The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people
Abstract
Three studies are reported that examine the relations between personality and happiness or subjective well-being. It is argued that (a) one set of traits influences positive affect or satisfaction, whereas a different set of traits influences negative affect or dissatisfaction; (b) the former set of traits can be reviewed as components of extraversion, and the latter as components of neuroticism; and (c) personality differences antedate and predict differences in happiness over a period of 10 years, thus ruling out the rival hypothesis that temporary moods or states account for the observed relations. A model of individual differences in happiness is presented, and the separate and complementary roles of trait and adaptation-level theories in explaining happiness are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Consistent with previous studies of personality and affective reactivity (Costa & McCrae, 1980; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991), Neuroticism correlated positively with usage of several different negative emotion word categories, including Anxiety/Fear, Sadness, Anger, and total Negative Emotions (Table 1; Figure S1).”
From Personality in 100,000 Words: A large-scale analysis of personality and word use among bloggers (2010) · cites this paper as Costa & McCrae, 1980
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Diener, E. (1984) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2350-6_2 · Cited by 12,609
The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 · Cited by 7,143
“…et al., 1981 396 Chicago Attitude Inventory Extraversion 2–10 years .20 Costa et al., 1981 114 Chicago Attitude Inventory Extraversion 10–17 years .24 Costa & McCrae, 1980a 234 Bradburn’s Scales Extraversion 10 years .23 Harker & Keltner, 2001a 104 FACS Duchenne smile Self-rated affiliation 22…”
InfluentialA Measure of Subjective Happiness: Preliminary Reliability and Construct Validation
Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1006824100041 · Cited by 4,071
“…adaptation levels (Brick-man and Campbell, 1971; see also Michalos, 1985; Parducci, 1984), goals (Emmons, 1986; Omodei and Wearing, 1990), life events (Headey and Wearing, 1989), and dispositional factors (Costa and McCrae, 1980, 1984) have each been viewed as important determinants of happiness.”
BackgroundMethodComparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events
Kanner, A. D., Coyne, J. C., Schaefer, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1981) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00844845 · Cited by 3,128
Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2004) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/0144665031752934 · Cited by 2,957
“It has been argued that it is counter-intuitive to regard happiness and sadness as unrelated constructs ( Costa & McCrae, 1980 ) and indeed all measures of PA and NA developed prior to the PANAS have proven at least moderately negatively correlated.”
BackgroundInfluentialOptimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions.
Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007 · Cited by 3,322
“Costa and McCrae (1980) demonstrated the differential links between extraversion and positive affect and between neuroticism and negative affect, a finding confirmed in later studies (e.g., Emmons & Diener, 1985; Headey & Wearing, 1989; Watson & Clark, 1992) and purportedly explained by an array of…”
ResultInfluentialThe satisfaction with life scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2008) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760701756946 · Cited by 2,396
“Although extraversion and neuroticism have been most closely identified with the positive affect and negative affect components of SWB, respectively (Costa & McCrae, 1980 ), there is evidence that temperament is correlated with life satisfaction as well.”
BackgroundMyers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00298.x · Cited by 2,383
Assessing Subjective Well-Being: Progress and Opportunities
Diener, E. (1994) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf01207052 · Cited by 2,317
Integrating response shift into health-related quality of life research: a theoretical model
Sprangers, M. A. G., & Schwartz, C. E. (1999) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00045-3 · Cited by 2,228
Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis.
Judge, T. A., Heller, D., & Mount, M. K. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.530 · Cited by 2,164
“Affectively, these traits might influence job satisfaction through their effect on mood (Costa & McCrae, 1980) or mood at work (see Brief, 1998).”
BackgroundMEASURING QUALITY OF LIFE: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND SUBJECTIVE INDICATORS
Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1997) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1006859511756 · Cited by 2,092
“Major personality traits that are associated with SWB are extraversion and neuroticism (Costa and McCrae, 1980; Diener et al., 1992), optimism (Scheier and Carver, 1993), and self-esteem (Campbell, 1981; Diener and Diener, 1995).”
BackgroundAdvances in subjective well-being research
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Tay, L. (2018) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0307-6 · Cited by 2,003
Is caregiving hazardous to one’s physical health? A meta-analysis
Vitaliano, P. P., Zhang, J., & Scanlan, J. M. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.946 · Cited by 1,734
Personality and Subjective Well-Being
Richard, E., & Diener, E. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2350-6_4 · Cited by 1,615
“Research on these characteristics continued in the years that followed, but the modern focus on these two traits is often traced to a landmark study by Costa and McCrae (1980) .”
BackgroundPsychological well-being: evidence regarding its causes and consequences
Huppert, F. A. (2009) · Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01008.x · Cited by 1,583
“These mainly crosssectional findings were confirmed in a 10-year longitudinal study by Costa and McCrae (1980).”
ResultThe Big Five Personality Factors and Personal Values
Roccas, S., Sagiv, L., Schwartz, S., & Knafo, A. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202289008 · Cited by 1,506
Personality and Culture Revisited: Linking Traits and Dimensions of Culture
Hofstede, G. H., & McCrae, R. R. (2004) · Cross-Cultural Research · doi:10.1177/1069397103259443 · Cited by 1,491
Self-citationThe health-related functions of social support
Schaefer, C. A., Coyne, J. C., & Lazarus, R. S. (1981) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00846149 · Cited by 1,326
Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & Greca, A. M. L. (2010) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100610387086 · Cited by 1,289
“Neuroticism is associated with a general disposition toward negative affectivity and dissatisfaction (Costa & McCrae, 1980).”
BackgroundCultural variation in affect valuation.
Tsai, J. L., Knutson, B. D., & Fung, H. H.-L. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.288 · Cited by 1,313
How Do Simple Positive Activities Increase Well-Being?
Lyubomirsky, S., & Layous, K. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412469809 · Cited by 1,197
To Do or to Have? That Is the Question.
Leaf Van Boven, A., & Gilovich, T. D. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.6.1193 · Cited by 1,244
“This assumption is substantiated by findings indicating that self-reported measures of happiness are internally consistent , stable, and converge with informant and spouse reports (Costa & McCrae, 1980; Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999).”
ResultWatson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1992) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00980.x · Cited by 1,154
Personality, coping, and coping effectiveness in an adult sample
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1986) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00401.x · Cited by 1,156
Self-citationAssessing the validity of single-item life satisfaction measures: results from three large samples
Cheung, F., & Lucas, R. E. (2014) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-014-0726-4 · Cited by 1,123
“Based on past research which has shown clear correlations between these variables and life satisfaction, we hypothesized that life satisfaction to be positively correlated with income [2], subjective health [1], extraversion [25], agreeableness [26], conscientiousness [26], domain satisfaction [21], eudemonic well-bei…”
Youth Life Satisfaction: A Review of the Literature
Proctor, C. L., Linley, P. A., & Maltby, J. (2009) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-008-9110-9 · Cited by 1,081
Extraversion and Its Positive Emotional Core
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1997) · Handbook of Personality Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-012134645-4/50030-5 · Cited by 1,081
A Two-dimensional Approach to Job Insecurity: Consequences for Employee Attitudes and Well-being
Hellgren, J., Sverke, M., & Isaksson, K. (1999) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/135943299398311 · Cited by 1,027
Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D. J., & John, O. P. (2006) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760500510833 · Cited by 918
“…on affect and personality is the strong correlation between dispositional global positive affect and the Big Five factor Extraversion (e.g., Costa & McCrae, 1980; Gross, Sutton, & Ketelaar, 1998; John, 1990; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1989; McCrae & John, 1992; Correspondence: Michelle N. Shiota,…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWeinstein, N., Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.008 · Cited by 874
“…& Carver, 2002; Costa & McCrae, 1990; Scheier & Carver, 1992), stress-related appraisals (Chang, 1998; Penley & Tomaka, 2002), avoidant and active coping styles (Friedman et al., 1992; Scheier & Carver, 1992; Suls, David, & Harvey, 2006), and well-being (Andersson, 1996; Costa & McCrae, 1980).”
