The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people
Abstract
Three studies are reported that examine the relations between personality and happiness or subjective well-being. It is argued that (a) one set of traits influences positive affect or satisfaction, whereas a different set of traits influences negative affect or dissatisfaction; (b) the former set of traits can be reviewed as components of extraversion, and the latter as components of neuroticism; and (c) personality differences antedate and predict differences in happiness over a period of 10 years, thus ruling out the rival hypothesis that temporary moods or states account for the observed relations. A model of individual differences in happiness is presented, and the separate and complementary roles of trait and adaptation-level theories in explaining happiness are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Consistent with previous studies of personality and affective reactivity (Costa & McCrae, 1980; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991), Neuroticism correlated positively with usage of several different negative emotion word categories, including Anxiety/Fear, Sadness, Anger, and total Negative Emotions (Table 1; Figure S1).”
From Personality in 100,000 Words: A large-scale analysis of personality and word use among bloggers (2010) · cites this paper as Costa & McCrae, 1980
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,003
Lamers, S. M. A., Westerhof, G. J., Kovács, V., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2012) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.05.012 · Cited by 191
“In general, extraversion is related to higher levels of emotional well-being, and neuroticism to lower levels (e.g., Argyle & Lu, 1990; Costa & McCrae, 1980; Lu & Snih, 1997; Pavot et al., 1990; Steel et al., 2008).”
Cross-Cultural Generalizability of the Spiritual Transcendence Scale in India
Piedmont, R. L., & Leach, M. M. (2002) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764202045012011 · Cited by 179
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., & Piedmont, R. L. (1993) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00276.x · Cited by 176
Self-citationThe Set Point Theory of Well-Being Has Serious Flaws: On the Eve of a Scientific Revolution?
Headey, B. (2010) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-009-9559-x · Cited by 196
Social Comparison, Advertising, and Consumer Discontent
Richins, M. L. (1995) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764295038004009 · Cited by 186
Personality predicts working-memory-related activation in the caudal anterior cingulate cortex
GRAY, J. R., & BRAVER, T. S. (2002) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.2.1.64 · Cited by 175
“These two traits are strongly associated with susceptibility to pleasant and unpleasant emotional states, respectively (Costa & McCrae, 1980; Gross et al., 1998; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991; Watson & Tellegen , 1985; Zelenski & Larsen, 1999).”
BackgroundJohnson, M. D., Morgeson, F. P., & Hekman, D. R. (2012) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1787 · Cited by 178
Perfectionism, Academic Motivation, and Psychological Adjustment: An Integrative Model
Miquelon, P., Vallerand, R. J., Grouzet, F. M. E., & Cardinal, G. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204272298 · Cited by 173
“Neuroticism was assessed by the 12-item neuroticism subscale of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI; Costa & McCrae, 1980).”
MethodCultural and temperamental variation in emotional response.
Tsai, J. L., LEVENSON, R. W., & McCoy, K. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.484 · Cited by 171
“However, other studies suggest that temperamental factors are moderately to highly correlated with reports of emotional experience (Costa & McCrae, 1980; David, Green, Martin, & Suls, 1997; Emmons & Diener, 1985; Gomez, Cooper, & Gomez, 2000; Gross, Sutton, & Ketelaar, 1998; Rusting & Larsen, 1997;…”
Peña-Gómez, C., Dídac Vidal-piñeiro, A., Clemente, I. C., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Bartrés‐Faz, D. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022812 · Cited by 187
“hand, individuals who score high on neuroticism and tend to be anxious, worried, sad, tense and apprehensive, report higher negative emotional experiences and more negative emotions than less neurotic individuals [1,21].”
BackgroundDecoding Spontaneous Emotional States in the Human Brain
Kragel, P. A., Knodt, A. R., Hariri, A. R., & LaBar, K. S. (2016) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2000106 · Cited by 174
Understanding the emotional aspects of escalation of commitment: The role of negative affect.
Wong, K. F. E., Yik, M., & Kwong, J. Y. Y. (2006) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.282 · Cited by 172
Did the Decline in Social Connections Depress Americans’ Happiness?
Bartolini, S., Bilancini, E., & Pugno, M. (2011) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-011-9971-x · Cited by 177
Gubler, D. A., Makowski, L. M., Troche, S. J., & Schlegel, K. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00326-5 · Cited by 195
“From the perspective of the five-factor model of personality (FFM; Costa and McCrae 1980), the most consistent relationships with loneliness and well-being were found for neuroticism and extraversion (Buecker et al.”
MethodDijkers, M. P. J. M. (1999) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00002060-199905000-00022 · Cited by 176
El Bienestar Subjetivo: Hacia una Psicología Positiva
Haydée Cuadra, L., & Ramón Florenzano, U. (2003) · Revista de psicología · doi:10.5354/0719-0581.2003.17380 · Cited by 205
Schiebener, J., & Brand, M. (2015) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-015-9285-x · Cited by 168
“Only a few studies tested the relationships between the Big Five personality traits (conscientiousness, openness, extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness; Costa and McCrae 1980) and decision making under objective risk conditions in laboratory gambling tasks.”
BackgroundThree paths of adult development: Conservers, seekers, and achievers
Helson, R., & Srivastava, S. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.995 · Cited by 172
Peciña, M., Love, T., Stohler, C. S., Goldman, D. A., & Zubieta, J.-K. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.272 · Cited by 161
Iwasa, H., Masui, Y., Gondo, Y., Inagaki, H., 河合, 千., & Suzuki, T. (2008) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181662ac9 · Cited by 164
Assessing Subjective Well-Being: Progress and Opportunities
Diener, E. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_3 · Cited by 191
Positive life orientation as a predictor of 10-year outcome in an aged population
Pitkälä, K. H., Laakkonen, M., Strandberg, T. E., & Tilvis, R. S. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2003.07.013 · Cited by 162
“In contrast, demographic indicators such as family-cycle stage, income, education, and gender account for very little of variation in well-being [19].”
BackgroundInfluentialPersonality, stress and coping in intensive care nurses: a descriptive exploratory study
Burgess, L., Irvine, F. E., & Wallymahmed, A. H. (2010) · Nursing in Critical Care · doi:10.1111/j.1478-5153.2009.00384.x · Cited by 161
“Extraversion which is associated with assertiveness, and enjoyment of social situations has also been described by Costa and McCrae (1980) as psycho protective and their contention is borne out in our study.”
On the structure of subjective well-being
Chamberlain, K. (1988) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf03359559 · Cited by 163
Furnham, A., & Cheng, H. (2000) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1010027611587 · Cited by 188
Cognitive tendencies of focusing on positive and negative information
Noguchi, K., Gohm, C. L., & Dalsky, D. J. (2005) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.09.008 · Cited by 172
Personality predicts activity in reward and emotional regions associated with humor
Mobbs, D., Hagan, C. C., Azim, E., Menon, V., & Reiss, A. L. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0408457102 · Cited by 159
An alternative taxonomic study of personality-descriptive adjectives in the Italian language
Blas, L. D., & Forzi, M. (1998) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0984(199803/04)12:2 · Cited by 92
Self-citationMoney Buys Happiness When Spending Fits Our Personality
Matz, S., Gladstone, J. J., & Stillwell, D. J. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616635200 · Cited by 158
Entrepreneurial fear of failure: Scale development and validation
Cacciotti, G., Hayton, J. C., Mitchell, J., & Allen, D. G. (2020) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2020.106041 · Cited by 198
Furnham, A. F., & Brewin, C. R. (1990) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90138-h · Cited by 157
White matter integrity and five-factor personality measures in healthy adults
Xu, J., & Potenza, M. N. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.040 · Cited by 159
“N measures tendencies to experience negative affects such as fear, sadness, anger, and embarrassment, and associates with anxiety and depression (Costa and McCare, 1992; Costa and McCrae, 1980; Larsen and Ketelaar, 1991).”
BackgroundPersonality and meaning in life
Schnell, T., & Becker, P. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.030 · Cited by 156
“The result fits well into an understanding of Extraversion as being closely linked with constructs such as optimism, subjective well-being, happiness, etc. (Costa & McCrae, 1980; Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975).”
BackgroundJob Complexity, Performance, and Well‐being: When Does Supplies‐Values Fit Matter?*
Shaw, J. D., & Gupta, N. (2004) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2004.00008.x · Cited by 154
“We also controlled for dispositional differences in positive and negative affectivity (PA and NA) that may bias reports of job characteristics and well-being (Costa & McCrae, 1980).”
