J., Blanken, T. F., Bridger, E. K., Casamento‐Moran, A., de Ron, J., Henry, T. R., Hoekstra, R. H. A., Stratis, G., van de Leemput, I. A., van Nes, E. H., et al. (2026) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026261435464 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…the notion that mental disorders emerge from complex systems of interacting components has seen a resurgence of interest (e.g., Borsboom, 2017; Hayes & Andrews, 2020; Nelson et al., 2017; Olthof et al., 2023; Schiepek & Pincus, 2023), and researchers collaborating across ecology, psychiatry,…”
A Multimodal Framework for Prognostic Modelling of Mental Health Treatment and Recovery Trajectories
Ngabo-Woods, H., Dunai, L., Verdú, I. S., & Sui, L. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16020763 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Associations of prior treatment, waiting time, symptom severity, and session frequency with symptom change in CBT for depression and anxiety in primary care
Mikkonen, K., Lintula, S. J., Rosenström, T. H., Lahti, J. M. T., Helminen, E.-E., Saarni, S. I., & Saarni, S. E. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121225 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A topological data analysis method for revealing dynamic changes in psychotherapy microprocesses
Luo, X., & Zhang, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1711782 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Such saddle-driven dynamics are rarely examined in psychotherapy literature [see recent reviews by Hayes and Andrews (2020), and Klocek et al. (2024)], while continue to gain attention in other domains such as neuroscience (Kelso, 2012; Tognoli and Kelso, 2014; Hancock et al., 2025).”
Fusion of Momentary Moods in Major Depression with Fuzzy Recurrence Analysis and Tensor Decomposition
Pham, T. D. (2021) · International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies (ICECET) · doi:10.1109/icecet52533.2021.9698467 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Based on this hypothesis, the theory of chaos and methods for nonlinear data analysis of complex systems have been applied for studying mood disorders and psychotherapy [5], [6].”
Background
The subject-environment interplay between runners from different Brazilian macro-regions
Thuany, M., Bandeira, P. F. R., Vieira, D. A., Weiss, K., Knechtle, B., & Gomes, T. N. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1134797 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“, 2022), psychology (Medin, 2017; Hayes and Andrews, 2020), and sports science”
Background
Exploring behaviour-intention gaps to explain low retention in a community-based video-conferencing intervention for depression: lessons for researchers using technology as interventions
Booth, N., McConnell, T., Tully, M. A., Hamill, R., & Best, P. (2024) · Mental Health and Digital Technologies · doi:10.1108/mhdt-11-2023-0002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The effect of an online acceptance and commitment intervention on the meaning-making process in cancer patients following hematopoietic cell transplantation: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial enhanced with single-case experimental design
Kroemeke, A., Dudek, J. E., Kijowska, M., Owen, R., & Sobczyk‐Kruszelnicka, M. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08235-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The latter assumes that an intervention transforms the connectivity of the networks of intervention goals, the outcome of the intervention, and the connections between the two networks [35, 36].”
Background
Comparing two major approaches to unifying psychology: Different goals, different outcomes
Young, G. C. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06838-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In terms of the research program required to test the cur - rent model, the article gives one example related to sys - tems theory, following Gelo and Salvatore ( 2016), Hayes and Andrews ( 2020), Hofmann et al. (2020 ), and Schiepek and Pincus (2023 ).”
The Evolution of Parenting: Styles or Principles?
Friggieri, J., & Ellul, D. B. (2025) · Education and human development · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1008384 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Systemische (Psychotherapie-)Forschung
Ochs, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-64728-8_7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Preventive Mental Health Care: A Complex Systems Framework for Ambient Smart EnvironmentsPreprint
White, B. P., & Hipólito, I. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/etsu4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mind as “E”nteraction: Towards the Complexity HypothesisPreprint
Hipólito, I., van Geert, P. L. C., & Pessoa, L. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2dtp6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Understanding Types of Transitions in Clinical Change: An Introduction from the Complex Dynamic Systems PerspectivePreprint
Cui, J., Hasselman, F., Olthof, M., & Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/b68wh · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fuzzy Cognitive Maps
Farahani, H., Blagojević, M., Azadfallah, P., Watson, P., Esrafilian, F., & Saljoughi, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31172-7_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
‘ Why do they not want to play with me? ’: a multimodal critical discourse analysis of the construction of colourism in cartoon films
Otaif, F. A., & Asiri, A. (2025) · Multimodal Communication · doi:10.1515/mc-2024-0080 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Psychodynamic psychotherapists’ perceptions of change: A phenomenological analysis
Antichi, L., Biondi, B., Giannini, M., & Grotto, R. L. (2025) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2025.2535564 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Research suggests that change often happens nonli-nearly, through sudden shifts or early rapid gains (Hayes et al., 2005; Hayes & Andrews, 2020; Tang & DeRubeis, 1999), which challenges models that assume steady progression.”
Pacing in New York City Marathon: a tracking approach
Thuany, M., Weiss, K., Villiger, E., Scheer, V., Gomes, T. N., Čuk, I., Andrade, M. S., Nikolaidis, P. Τ., Rosemann, T. J., & Knechtle, B. (2025) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-025-01549-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Stability, change, and predictability are important facets of tracking, having been primordially studied in the context of motor behavior [20] and physical activity [19, 21].”
Early warning signals for regime shifts in gene transcription regulatory systems: Relaxation time within the perspective of stochastic resonance
Cheng, F., Ma, Z., & Zeng, C. (2025) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2025.131170 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Early warning signs in complex systems: the study of transitions in psychotherapy
Hayes, A. M., & Andrews, L. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-29906-4_8
Self-citation
A dynamic systems approach to psychotherapy: A meta-theoretical framework for explaining psychotherapy change processes.
Gelo, O. C. G., & Salvatore, S. (2016) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000150 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Applying dynamic systems theory and complexity theory methods in psychotherapy research: A systematic literature review
Klocek, A., Premus, J., & Řiháček, T. (2023) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2023.2252169 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Change is not always linear: The study of nonlinear and discontinuous patterns of change in psychotherapy
Hayes, A. M., Laurenceau, J., Feldman, G. C., Strauss, J. L., & Cardaciotto, L. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.008 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Self-citation
Applying Dynamic Systems Theory and Complexity Theory Methods in Psychotherapy: a Systematic Literature ReviewPreprint
Klocek, A., Premus, J., & Řiháček, T. (2023) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)

Authors: Hayes, A. M., & Andrews, L. A.
Affiliations: University of Delaware (US)
Corresponding author: Hayes, Adele M.
ORCID: Hayes, Adele M.
Andrews, Leigh A.
Venue: BMC Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2020-07-14
Volume: 18
Issue: 1
Pages: 197-197
ISSN: 1741-7015 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01662-2
PMC: PMC7359463
OpenAlex: W3042416448
Cited by: 149
References: 128
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 2
FWCI: 6.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: BMC Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (R21-MH062662, R01-MH086558)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Chaos, Complexity, and Education
Keywords: psychotherapeutic change, complex systems, dynamical systems theory, synergetics, network theory, critical slowing down, critical fluctuations, early warning indicators, system transition, nonlinear dynamics, psychopathology, ambulatory assessment, digital assessment
MeSH terms: Delivery of Health Care, Feedback, Humans, Psychotherapy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A complex systems approach to the study of change in psychotherapy

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks