Cited by 2,652Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionPersonality Traits and PsychologyNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

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Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people

Costa, Paul T., McCrae, Robert R.·1980·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.668

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Abstract

Three studies are reported that examine the relations between personality and happiness or subjective well-being. It is argued that (a) one set of traits influences positive affect or satisfaction, whereas a different set of traits influences negative affect or dissatisfaction; (b) the former set of traits can be reviewed as components of extraversion, and the latter as components of neuroticism; and (c) personality differences antedate and predict differences in happiness over a period of 10 years, thus ruling out the rival hypothesis that temporary moods or states account for the observed relations. A model of individual differences in happiness is presented, and the separate and complementary roles of trait and adaptation-level theories in explaining happiness are discussed.

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Background
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“These assumptions have been supported by longitudinal studies [37] and have been widely replicated with other samples and instruments (e.”
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Background
Life-Satisfaction Is a Momentary Judgment and a Stable Personality Characteristic: The Use of Chronically Accessible and Stable Sources
Schimmack, U., Diener, E., & Oishi, S. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_9 · Cited by 47
“…tradition usually relies on correlational studies in which individual differences in life-satisfaction are related to individual differences in predictor variables such as self-esteem (Diener & Diener, 1995) or the Big Five personality dimensions (Costa & McCrae, 1980; McCrae & Costa, 1991).”
Background
The personality and quality of life in HNSCC patients following treatment
Aarstad, H. J., Aarstad, A. K. H., Birkhaug, E. J., Bru, E., & Olofsson, J. S. (2003) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/s0959-8049(03)00308-3 · Cited by 46
Validating scales for the assessment of mood level and variability by latent state-trait analyses
Eid, M., Notz, P., Steyer, R., & Schwenkmezger, P. (1994) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90111-2 · Cited by 47
Infrequent panic attacks: Psychiatric comorbidity, personality characteristics and functional disability
Katon, W. J., Hollifield, M. A., Chapman, T. F., Mannuzza, S., Ballenger, J., & Fyer, A. J. (1995) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(95)00006-q · Cited by 46
CEO personality traits, strategic flexibility, and firm dynamics
Aabo, T., Pantzalis, C., Park, J. C., Trigeorgis, L. G., & Wulff, J. N. (2023) · Journal of Corporate Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2023.102524 · Cited by 48
Elevated Appraisals of the Negative Impact of Naturally Occurring Life Events: A Risk Factor for Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
Espejo, E. P., Hammen, C. L., & Brennan, P. A. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9552-0 · Cited by 47
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript negative affective states including depression and anxiety (Costa & McCrae, 1980).”
Subjective temporal trajectories for subjective well-being
Busseri, M. A., Choma, B. L., & Sadava, S. W. (2011) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2011.565784 · Cited by 46
“…that present levels of PA and NA have been shown to be differentially associated with personality traits such as extraversion and neuroticism (e.g., Costa & McCrae, 1980; DeNeve & Cooper, 1998) such traits may show differential associations with STs for these two components which would thus…”
Background
The Relationship between Mental Health Components and Locus of Control in Youth
Shojaee, M., & French, C. (2014) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2014.58107 · Cited by 46
Personality effects on experiential consumption
Mehmetoglu, M. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.09.008 · Cited by 45
A week during COVID-19: Online social interactions are associated with greater connection and more stress
Tibbetts, M., Epstein-Shuman, A., Leitao, M., & Kushlev, K. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100133 · Cited by 52
“Consistent with past research (Costa & McCrae, 1980), emotional stability was associated with all four well-being outcomes, and extraversion was related to both positive affect and social connectedness (see Table 2).”
Result
Self-Reported Processing Bias and Naturally Occurring Mood: Mediators between Personality and Stress Appraisals
Hemenover, S. H. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201274001 · Cited by 46
Integrating Expressiveness and Instrumentality in Real-Life Settings: A New Perspective on the Benefits of Androgyny
Stake, J. E. (1997) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1023/a:1025658902984 · Cited by 46
“Separate measures of positive and negative well-being were included in the study because previous research indicated they are distinct and do not represent opposite ends of the same continuum ( Costa & McCrae, 1980; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991).”
MethodResult
Permanence and change: Psychosocial factors in the outcome of adolescent pregnancy
Boyce, W. T., Schaefer, C. A., & Uitti, C. (1985) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(85)90278-3 · Cited by 46
Multiple replication of the factor structure of the inventory of socially supportive behaviors
Walkey, F. H., Siegert, R. J., Taylor, A. J. W., & McCormick, I. A. (1987) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/1520-6629(198710)15:4 · Cited by 26
Affective signal processing (ASP) : unraveling the mystery of emotions
van den Broek, E. L. (2011) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036532433 · Cited by 46
Job crafting mediates the relation between creativity, personality, job autonomy and well‐being in Lebanese nurses
Ghazzawi, R., Bender, M., Daouk‐Öyry, L., van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Chasiotis, A. (2021) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13357 · Cited by 46
“…onto the Big Five, but assesses seven rather than five dimensions (conscientiousness, intellect, emotional stability, extraversion, agreeableness, honestly/integrity and conventionality). extraversion relates to positive affect, and low emotional stability to negative affect (Costa & McCrae, 1980).”
Background
Religious Commitment and its Relation to Happiness among Muslim Students: The Educational Level as Moderator
Achour, M., Nor, M. R. M., Amel, B., Seman, H. M. B., & Yusoff, Z. M. (2017) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-017-0361-9 · Cited by 55
Set-Point Theory and personality development
Ormel, J., VonKorff, M., Jeronimus, B. F., & Riese, H. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804674-6.00009-0 · Cited by 50
The Function of Personality in Suicidal Ideation from the Perspective of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide
Baertschi, M., Costanza, A., Canuto, A., & Weber, K. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15040636 · Cited by 45
“Taken together, N and E constitute independent, nonetheless interrelated, sources of subjective well-being [17].”
Background
Teachers' narratives: A source for exploring the influences of teachers' significant life experiences on their dispositions and teaching practices
Altan, S., & Lane, J. F. (2018) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2018.05.012 · Cited by 45
Personality, exercise and psychological well-being: Static relationships in the community
Yeung, R. R., & Hemsley, D. R. (1997) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00158-4 · Cited by 44

Authors: Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: Costa, Paul T.
McCrae, Robert R.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1980
Volume: 38
Issue: 4
Pages: 668-678
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.668
OpenAlex: W2157483908
Cited by: 2,652
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 45 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 134 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 119 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 101
FWCI: 16.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: extraversion, neuroticism, subjective well-being, happiness, positive affect, negative affect, personality traits, adaptation-level theory
MeSH terms: Extraversion, Psychological, Happiness, Humans, Male, Neurotic Disorders, Personal Satisfaction

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Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people

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