MethodInfluentialThe Evolving Concept of Subjective Well-Being: The Multifaceted Nature of Happiness
Diener, E., Scollon, C. N., & Lucas, R. E. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_4 · Cited by 954
“Like other researchers before him (e.g. Costa and McCrae, 1980), Tellegen (1985) noted that the positive affect dimension is closely aligned with the broad personality trait of extraversion, whereas negative affect is closely aligned with the broad personality trait of neuroticism.”
BackgroundOn the Dimensional and Hierarchical Structure of Affect
Tellegen, A., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1999) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00157 · Cited by 837
“Positive and negative emotional responses have also been linked to different personality dimensions (Costa & McCrae, 1980; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991; Meyer & Shack, 1989; Tellegen, 1985; Watson & Clark, 1994, 1997a), and to different neuropsychological and behavioral activation systems (Davidson, 1994, 1995; Tomarken, D…”
BackgroundMethodIdeal Affect: Cultural Causes and Behavioral Consequences
Tsai, J. L. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00043.x · Cited by 781
“…Thus, it is possible that temperamental factors account for at least some of the observed ethnic and national differences in actual affect (Costa & McCrae, 1980; David, Green, Martin, & Suls, 1997; Diener & Lucas, 1999; Gross, Sutton, & Ketelaar, 1998; Lykken & Tellegen, 1996; McCrae,…”
BackgroundSimilarity of the Relations between Marital Status and Subjective Well-Being Across Cultures
Diener, E., Gohm, C. L., Suh, E. M., & Oishi, S. (2000) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022100031004001 · Cited by 782
“For example, extraversion correlates with positive emotions, but not with negative emotion (Costa & McCrae, 1980).”
BackgroundToward an Integration of Subjective Well-Being and Psychopathology
Greenspoon, P. J., & Saklofske, D. H. (2001) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1007219227883 · Cited by 785
Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.11.003 · Cited by 761
“McCullough et al. (2002) showed that gratitude was correlated with each of the Big Five traits, which have themselves been linked to well-being (Barnett & Gotlib, 1988; Costa & McCrae, 1980).”
The Role of Person Versus Situation in Life Satisfaction: A Critical Examination.
Heller, D. A., Watson, D., & Ilieș, R. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.574 · Cited by 836
Judge, T. A., & Zapata, C. P. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0837 · Cited by 738
The Nature of Job Insecurity: Understanding Employment Uncertainty on the Brink of a New Millennium
Sverke, M., & Hellgren, J. (2002) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/1464-0597.0077z · Cited by 728
“…traits like positive and negative affectivity, and that such personality dispositions hence should be controlled for (Brief, Burke, George, Robinson, & Webster, 1988; Costa & McCrae, 1980; Roskies, LouisGuerin, & Fournier, 1993; Schaubroeck, Ganster, & Fox, 1992; Watson & Pennebaker, 1989).”
A general factor of personality: Evidence for the Big One in the five-factor model
Musek, J. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.02.003 · Cited by 709
Culture, personality, and subjective well-being: Integrating process models of life satisfaction.
Schimmack, U., Radhakrishnan, P., Oishi, S., Dzokoto, V. A. A., & Ahadi, S. A. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.582 · Cited by 782
Neuroticism and common mental disorders: meaning and utility of a complex relationship.
Ormel, J., Jeronimus, B. F., Kotov, R., Riese, H., Bos, E. H., Hankin, B., Rosmalen, J. G. M., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.04.003 · Cited by 703
Subjective Well‐Being: The Convergence and Stability of Self‐Report and Non‐Self‐Report Measures
Sandvik, E., Diener, E., & Seidlitz, L. (1993) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00283.x · Cited by 687
“Extraversion and neuroticism have been found to be related to well-being in a number of studies (e.g., Costa & McCrae, 1980; Emmons & Diener, 1985), but the exact reasons for these relations are not yet firmly established (Pavot, Diener, & Fujita,”
BackgroundWeinberger, D. A., & SCHWARTZ, G. E. R. (1990) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00235.x · Cited by 647
Beyond unfavorable thinking: the illness cognition questionnaire for chronic diseases
Evers, A. W. M., Kraaimaat, F. W., van Lankveld, W., Jongen, P. J. H., Jacobs, J. W. G., & Bijlsma, J. W. J. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.69.6.1026 · Cited by 657
Brand Community Members as a Source of Innovation
Füller, J., Matzler, K., & Hoppe, M. (2008) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2008.00325.x · Cited by 635
Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro, A. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.189 · Cited by 671
“…have been proposed to explain these relationships, most of which argue that extraversion and neuroticism are directly (or indirectly) causal of life satisfaction (Costa et al., 1980; Feist, Bodner, Jacobs, Miles, & Tan, 1995; Headey & Wearing, 1989; Lykken & Tellegen, 1996; Schimmack et al., 2002).”