BackgroundCan chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) happiness be estimated by human raters?
King, J. E., & Landau, V. I. (2003) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00527-5 · Cited by 153
Halamandaris, K.-F., & Power, K. (1999) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00172-x · Cited by 157
Kern, M. L., Eichstaedt, J. C., Schwartz, H. A., Dziurzynski, L., Ungar, L., Stillwell, D. J., Kosiński, M., Ramones, S. M., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2013) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191113514104 · Cited by 155
“High extraversion, which has been aligned with positive emotionality (Costa & McCrae, 1980), reflected hedonic elements of well-being (e.g., party, ;)”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation in Adolescent Well-Being and Positive Education
Morrish, L., Rickard, N. S., Chin, T., & Vella‐Brodrick, D. (2017) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9881-y · Cited by 193
Models of well-being and ill-being
Headey, B., Holmström, E., & Wearing, A. J. (1985) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf00319311 · Cited by 149
Impact of Locus of Control Expectancy on Level of Well-Being
April, K. A., Dharani, B., & Peters, K. (2012) · Review of European Studies · doi:10.5539/res.v4n2p124 · Cited by 159
The impact of unions on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover
Hammer, T. H., & Avgar, A. C. (2005) · Journal of Labor Research · doi:10.1007/s12122-005-1024-2 · Cited by 148
Albersnagel, F. A. (1988) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(88)90035-6 · Cited by 148
Piedmont, R. L. (2004) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.18.3.213 · Cited by 146
Positive and Negative Affect in Very Old Age
Isaacowitz, D. M., & Smith, J. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/58.3.p143 · Cited by 153
“Not only is this consistent with one of the earliest findings on predictors of affect in adulthood (Costa & McCrae, 1980), it is also highly consistent with more recent findings suggesting that personality is more important than social relationships in predicting subjective well-being in the oldest…”
BackgroundResultResearching Interpersonal Relationships: Qualitative Methods, Studies, and Analysis
Manning, J., & Kunkel, A. W. (2014) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452270142 · Cited by 153
Antecedents and outcomes of emotional labour in hospitality and tourism: A meta-analysis
Xu, S. T., Cao, Z. C., & Huo, Y. (2020) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104099 · Cited by 169
Drabant, E. M., Kuo, J. R., Ramel, W., Jens Blechert, A., Edge, M. D., Cooper, J. R., Goldin, P. R., Hariri, A. R., & Gross, J. J. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.040 · Cited by 142
“Compared to individuals low in neuroticism, individuals high in neuroticism are more prone to anxiety and negative affect, respond to environmental stressors more negatively (Costa and McCrae, 1980), and are particularly concerned with averting possible threats (Zelenski and Larsen, 1999).”
Headey, B., Schupp, J., Tucci, I., & Wagner, G. G. (2009) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760903435232 · Cited by 153
“…adaptation-level theory (Brickman & Campbell, 1971), and appeared to provide an integrated account of linkages between genetic traits, including personality traits, life events, and SWB (Brickman, Coates, & Janoff-Bulman, 1978; Costa & McCrae, 1980; Headey & Wearing, 1989; Lykken & Tellegen, 1996).”
BackgroundShuman, V., Sander, D., & Scherer, K. R. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00261 · Cited by 167
“For example, neuroticism is characterized by high levels of negative affect and extraversion by high levels of positive affect (Costa and McCrae, 1980; Rusting and Larsen, 1997).”
Unique Associations Between Big Five Personality Aspects and Multiple Dimensions of Well‐Being
Sun, J., Kaufman, S. B., & Smillie, L. D. (2016) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12301 · Cited by 162
“The robust links between personality and SWB were discovered decades ago (Costa & McCrae, 1980).”
Quality of Life in a City: The Effect of Population Density
Cramer, V., Torgersen, S. O., & Kringlen, E. (2004) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/b:soci.0000032663.59079.0b · Cited by 146
Personality and the EEG: Arousal and emotional arousability
Stenberg, G. (1992) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90025-k · Cited by 145
“Furthermore, the propensities for experiencing the different types of emotion covary with personality traits (Costa & McCrae, 1980).”
