Cited by 2,652Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionPersonality Traits and PsychologyNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

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Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people

Costa, Paul T., McCrae, Robert R.·1980·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.668

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Abstract

Three studies are reported that examine the relations between personality and happiness or subjective well-being. It is argued that (a) one set of traits influences positive affect or satisfaction, whereas a different set of traits influences negative affect or dissatisfaction; (b) the former set of traits can be reviewed as components of extraversion, and the latter as components of neuroticism; and (c) personality differences antedate and predict differences in happiness over a period of 10 years, thus ruling out the rival hypothesis that temporary moods or states account for the observed relations. A model of individual differences in happiness is presented, and the separate and complementary roles of trait and adaptation-level theories in explaining happiness are discussed.

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“Costa and McCrae (1980, 1994) have shown that these two personality traits can account for a significant amount of the variance of subjective well-being and that they can even predict the level of psychological well-being 20 years later.”
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“In our sample, the correlation between neuroticism and NA was substantial (r = .45), which is consistent with previous findings in the literature (e.g., see Costa & McCrae, 1980; Watson & Clark, 1992).”
MethodResult
Neuroticism is associated with challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms
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“There is considerable evidence for an association between personality traits and QoL and subjective well-being [22-24].”
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“…addition, past studies have found that some personality traits, particularly neuroticism and extraversion, are associated with life satisfaction (Heller et al. 2004), subjective well-being, (Costa and McCrae 1980; Diener et al. 1985) and trait gratitude (Mccullough et al. 2002; Wood et al. 2008b).”
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“Consistent with this finding, Cummins and Nistico (2002) reviewed nine studies that examined the relationship between internal locus of control and life satisfaction. They reported correlations that ranged from .16 to .57 with an average correlation of .41. They also reported that the relationship between locus of con…”
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“Among the most powerful predictors for subjective QoL in general population samples even after 10 years were stable personality traits of high neuroticism (emotional lability) and low extraversion with the effect of being permanently dissatisfied with oneself and the environment (Costa and McCrae, 1980).”
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“However, all of these relations also hold true for neuroticism, only in reverse (cf. Costa & McCrae, 1980; Heaven, Mulligan, Merrilees, Woods, & Fairooz, 2001; John, Robins, & Pervin, 2008; Kööts-Ausmees et al., 2016; Lee, 2009; Malouff, Thorsteinsson, & Schutte, 2005; Ormel et al., 2013; Saulsman…”
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“Extraversion is inversely and weakly associated with the experience of negative affect, but has a pervasive effect on positive emotions and life satisfaction (Costa and McCrae, 1980; Watson and Clark, 1992).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Flow experience and positive affect during hypermedia learning
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“Studies on the use of the PANAS scales, however, revealed a high degree of stability using very different instructions, suggesting a strong dispositional component of affect (Costa and McCrae, 1980; Watson and Clark, 1984).”
Background
The Spielberger trait anxiety inventory measures more than anxiety
Caci, H., Baylé, F. J., Dossios, C., Robert, P., & Boyer, P. (2003) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.05.003 · Cited by 93
“It is thought that happiness is related to demographic and socio-economic variables [8] but also to the broad personality dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism [10,11].”
Background
Neuroticism and extraversion as predictors of negative and positive emotional information processing: comparing Eysenck's, Gray's, and Newman's theories
Gomez, R., Gomez, A., & Cooper, A. J. (2002) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.459 · Cited by 93
“…also shown positive association between negative mood (both trait and state) and neuroticism, and no association between negtive mood and extraversion (e.g. Costa & McCrae, 1980; David, Green, Martin, & Suls, 1997; Gomez, Cooper, & Gomez, 2000; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1989, 1991; Watson & Clark, 1992).”
Background
Beneficial Associations Between Optimistic Disposition and Emotional Distress in High-Risk Pregnancy
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“Certain types of individuals, including those characterized as pessimistic, neurotic, or possessing high trait negative affectivity, are predisposed to experience emotional distress (Costa and McCrae, 1980; Watson and Clark, 1984; Watson and Pennebaker, 1989).”
Background
Children’s Subjective Well-being: Socio-demographic Characteristics and Personality
Goswami, H. (2013) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-013-9205-7 · Cited by 101
“Well-being has been found to be negatively correlated with neuroticism (e.g., Costa and McCrae 1980; Tkach and Lyubomirsky 2006) and positively correlated with extraversion (e.g., Brebner et al. 1995; Ruiz 2005), agreeableness (e.g., Demir 2008; McCrae & Costa 1991), conscientiousness (e.g.,…”

Authors: Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: Costa, Paul T.
McCrae, Robert R.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1980
Volume: 38
Issue: 4
Pages: 668-678
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.668
OpenAlex: W2157483908
Cited by: 2,652
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 45 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 134 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 119 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 101
FWCI: 16.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: extraversion, neuroticism, subjective well-being, happiness, positive affect, negative affect, personality traits, adaptation-level theory
MeSH terms: Extraversion, Psychological, Happiness, Humans, Male, Neurotic Disorders, Personal Satisfaction

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Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people

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