BackgroundStress and coping in the explanation of psychological adjustment among chronically ill adults
Felton, B. J., Revenson, T. A., & Hinrichsen, G. A. (1984) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(84)90158-8 · Cited by 652
Personality in 100,000 Words: A large-scale analysis of personality and word use among bloggers
Yarkoni, T. (2010) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.04.001 · Cited by 637
“Consistent with previous studies of personality and affective reactivity (Costa & McCrae, 1980; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991), Neuroticism correlated positively with usage of several different negative emotion word categories, including Anxiety/Fear, Sadness, Anger, and total Negative Emotions (Table 1;…”
ResultAdaptational Style and Dispositional Structure: Coping in the Context of the Five‐Factor Model
Watson, D., & Hubbard, B. (1996) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00943.x · Cited by 646
Burnout and work engagement: Do individual differences make a difference?
Langelaan, S., Bakker, A. B., van Doornen, L. J. P., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2005) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.009 · Cited by 589
An fMRI study of personality influences on brain reactivity to emotional stimuli.
Canli, T., Zhao, Z., Desmond, J. E., Kang, E., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2001) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.115.1.33 · Cited by 622
“The present findings suggest a neural mechanism for the relations between extraversion and positive emotions and between neuroticism and negative emotions in everyday life that have been found by many researchers ( Costa & McCrae, 1980, 1991; Eysenck, 1990; Gross et al., 1998; John, 1990; Meyer & Shack, 1989).”
BackgroundInfluentialSuls, J. M., & Martin, R. (2005) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00356.x · Cited by 567
The affective and cognitive context of self-reported measures of subjective well-being
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf01086714 · Cited by 550
Waugh, C. E., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2006) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760500510569 · Cited by 591
“Extraversion is known to be related to both positive emotionality and relationship closeness (Costa & McRae, 1980; Diener & Lucas, 1999; Watson & Clark, 1997).”
Backgroundvan Dierendonck, D. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00122-3 · Cited by 638
ASCERTAIN: Emotion and Personality Recognition Using Commercial Sensors
Subramanian, R., Wache, J., Abadi, M. K., Vieriu, R. L., WINKLER, S. S., & Sebe, N. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2016.2625250 · Cited by 536
“relate with positive valence in a number of works [52].”
BackgroundEmotion and autobiographical memory
Holland, A. C., & Kensinger, E. A. (2010) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2010.01.006 · Cited by 540
“Five-factor models of personality variables suggest that extraversion is associated with greater levels of positive affectivity, and neuroticism with greater levels of negative affectivity [87].”
The mystery of the U-shaped relationship between happiness and age
Frijters, P., & Beatton, T. (2012) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2012.03.008 · Cited by 537
The Effect of Daily Stress, Personality, and Age on Daily Negative Affect
Mroczek, D. K., & Almeida, D. M. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00265.x · Cited by 535
Levels of Analysis and the Organization of Affect
Rosenberg, E. L. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.247 · Cited by 611
The personality theories of H.J. Eysenck and J.A. Gray: a comparative review
Matthews, G., & Gilliland, K. (1999) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00158-5 · Cited by 504
Measures of Subjective Well-Being
Andrews, F. M., & Robinson, J. P. (1991) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-590241-0.50007-1 · Cited by 508
Regular exercise, anxiety, depression and personality: a population-based study
De Moor, M. H. M., Beem, A. L., Stubbe, J. H., Boomsma, D. I., & De Geus, E. J. C. (2006) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.12.002 · Cited by 493
“Both anxiety and depression are known to be correlated with personality, most prominently with neuroticism, but also with extraversion (Costa and McCrae, 1980; Middeldorp et al., 2005).”
