Cited by 2,652Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionPersonality Traits and PsychologyNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

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Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people

Costa, Paul T., McCrae, Robert R.·1980·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.668

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Abstract

Three studies are reported that examine the relations between personality and happiness or subjective well-being. It is argued that (a) one set of traits influences positive affect or satisfaction, whereas a different set of traits influences negative affect or dissatisfaction; (b) the former set of traits can be reviewed as components of extraversion, and the latter as components of neuroticism; and (c) personality differences antedate and predict differences in happiness over a period of 10 years, thus ruling out the rival hypothesis that temporary moods or states account for the observed relations. A model of individual differences in happiness is presented, and the separate and complementary roles of trait and adaptation-level theories in explaining happiness are discussed.

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“Costa and McCrae (1980, 1984), who believe that SWB depends primarily on personality, demonstrated that extraversion and neuroticism accounted for significant variance in SWB and predicted SWB 20 years later.”
BackgroundResult
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“Existing literature also state that extraversion primarily influences positive affect whereas emotional stability primarily influences negative affect [65, 66].”
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Huppert, F. A., Abbott, R., Ploubidis, G. B., Richards, M., & Kuh, D. J. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709991978 · Cited by 97
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“…negative affect, explained in part by more intense negative emotional responses to negative events (reactivity) and slower subsidence of negative emotional responses following the cessation of the stressful event (recovery; Costa & McCrae, 1980; Gross, Sutton, & Ketelaar, 1998; Ng & Diener, 2009).”
Background
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“On the other hand, neuroticism is negatively associated with life-satisfaction (Diener et al., 1985; Vittersø & Nilsen, 2002) and positively associated with negative affect (Costa & McCrae, 1980).”
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“For example, self-reported extraversion has been found to be highly correlated with positive affect ( Costa & McCrae, 1980; Heady & Wearing, 1989; Lucas, Diener, Grob, Suh, & Shao, 2000), negative affect (Costa & McCrae, 1980; Heady & Wearing, 1989), Subjective Happiness (Lyubomirsky, Tkach, & DiMatteo, 2006), satisfa…”
ResultInfluential
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“By assuming personality is fixed, an assumption that is supported by work in psychology (Costa & McCrae, 1980, Costa & McCrae, 1988), economists are able to control for personality using the models like the FE and REMT to obtain unbiased causal effects on various demographic factors.”
Method
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“But individuals are not equally likely to achieve high levels of SWB. Specifically, personality traits such as extraversion and neuroticism are strong predictors of SWB (Costa & McCrae, 1980; Steel, Schmidt, & Shultz, 2008).”
Background
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“Neuroticism is a personality trait that has been linked to negative affect (Costa & McCrae, 1980 ; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991 ).”
Background
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“Two other approaches suggest more complex mechanisms in determining SWB. Costa and McCrae (1980) propose that personality traits are only indirectly associated with SWB.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“Costa and McCrae (1980) suggested that extraverts are more likely to experience positive affect; whereas neurotics are more likely to experience negative affect.”
Background
El bienestar subjetivo
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“Our data are also inconsistent with the theoretical postulation that neuroticism and NA can be conceptually related using a hierarchical model, wherein the former is the primary and the latter a secondary trait [80, 81].”
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“…2002; de Beurs et al., 2000), adjustment disorders (For-Wey et al., 2002), eating disorders (Podar et al., 1999), and general psychological distress (Costa et al., 1981; Costa and McCrae, 1980a; Cramer, 1994; McLennan et al., 1994; Steel and Ones, 2002; Krueger et al., 1998) across the lifespan.”
Background
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Method
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BackgroundMethodResult
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“(3) Finally, we wanted to determine the contribution of sexroles, altered self-presentation and psychological wellbeing, controlling for other factors that have been shown to be associated with psychological well-being, namely personality factors, age, and gender (Costa & McCrae, 1980).”
Background
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Background
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Background
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“This has been explained by proposing that extraversion leads to PA, whereas neuroticism leads to NA, and that these phenomena, respectively, tap the same underlying construct (Costa and McCrae 1980).”
Background
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BackgroundInfluential
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Background
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“In addition, research suggests that nondemographic characteristics might also be important, especially personality constructs such as resilience (Costa & McCrae, 1980; Muecke, 1992; Parkes, 1971) and life satisfaction (Campbell, 1976; Carp & Carp, 1982).”
Background
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“Furthermore, the stable component of SWB is closely related to other personality factors, in particular, to extraversion, neuroticism, self-efficacy, and optimism ( Costa & McCrae, 1980; Myers, 1992; Myers & Diener, 1995).”
Background
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“Reflecting earlier work [4,115], extraversion was positively related to SWB, and importantly for current purposes it was also significantly positively related to both measures of nature exposure, although somewhat surprisingly was non-significantly positively related to social connectedness (see Supplementary Table S1…”
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Williams, D. G. (1990) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90045-s · Cited by 75
Negative Affectivity: Moderator or Confound in Emotional Dissonance-Outcome Relationships?
Abraham, R. (1999) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223989909599722 · Cited by 77
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“Individuals characterized by high levels of positive affect exhibit a greater appreciation of life, more security, self-esteem, and self-confidence (Archer, Adolfsson & Karlsson, 2008; Costa & McCrae, 1980).”
Background
Affective personality as cognitive-emotional presymptom profiles regulatory for self-reported health predispositions
Archer, T., Adolfsson, B., & Karlsson, E. (2008) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/bf03033573 · Cited by 79
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Dimensional Specificity in the Prediction of Subjective Well-Being: Personal Projects in Pursuit of the PhD
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“) and has been defined as a tendency to experience distressing emotions ( Costa and McCrae, 1980”
Background
Happy Now, Tired Later? Extraverted and Conscientious Behavior Are Related to Immediate Mood Gains, but to Later Fatigue
Leikas, S., & Ilmarinen, V. (2016) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12264 · Cited by 80
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Subjective Well-Being: The Convergence and Stability of Self-Report and Non-Self-Report Measures
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Personality Traits as Determinants of Burden and Health Complaints in Caregiving
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“Such features are robust predictors of well-being (e.g., the links between extraversion and stability with happiness; e.g., Costa & McCrae, 1980).”
Background
Emotional Stability and Self-Esteem as Mediators Between Mindfulness and Happiness
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“For example, Costa and McCrae (1980) argue that individual differences in personality bring about corresponding differences in individuals’ set-points.”
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Authors: Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: Costa, Paul T.
McCrae, Robert R.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1980
Volume: 38
Issue: 4
Pages: 668-678
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.668
OpenAlex: W2157483908
Cited by: 2,652
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 45 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 134 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 119 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 101
FWCI: 16.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: extraversion, neuroticism, subjective well-being, happiness, positive affect, negative affect, personality traits, adaptation-level theory
MeSH terms: Extraversion, Psychological, Happiness, Humans, Male, Neurotic Disorders, Personal Satisfaction

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Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people

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