BackgroundNeuroticism and the recall of positive and negative personality information
Martin, M., Ward, J., & Clark, D. M. (1983) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(83)90041-4 · Cited by 143
Wearable device adoption among older adults: A mixed-methods study
Farivar, S., Abouzahra, M., & Ghasemaghaei, M. (2020) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102209 · Cited by 161
“SWB has been extensively studied in the fields of health and psychology (e.g. Bookwala & Schulz, 1996; Costa & McCrae, 1980; Diener, 1984; Diener, Oishi, & Lucas, 2003), and the literature has emphasized its importance in our lives, especially as we become older (e.g. Diener & Suh, 1997; Pinquart &…”
Somatic complaints in males as a function of age and neuroticism: A longitudinal analysis
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00845050 · Cited by 143
Self-citationPredicting Emotional Response to Unsuccessful Fertility Treatment: A Prospective Study
Verhaak, C. M., Smeenk, J. M. J., Evers, A. W. M., van Minnen, A., Kremer, J. A. M., & Kraaimaat, F. W. (2005) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-005-3667-0 · Cited by 141
“…extraversion and optimism seem to be predictive of a more positive emotional response to general stressors (Carver et al., 1993; Clark et al., 1994; Costa and McCrae, 1980; Hotard et al., 1989; Watson and Clark, 1984) and, more specifically to long term, uncontrollable stressors (Carver et al.,…”
BackgroundSmith, C. L., Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Gaertner, B. M., Popp, T. K., & Maxon, E. (2007) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295190701498710 · Cited by 139
“Costa and McCrae (1980) found that Extraversion was related to the display of positive emotions and that Neuroticism was associated with the display of negative emotions.”
BackgroundWell-being and ill-being: Different dimensions?
Headey, B., Holmstr�m, E., & Wearing, A. J. (1984) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf00293406 · Cited by 138
Does the study of victimization revictimize the victims?
Walker, E. A., Newman, E., Koss, M. P., & Bernstein, D. P. (1997) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0163-8343(97)00061-3 · Cited by 137
The effect of state extraversion on four types of affect
McNiel, J. M., Lowman, J., & Fleeson, W. (2009) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.738 · Cited by 145
“The relationship is strong, with extraversion accounting for an average of about 15% of the variance in positive affect (Costa & McCrae, 1980; David, Green, Martin, & Suls, 1997; Gross, Sutton, & Ketelaar, 1998; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1989, 1991; Lucas & Baird, 2004; Lucas & Fujita, 2000; McCrae &…”
BackgroundEnhancing Quality of Life in the Population at Large
Evans, D. R. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0171-4_2 · Cited by 143
Senf, K., & Liau, A. K. (2012) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9344-4 · Cited by 133
Self and partner personality in intimate relationships
Barelds, D. P. H. (2005) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.549 · Cited by 135
“On the other hand, studies have, for example, found that scoring high on extraversion is associated with more positive emotions, more problem-focused coping and higher reported well-being (e.g. Bolger, 1990; Costa & McCrae, 1980).”
ResultThe Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822 · Cited by 148
Personality and happiness: Is mental health a mediator?
Liu, L., & Shih, J. B. (1997) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00187-0 · Cited by 136
“Costa and McCrae (1980, 1984) have shown that these two personality traits can account for a significant variance in SWB, and indeed that they can even predict SWB 20 years later.”