BackgroundBusseri, M. A., & Sadava, S. W. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310391271 · Cited by 552
“Consistent with early formulations (e.g., Bradburn, 1969; Costa & McCrae, 1980), researchers sometimes combine PA and NA into an “affect balance” score (i.e., PA minus NA), also referred to as “hedonic level” or “hedonic balance” (Basabe et al., 2002; Chwalisz, Diener, & Gallagher, 1988; Diener,…”
BackgroundSchimmack, U., Diener, E., & Oishi, S. (2002) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.05008 · Cited by 485
“Judgments of hedonic balance also confirm high stability in average levels of pleasure and displeasure ( Costa & McCrae, 1980 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialFrontal brain electrical activity (EEG) distinguishes valence and intensity of musical emotions
Schmidt, L. A., & Trainor, L. J. (2001) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930126048 · Cited by 636
Factorial and Construct Validity of the Italian Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
Terracciano, A., McCrae, R. R., & Paul T., J. C. (2003) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027//1015-5759.19.2.131 · Cited by 477
“Finally, PA and NA are strongly related to Extraversion and Neuroticism personality factors, respectively (Costa & McCrae, 1980;Watson & Clark, 1992), and represent core components of the two broad personality dimensions (see also Yik, Russell, Oceja, & Fernández Dols, 2000).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationPersonality Correlates of Subjective Well-Being
Emmons, R. A., & Diener, E. (1985) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167285111008 · Cited by 473
Emotional well-being predicts subsequent functional independence and survival.
Ostir, G. V., Markides, K. S., Black, S. A., & Goodwin, J. S. (2000) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04991.x · Cited by 336
Cropanzano, R., & Wright, T. A. (2001) · Consulting psychology journal · doi:10.1037/1061-4087.53.3.182 · Cited by 590
Self-Generated Versus Other-Generated Statements and Impressions in Computer-Mediated Communication
Walther, J. B., Heide, B. L. V. D., Hamel, L. M., & Shulman, H. C. (2009) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650208330251 · Cited by 502
“Moreover, extraversion is generally associated with positive affect (Costa & McCrae, 1980) and is related to self perceptions of well being (DeNeve & Cooper, 1998).”
BackgroundBig 5 correlates of three measures of subjective well-being
Hayes, N., & Joseph, S. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00057-0 · Cited by 458
“Early work by Costa and McCrae (1980) showed that happiness was associated with greater Extraversion and lower Neuroticism.”
BackgroundThe Quality-of-Life (QOL) Research Movement: Past, Present, and Future
Sirgy, M. J., Michalos, A. C., Ferriss, A. L., Easterlin, R. A., Patrick, D. L., & Pavot, W. (2006) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-005-2877-8 · Cited by 479
Autism: The Phenotype in Relatives
Bailey, A. J., Palferman, S., Heavey, L., & Couteur, A. S. L. (1998) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1026048320785 · Cited by 467
Anhedonia, Positive and Negative Affect, and Social Functioning in Schizophrenia
Blanchard, J. J., Mueser, K. T., & Bellack, A. S. (1998) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033336 · Cited by 439
“It is important to note that PA and NA are viewed as largely independent dimensions that may have differential (not just opposite) correlations with other variables (e.g., Costa and McCrae 1980; Tellegen 1985; Clark and Watson 1988; Watson 1988a; Watson et al. 1992; Tellegen and Waller, in press).”
Trait psychology and culture: exploring intercultural comparisons.
McCrae, R. (2001) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.696166 · Cited by 455
Self-citationHow Neighborhood Features Affect Quality of Life
Sirgy, M. J., & Cornwell, T. (2002) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1016021108513 · Cited by 439
Jaswal, V. K., & Akhtar, N. (2019) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x18001826 · Cited by 436
Emotional Reactivity to Everyday Problems, Affective Inertia, and Neuroticism
Suls, J. M., Green, P., & Hillis, S. L. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167298242002 · Cited by 421
Personality and Life Satisfaction: A Facet-Level Analysis
Schimmack, U., Oishi, S., Furr, R. M., & Funder, D. C. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204264292 · Cited by 481
“For example, Costa and McCrae (1980) demonstrated that personality measures predicted hedonic balance 10 years later.”
