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When learning is just a click away: Does simple user interaction foster deeper understanding of multimedia messages?
Abstract
In 2 experiments, students received 2 presentations of a narrated animation that explained how lightning forms followed by retention and transfer tests. In Experiment 1, learners who were allowed to exercise control over the pace of the narrated animation before a second presentation of the same material at normal speed (part-whole presentation) performed better on transfer but not retention tests compared with learners who received the same 2 presentations in the reverse order (whole-part presentation). In Experiment 2, learners who were allowed to exercise control over the pace of the narrated animation across 2 presentations (part-part presentation) performed better on transfer but not retention tests compared with learners who received the same 2 presentations at normal speed without any learner control (whole-whole presentation). These results are consistent with cognitive load theory and a 2-stage theory of mental model construction.
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“The self-pacing effect was reported by Mayer and Chandler (2001), who found that it was beneficial to give learners control over the pace of an instructional animation, probably because it helps them deal with the transient nature of this information.”
From Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design: 20 Years Later (2019) · cites this paper as Mayer and Chandler (2001)
In the citing paper
“Experiment 2 employed a learning material on lightning formation that has been widely used in prior studies in educational psychology (e.g., Mayer and Chandler, 2001; Mayer et al., 2003; Bender et al., 2021).”
From Testing the testing effect on prolific: when retrieval practice fails to boost learning (2026) · cites this paper as Mayer and Chandler, 2001
In the citing paper
“Prior to viewing the video, participants completed a questionnaire assessing prior meteorological knowledge, consisting of eight items rated on an 11-point scale. This questionnaire was designed and used (among others) by Mayer and Chandler (2001) to retrospectively exclude participants scoring higher than six.”
From Testing the testing effect on prolific: when retrieval practice fails to boost learning (2026) · cites this paper as Mayer and Chandler, 2001
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the instructional materials used were derived from well-established materials (e.g., Mayer and Chandler, 2001; Pan et al., 2023), and the outcome measures targeted both factual recall and application, which are domains where testing effects typically emerge (Yang et al., 2021).”
From Testing the testing effect on prolific: when retrieval practice fails to boost learning (2026) · cites this paper as Mayer and Chandler, 2001
In the citing paper
“Following the original procedure (Mayer and Chandler, 2001), participants who scored above six were excluded from the study.”
From Testing the testing effect on prolific: when retrieval practice fails to boost learning (2026) · cites this paper as Mayer and Chandler, 2001
In the citing paper
“Evidence for this suggestion comes from multimedia studies reporting a positive effect of learner controlled pacing when the instructional material was segmented (Mayer and Chandler 2001, Experiment 2;Mayer et al. 2003, Experiment 2a and 2b).”
From Interactivity in Video-based Models (2007) · cites this paper as Mayer and Chandler 2001
In the citing paper
“The combination of pacing and segmentation already has shown the promise of such an approach (Mayer and Chandler 2001;Mayer et al. 2003).”
From Interactivity in Video-based Models (2007) · cites this paper as Mayer and Chandler 2001
Citations
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BackgroundVideo segmentation as an example for elaborating design patterns through empirical studies
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BackgroundSudatha, I. G. W., & Simamora, A. H. (2021) · Journal of Educational Science and Technology (EST) · doi:10.26858/est.v7i1.17681 · Cited by 3
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BackgroundDynamic Automated Graphics and Dynamic Interactive Graphics: Tools for Training on Tablet Devices
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Bernal, E., & María, A. (2014) · ProQuest LLC eBooks · Cited by 1
Virtual Manipulation: An On-Screen Interactive Visual Design for Science Learning
Saha, S., & Halder, S. (2016) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2752-6_29 · Cited by 1
SmartFiles – ICT Innovation in Complex Criminal Investigations
Hughes, D. T. (2015) · International Journal of Innovative Computing · doi:10.11113/ijic.v5n1.111 · Cited by 1
“Mayer and Chandler [28] conducted experiments into user interaction and its effect on levels of understanding of multimedia communications and found that where learners were enabled to exercise control over the pace of a presentation they performed better on transfer of information tests.”
Serge, S. R. (2014) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 1
Pisupati, S. V., Mahen, W., Deluca, M., & Gutowski, M. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--997 · Cited by 1
“All videos and animations included learner controls to pause or reset the animations, which helped to improve learning outcomes (Mayer & Chandler, 2001).”
BackgroundNiegemann, H. M. (2019) · Springer Reference Psychologie · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-54373-3_7-1 · Cited by 15
Designing Multimedia for Improved Student Engagement and Learning
Singh, K. (2022) · Advances in mobile and distance learning book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9706-4.ch001 · Cited by 1
Yang, H.-Y. (2022) · International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction · doi:10.4018/ijthi.299074 · Cited by 1
“…towards the whole structure can help minimize learners’ extraneous cognitive load (e.g., Boucheix et al., 2013), because there is less cognitive load when processing smaller segments compared to processing a complete structure (Mayer & Chandler, 2001; Van Merriënboer, Kirschner, & Kester, 2003).”
BackgroundLearner-Generated Visualizations and Their Evaluation: A Generative Learning Perspective
Cerreto, F. A., & Lee, J. (2022) · doi:10.52917/ivlatbsr.2022.015 · Cited by 1
Brownfield Action: A Civic-Oriented, Web-Based, Active Learning Simulation
Bower, P., & Rodriguez, S. (2023) · Environmental discourses in science education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13536-1_14 · Cited by 1
Flipped Book Based E-Module Interactive to Develop Meat Processing Technology Learning Media
Cakrawati, D., Fitri, D. , & Rahayu, D. L. (2023) · Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Teknik dan Kejuruan · doi:10.20961/jiptek.v17i1.74969 · Cited by 1
Teacher Motivation and the Use of Computer- based Interactive Multimedia
Toth, K. T. (2002) · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Mayer, R. E., & Chandler, P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Educational Psychology
- Published
- 2001-06
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 390-397
- ISSN
- 0022-0663 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2176
- OpenAlex
- W2014654802
- Semantic Scholar
- f18d9606e2bb6032447500f651f6b929d14c0a34
- Cited by
- 762
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 14.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Educational Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
- Keywords
- multimedia learning, learner control, retention, transfer, cognitive load theory, mental model construction, two-stage model, lightning formation
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