BackgroundEnhancing quality of life in the population at large
Evans, D. R. (1994) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf01078958 · Cited by 137
Multiple emotional contagions in service encounters
Du, J., Fan, X., & Feng, T. (2010) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-010-0210-9 · Cited by 142
“This is in contrast to the prevalent notion of positive and negative emotion as independent constructs in the literature ( Costa and McCrae 1980; George 1998; Liu et al. 1992 ;W atson et al.1988).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialOpen to experience—closed to intelligence: Why the ‘Big Five’ are really the ‘Comprehensive Six’
Brand, C. R. (1994) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2410080407 · Cited by 133
The predictors of persistence of depression in primary care
Katon, W. J., Lin, E. H. B., Korff, M. V., Bush, T. M., Walker, E., Simon, G. E., & Robinson, P. J. (1994) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(94)90111-2 · Cited by 130
Daily strengths use and employee well‐being: The moderating role of personality
Bakker, A. B., Hetland, J., Olsen, O. K., & Espevik, R. (2018) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12243 · Cited by 159
The determinants of subjective emotional intensity
Sonnemans, J., & Frijda, N. H. (1995) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939508408977 · Cited by 128
Huta, V., & Hawley, L. L. (2008) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-008-9123-4 · Cited by 129
Self‐Regulation and the Five‐Factor Model of Personality Traits
McCrae, R. R., & Löckenhoff, C. E. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444318111.ch7 · Cited by 147
Self-citationStress, Self‐Esteem, Hope, Optimism, and Well‐Being in Urban, Ethnic Minority Adolescents
Vacek, K. R., Coyle, L. D., & Vera, E. M. (2010) · Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development · doi:10.1002/j.2161-1912.2010.tb00118.x · Cited by 140
Vittersø, J., & Nilsen, F. (2002) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1013831602280 · Cited by 137
Koval, P., Sütterlin, S., & Kuppens, P. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01997 · Cited by 146
“Extraversion has been related to higher levels of happiness and well-being (Costa and McCrae, 1980; DeNeve and Cooper, 1998; Gale et al., 2013) and lower levels of psychopathology (Trull and Sher, 1994).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialExperiencing Job Burnout: The Roles of Positive and Negative Traits and States
Zellars, K. L., Hochwarter, W. A., Perrewé, P. L., Hoffman, N. M., & Ford, E. W. (2004) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02576.x · Cited by 140
Ho, M. Y., Cheung, F. M., & Cheung, S. F. (2008) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-008-9243-6 · Cited by 132
The 3P Model: A General Theory of Subjective Well-Being
Durayappah, A. (2010) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-010-9223-9 · Cited by 136
Seidlitz, L., Wyer, R. S., & Diener, E. (1997) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.1997.2184 · Cited by 122
“Subjective well-being or happiness appears to be a fairly stable personality characteristic (Costa & McCrae, 1980, 1984; Sandvik, Diener, & This research was performed as part of a doctoral dissertation by the first author under direction of the second author and with additional guidance and…”
BackgroundMethodRolland, J., & Fruyt, F. D. (2003) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.485 · Cited by 124
“Neuroticism is related to ‘unpleasant’ affects and Extraversion to ‘pleasant’ affects (Allik & Realo, 1997; Canli et al., 2001; Costa & McCrae, 1980; Izard, Libero, Putnam, & Haynes, 1993; Lucas & Fujita, 2000; McCrae & Costa, 1991; Watson & Clark, 1992, 1997b; Watson et al., 1999; Yik & Russell,…”
Do positive children become positive adults? Evidence from a longitudinal birth cohort study
Richards, M., & Huppert, F. A. (2011) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2011.536655 · Cited by 137
“…which is strongly linked to adult well-being is personality, and there have been a number of major reviews of the association between personality and measures of subjective well-being (Costa & McCrae, 1980; DeNeve & Cooper, 1998; Diener & Lucas, 1999; Gutierrez, Jimenez, Hernandez, & Puente, 2005).”
BackgroundQuantitative and qualitative research approaches to assess student well-being
Hascher, T. (2008) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2007.11.016 · Cited by 158
Boyce, C. J., & Wood, A. M. (2011) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2011.01.004 · Cited by 128
The influence of personality on neural mechanisms of observational fear and reward learning
Hooker, C. I., Verosky, S. C., Miyakawa, A., Knight, R. T., & D’Esposito, M. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.05.005 · Cited by 122
“Neuroticism is characterized by an increased sensitivity to punishment and a tendency to feel negative affect (Costa & McCrae, 1980; John & Srivastava, 1999).”
BackgroundResilience as a mediator between extraversion, neuroticism and happiness, PA and NA
Lu, W. D., Wang, Z., Liu, Y., & Zhang, H. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.015 · Cited by 123
“Extraversion and neuroticism are not only directly responsible for regulating individual difference in the experience of PA and NA, respectively (Costa & McCrae, 1980), but also indirectly influence long term affect through predisposing a person to participate in activities that induce PA and NA…”
BackgroundThe Internal Structure of Positive and Negative Affect: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the PANAS
Tuccitto, D. E., Giacobbi, P. R., & Leite, W. L. (2009) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164409344522 · Cited by 139
“…theoretical argument favoring negatively correlated PA and NA factors views them as representing opposite ends of a single bipolar affect dimension (Costa & McCrae, 1980), one would expect to find much higher negative correlations than those reported by Crawford and Henry (2004), Lonigan et al.…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPaulus, D. J., Vanwoerden, S., Norton, P. J., & Sharp, C. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.014 · Cited by 137
“It is a relatively stable personality factor that corresponds to and predisposes individuals to experience negative emotional states (e.g., Costa and McCrae, 1980) and is widely considered a risk factor for depression (Kendler et al., 2004), particularly among adolescents (Kercher et al., 2009).”