BackgroundWhat are the differences between happiness and self-esteem?
Lyubomirsky, S., Tkach, C., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2006) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-005-0213-y · Cited by 431
The evolving concept of subjective well-being: the multifaceted nature of happiness
Diener, E., Scollon, C. N., & Lucas, R. E. (2003) · Advances in cell aging and gerontology · doi:10.1016/s1566-3124(03)15007-9 · Cited by 467
Trait explanations in personality psychology
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1995) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2410090402 · Cited by 457
Self-citationCarver, C. S. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0904_2 · Cited by 442
Martin, M. (1990) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(90)90075-l · Cited by 418
Quality of life: A dynamic construct
Allison, P. J., Locker, D., & Feine, J. S. (1997) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00339-5 · Cited by 426
Gross, J. J., Sutton, S. K., & Ketelaar, T. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167298243005 · Cited by 434
Tkach, C., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-005-4754-1 · Cited by 414
“In general, extraverts report being happier than introverts , and neurotic individuals report being less happy than emotionally stable individuals (Costa and McCrae, 1980; Costa et al., 1987; Emmons and Diener, 1985; McCrae and Costa, 1991).”
BackgroundPersonality, self-esteem, and demographic predictions of happiness and depression
Cheng, H., & Furnham, A. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00078-8 · Cited by 413
Teacher enthusiasm: Dimensionality and context specificity
Kunter, M., Frenzel, A., Nagy, G., Baumert, J., & Pekrun, R. (2011) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2011.07.001 · Cited by 405
Rusting, C. L., & Larsen, R. J. (1997) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00246-2 · Cited by 401
Pavot, W., Diener, E., & Fujita, F. (1990) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90157-m · Cited by 396
Understanding subjective well-being: perspectives from psychology and public health
Das, K., Jones-Harrell, C., Fan, Y., Ramaswami, A., Orlove, B., & Botchwey, N. D. (2020) · Public health reviews · doi:10.1186/s40985-020-00142-5 · Cited by 515
Psychiatric distress and symptoms of PTSD among victims of bullying at work
Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. V. (2004) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069880410001723558 · Cited by 395
“Enhanced levels of state negative affectivity, as well as a lowered state of positive affect, may then initiate increased use of maladaptive coping strategies in turn causing higher levels of reported psychological symptoms and psychosomatic complaints (Costa & McCrae, 1980).”
BackgroundDispositional Affect and Job Satisfaction: A Review and Theoretical Extension
Judge, T. A., & Larsen, R. J. (2001) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2001.2973 · Cited by 385
“For example, Costa and McCrae (1980) measured E and N in their large longitudinal sample of adults in the Baltimore area.”
BackgroundDevins, G. M., Binik, Y. M., Hutchinson, T. A., Hollomby, D. J., Barré, P. E., & Guttmann, R. D. (1984) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/5dcp-25bv-u1g9-9g7c · Cited by 375
Extraversion, neuroticism and susceptibility to positive and negative mood induction procedures
Larsen, R. J., & Ketelaar, T. (1989) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(89)90233-x · Cited by 374
Subjective Well-Being and Social Production Functions
Ormel, J., Lindenberg, S. M., Steverink, N., & Verbrugge, L. M. (1999) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1006907811502 · Cited by 387
“On the side of stable characteristics, personality and social class related variables shape long-term baseline of positive and negative affect (e.g., Costa and McCrae 1980; Ormel and Schaufeli, 1991). influence exposure to life changes (e.g. Fergusson and Horwood, 1987; Ormel and Wohlfarth, 1991),…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1980
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 668-678
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2157483908
- Cited by
- 2,652
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 134 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 119 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 101
- FWCI
- 16.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- extraversion, neuroticism, subjective well-being, happiness, positive affect, negative affect, personality traits, adaptation-level theory
- MeSH terms
- Extraversion, Psychological, Happiness, Humans, Male, Neurotic Disorders, Personal Satisfaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
