Cited by 2,652Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionPersonality Traits and PsychologyNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

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Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people

Costa, Paul T., McCrae, Robert R.·1980·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.668

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Abstract

Three studies are reported that examine the relations between personality and happiness or subjective well-being. It is argued that (a) one set of traits influences positive affect or satisfaction, whereas a different set of traits influences negative affect or dissatisfaction; (b) the former set of traits can be reviewed as components of extraversion, and the latter as components of neuroticism; and (c) personality differences antedate and predict differences in happiness over a period of 10 years, thus ruling out the rival hypothesis that temporary moods or states account for the observed relations. A model of individual differences in happiness is presented, and the separate and complementary roles of trait and adaptation-level theories in explaining happiness are discussed.

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“Argyle & Lu, 1990 ; Chan & Joseph, 2000 ; Ciarrochi & Heaven, 2007 ; Costa & McCrae, 1980 ; Headey & Wearing, 1989 , 1991 ; Hills & Argyle, 2001 ; Francis, 1999 ; Francis et al, 1998 ; Garaigordobil, Aliri, & Fontaneda, 2009 ), our criterion-related validity results for both the total scale and the subscales displayed…”
Result
Should never the twain meet? Integrating models of religious personality and religious mental health
Maltby, J., & Day, L. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00215-0 · Cited by 55
A life span view of emotional functioning in adulthood and old age
Charles, S. T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003) · Advances in cell aging and gerontology · doi:10.1016/s1566-3124(03)15005-5 · Cited by 37
Lmx and Job Tension: Linear and Non-Linear Effects and Affectivity
Hochwarter, W. A. (2005) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-005-4522-6 · Cited by 38
The relationship between Eysenck's personality traits, coping styles and moods
Kardum, I., & Hudek‐Knežević, J. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00182-4 · Cited by 35
A Comparison of Big-Five structures of personality traits in Dutch, English, and German
HOFSTEE, W. K. B., Kiers, H. A. L., Raad, B. D., Goldberg, L. R., & Ostendorf, F. (1997) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0984(199703)11:1 · Cited by 145
Extraversion and Neuroticism Mediate Associations Between Openness, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness and Affective Well-Being
Zhang, R.-P., & Tsingan, L. (2014) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-013-9482-3 · Cited by 37
Research Review: Why do prospective and retrospective measures of maltreatment differ? A narrative review
Coleman, O., Baldwin, J. R., Dalgleish, T., Rose‐Clarke, K., Widom, C. S., & Danese, A. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14048 · Cited by 42
Antecedents And Consequences Of Job Satisfaction: Testing A Comprehensive Model Using Integrated Methodology
Baker, W. K. (2011) · Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) · doi:10.19030/jabr.v20i3.2212 · Cited by 38
Accuracy of Judging Affect and Accuracy of Judging Personality: How and When Are They Related?
Hall, J. A., Gunnery, S. D., Letzring, T. D., Carney, D. R., & Colvin, C. R. (2016) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12262 · Cited by 34
“Although extraverts do report positive affect (Augustine & Larsen, 2015; Costa & McCrae, 1980) and display positive expressions (e.g., Borkenau & Liebler, 1995), happiness is not a primary defining feature of the Extraversion construct (Back et al., 2009).”
Background
Psychological correlates of fear of falling: Findings from the German Aging Survey
Hajek, A., Bock, J., & König, H. (2017) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.13190 · Cited by 37
The Association Between Personality and Loneliness: Findings From a Community-Dwelling Chinese Aging Population
Wang, B., & Dong, X. (2018) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/2333721418778181 · Cited by 45
“Costa and McCrae (1980) suggested that neurotic individuals tend to report more negative perceptions of the circumstances, whereas greater conscientiousness has been linked to more positive subjective well-being (Malouff, Thorsteinsson, & Schutte, 2005).”
Background
The Impact of Personality Traits on Attitude to Financial Risk
Brooks, C., & Williams, L. (2020) · Research in International Business and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.ribaf.2021.101501 · Cited by 43
The Happy Personality in India: The Role of Emotional Intelligence
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Emotional intensity: Some components and their relations to extra version and neuroticism
McFatter, R. (1998) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00220-1 · Cited by 39
Neural correlates of personality dimensions and affective measures during the anticipation of emotional stimuli
Brühl, A. B., Viebke, M.-C., Baumgärtner, T., Kaffenberger, T., & Herwig, U. (2011) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-011-9114-7 · Cited by 39
“In contrast, extraversion is characterized by increased experience of positive emotions ( Costa and McCrae 1980 ) and greater sensitivity to positive or rewarding stimuli (Banich et al. 2009; Lucas and Diener 2001).”
Background
Personality and the bipolar spectrum: normative and classification data for the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire–Revised
Smillie, L. D., Bhairo, Y., Gray, J., Gunasinghe, C., Elkin, A., McGuffin, P., & FARMER, A. E. (2008) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.05.010 · Cited by 37
“Second, Extraversion and Neuroticism have been consistently associated with the intensity of and proneness toward positive and negative mood states [24-26].”
Background
Personality and Parenting Style as Predictors of Life Satisfaction Among Chinese Secondary Students
Xie, Q., Fan, W., Wong, Y. H. P. 黃., et al. (2015) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-015-0271-0 · Cited by 37
Personality correlates of variable moods
McConville, C., & Cooper, C. (1998) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00139-1 · Cited by 36
Psychological well-being (PWB): a natural life outlook? An Italian twin study on heritability of PWB in young adults
Gigantesco, A., Stazi, M. A., Alessandri, G., Medda, E., Tarolla, E., & Fagnani, C. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711000663 · Cited by 41
“Regarding SWB, extraversion has been found to be related to positive affect and neuroticism to negative affect (e.g. Costa & McCrae, 1980 ; Diener & Lucas, 1999).”
Background
Social and personality correlates of gambling attitudes and behavior among Chinese residents of Macau
Taormina, R. J. (2009) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407509347935 · Cited by 36
“Neuroticism is characterized by negative affect, such as feelings of anxiety and worry (Costa & McCrae, 1980).”
Background

Authors: Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: Costa, Paul T.
McCrae, Robert R.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1980
Volume: 38
Issue: 4
Pages: 668-678
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.668
OpenAlex: W2157483908
Cited by: 2,652
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 45 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 134 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 119 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 101
FWCI: 16.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: extraversion, neuroticism, subjective well-being, happiness, positive affect, negative affect, personality traits, adaptation-level theory
MeSH terms: Extraversion, Psychological, Happiness, Humans, Male, Neurotic Disorders, Personal Satisfaction

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Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people

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