BackgroundFeeling displeasure from online social media postings: A study using cognitive dissonance theory
Jeong, M., Zo, H., Lee, C. H., & Ceran, Y. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.02.021 · Cited by 139
Tests of the causal directions of global ? Life facet satisfaction relationships
Lance, C. E., Mallard, A. G. C., & Michalos, A. C. (1995) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf01078968 · Cited by 124
Villieux, A., Sovet, L., Jung, S., & Guilbert, L. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.027 · Cited by 143
The Effect of Personality on Daily Life Emotional Processes
Komulainen, E., Meskanen, K., Lipsanen, J. O., Lahti, J. M. T., Jylhä, P. J., Melartin, T. K., Wichers, M., Isometsä, E. T., & Ekelund, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110907 · Cited by 131
“Less extravert individuals on the contrary had increased brain responses also for moderately unpleasant stimuli, indicating extraversion to associate with lower sensitivity to negative stimuli, This could contribute to higher well-being of extraverts [21,41].”
BackgroundTemperament and Happiness in Children
Holder, M. D., & Klassen, A. (2009) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-009-9149-2 · Cited by 133
“In particular, happiness is positively correlated with extraversion but negatively correlated with neuroticism ( Costa and McCrae 1980; Furnham and Brewin 1990; Furnham and Cheng 2000; Hills and Argyle 2001; Pavot et al. 1990).”
BackgroundNeuroticism and psychopathy predict brain activation during moral and nonmoral emotion regulation
Harenski, C. L., Kim, S. H., & Hamann, S. B. (2009) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.9.1.1 · Cited by 131
“…have been shown to affect responses to emotional stimuli: neuroticism, which is associated with heightened reactivity to negative emotional stimuli (Costa & McCrae, 1980; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1 © 2009 The Psychonomic Society, Inc. Neuroticism and psychopathy predict brain activation during moral…”
BackgroundAttributional Style and Personality as Predictors of Happiness and Mental Health
Cheng, H., & Furnham, A. F. (2001) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1011824616061 · Cited by 123
Negative emotions predict elevated interleukin-6 in the United States but not in Japan
Miyamoto, Y., Boylan, J. M., Coe, C. L., Curhan, K. B., Levine, C. S., Markus, H. R., Park, J., Kitayama, S., Kawakami, N., Karasawa, M., et al. (2013) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.07.173 · Cited by 126
“Consistent with previous theorizing and empirical findings (Costa and McCrae, 1980; Larsen and Ketelaar, 1991; Watson and Clark, 1992), negative emotion was strongly associated with neuroticism in both cultures, and positive emotion was strongly associated with extraversion in both cultures.”
Focusing on the negative: Cultural differences in expressions of sympathy.
Koopmann‐Holm, B., & Tsai, J. L. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037684 · Cited by 126
“…2000; Mesquita & Markus, 2004), decades of empirical research suggest that across cultures, actual affect is also shaped by people's temperament (Costa & McCrae, 1980; David, Green, Martin, & Suls, 1997; Diener & Lucas, 1999; Gross, Sutton, & Ketelaar, 1998; Lykken & Tellegen, 1996; McCrae,…”
Personality and the immune system: Models, methods, and mechanisms
Segerstrom, S. C. (2000) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02895112 · Cited by 138
The nosologic relationship between generalized anxiety disorder and major depression
Hettema, J. M. (2008) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20491 · Cited by 127
EEG asymmetry, dispositional mood and personality
Hagemann, D., Naumann, E., Lürken, A., Becker, G., Maier, S., & Bartussek, D. (1999) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00263-3 · Cited by 123
Metadata
- Authors
- Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1980
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 668-678
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2157483908
- Cited by
- 2,652
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 134 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 119 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 101
- FWCI
- 16.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- extraversion, neuroticism, subjective well-being, happiness, positive affect, negative affect, personality traits, adaptation-level theory
- MeSH terms
- Extraversion, Psychological, Happiness, Humans, Male, Neurotic Disorders, Personal Satisfaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
