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Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people
Abstract
Three studies are reported that examine the relations between personality and happiness or subjective well-being. It is argued that (a) one set of traits influences positive affect or satisfaction, whereas a different set of traits influences negative affect or dissatisfaction; (b) the former set of traits can be reviewed as components of extraversion, and the latter as components of neuroticism; and (c) personality differences antedate and predict differences in happiness over a period of 10 years, thus ruling out the rival hypothesis that temporary moods or states account for the observed relations. A model of individual differences in happiness is presented, and the separate and complementary roles of trait and adaptation-level theories in explaining happiness are discussed.
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“Consistent with previous studies of personality and affective reactivity (Costa & McCrae, 1980; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991), Neuroticism correlated positively with usage of several different negative emotion word categories, including Anxiety/Fear, Sadness, Anger, and total Negative Emotions (Table 1; Figure S1).”
From Personality in 100,000 Words: A large-scale analysis of personality and word use among bloggers (2010) · cites this paper as Costa & McCrae, 1980
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“Of the Big 5 personality traits (see John and Srivastava 1999), Extraversion and Neuroticism are most strongly associated with emotion, with Extraversion consistently corresponding to the experience of positive affect, and Neuroticism to negative affect (Canli et al. 2002; Costa and McCrae 1980; Zelenski and Larsen 19…”
BackgroundThe relative contributions of extraversion, neuroticism, and personal strivings to happiness
Spangler, W. D., & Palrecha, R. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.12.002 · Cited by 28
“Previous research has found that extraversion is positively related to positive well-being and negatively related to indices of negative subjective well-being; neuroticism is positively related to negative well-being and negatively related to positive emotional states such as positive affect and happiness (Argyle, 200…”
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“HE relationship between personality, particularly the " Big Two " traits of extraversion and neuroticism, and positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) is well established (Costa & McCrae, 1980; DeNeve & Cooper, 1998; Heady & Wearing, 1989; Watson, Wiese, Vaidya, & Tellegen, 1999).”
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BackgroundThe role of exercise during adolescence on adult happiness and mood
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“For example, Costa and McCrae [12] found correlations of .65 for two extraversion measures and .68 for two neuroticism measures (Sixteen personality factor questionnaire and Eysenck personality inventory).”
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“These results are consistent with previous research (Bachorowski and Braaten 1994; Costa and McCrae 1980; Gross et al. 1998; Larsen and Ketelaar 1989; Wilson and Gullone 1999).”
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The effect of flow and context on in-vivo positive mood in digital gaming
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“Extraversion is found to predict risk-taking behaviour (Lauriola and Levin 2001) and relate to positive affect (Costa and McCrae 1980).”
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“Individuals with higher Neuroticism show higher tendency to present negative emotional characteristics, such as sensitivity, nervousness and insecurity [73].”
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“Indeed, Neuroticism is the personality factor most consistently associated with lower levels of mental health and psychological wellbeing in general and clinical populations (Costa and McCrae 1980; Eysenck 1967; Lahey 2009; Ormel et al. 2013; Strickhouser, Zell, and Krizan 2017; Zuckerman 2005).”
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“Temperament is influential and largely genetically determined ( Costa & McCrae, 1980 ).”
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“Multi‐item ratings, ranging from 1—a lot to 4—not at all, were used to assess Neuroticism (four items, e.g., moody; α = .74), Extraversion (five items, e.g., out‐going; α = .76), Openness to Experience (seven items, e.g., creative; α = .77), Agreeableness (five items, e.g., caring; α = .80), and Conscientiousness (fiv…”
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“Neuroticism is a major domain of personality that contrasts adjustment or emotional stability with maladjustment or negative emotionality ( Costa & McCrae, 1980 ).”
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Self-citationSubjective Wellbeing, Psychology of
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“In addition, personality traits have been linked to individuals’ mental health and well-being (Costa & McCrae, 1980; DeNeve & Cooper, 1998; Dewal & Kumar, 2017; Diener & Lucas, 1999; Johnson & Krueger, 2006; Kokko et al., 2013; Lamers et al., 2012; Simsek & Koydemir 2013).”
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“Psychological (subjective) well-being has been assessed by the use of cognitive judgments and affective reactions and has been represented by satisfaction with one’s life and the predominance of positive affect over negative affect (Bradburn, 1969; Costa & McCrae, 1980; Diener, 1984).”
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“As Neuroticism is directly related to unpleasant but inversely related to pleasant affect (Costa & McCrae, 1980; Steel, Schmidt, & Shultz, 2008), it is reasonable that neuroticists initiate less positive and more negative behaviours.”
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“Costa and McCrae [56] further suggested that the extraversion trait influenced a person's positive emotion and contributed greatly to their well-being.”
BackgroundFaullant, R., Holzmann, P., & Schwarz, E. J. (2016) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919616500444 · Cited by 22
Peters, E. M., Bowen, R., & Balbuena, L. (2019) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2019.1569528 · Cited by 26
“In the Five-Factor Model, extraversion and neuroticism are believed to independently predispose toward positive and negative emotions, respectively (Costa & McCrae, 1980, 1992).”
BackgroundNegative Perfectionism: Examining Negative Excessive Behavior in the Workplace
Leonard, N. H., & Harvey, M. G. (2008) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00318.x · Cited by 25
Tucker, K. L. (2007) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2007.26.7.791 · Cited by 24
Imagined Interactions and Personality Preferences as Predictors of Relationship Quality
Honeycutt, J. M., & Keaton, S. A. (2012) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/ic.32.1.b · Cited by 22
“In addition, extraversion has not only consistently been associated with positive affect, but also has not been predisposed to display a relation to negative affect (Costa & McCrae, 1980).”
BackgroundPositive affect and age as predictors of exercise compliance
Garcia, D., & Archer, T. (2014) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.694 · Cited by 21
“…1983) and dispositional explanations (i.e., positive affect has it origin in Extraversion, while negative affect arises in Neuroticism; e.g., Costa & McCrae, 1980, 1984) of the origin of positive and negative affect do not to fit the general pattern of data that has been accumulated in…”
BackgroundForest, A. L., Walsh, R. M., & Krueger, K. L. (2021) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12600 · Cited by 24
Personality captures dissociations of subjective versus objective hearing in noise
Wöstmann, M., Erb, J., Kreitewolf, J., & Obleser, J. (2021) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.210881 · Cited by 20
Observer descriptions of the empathic person: a look at the Davis IRI and Hogan empathy scales
Fultz, A. A., & Bernieri, F. J. (2021) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2021.1985416 · Cited by 22
“People described high scorers on the HES as being more extraverted, which is a trait that involves interpersonal warmth and positive affect (Costa & McCrae, 1980, 1992).”
BackgroundZięba, M., Wiecheć, K., Wójcik, N. E., & Zięba, M. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.842979 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1980
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 668-678
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2157483908
- Cited by
- 2,652
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 134 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 119 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 101
- FWCI
- 16.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- extraversion, neuroticism, subjective well-being, happiness, positive affect, negative affect, personality traits, adaptation-level theory
- MeSH terms
- Extraversion, Psychological, Happiness, Humans, Male, Neurotic Disorders, Personal Satisfaction
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