Romantic love: a mammalian brain system for mate choice

Fisher, Helen E; Aron, Arthur; Brown, Lucy L

doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1938

Cited by 411Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeuroendocrine regulation and behaviorEvolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior

Romantic love: a mammalian brain system for mate choice

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Fisher, Helen E, Aron, Arthur, Brown, Lucy L·2006·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

DOI 10.1098/rstb.2006.1938PMC PMC1764845

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Abstract

Mammals and birds regularly express mate preferences and make mate choices. Data on mate choice among mammals suggest that this behavioural ‘attraction system’ is associated with dopaminergic reward pathways in the brain. It has been proposed that intense romantic love, a human cross-cultural universal, is a developed form of this attraction system. To begin to determine the neural mechanisms associated with romantic attraction in humans, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study 17 people who were intensely ‘in love’. Activation specific to the beloved occurred in the brainstem right ventral tegmental area and right postero-dorsal body of the caudate nucleus. These and other results suggest that dopaminergic reward and motivation pathways contribute to aspects of romantic love. We also used fMRI to study 15 men and women who had just been rejected in love. Preliminary analysis showed activity specific to the beloved in related regions of the reward system associated with monetary gambling for uncertain large gains and losses, and in regions of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex associated with theory of mind, obsessive/compulsive behaviours and controlling anger. These data contribute to our view that romantic love is one of the three primary brain systems that evolved in avian and mammalian species to direct reproduction. The sex drive evolved to motivate individuals to seek a range of mating partners; attraction evolved to motivate individuals to prefer and pursue specific partners; and attachment evolved to motivate individuals to remain together long enough to complete species-specific parenting duties. These three behavioural repertoires appear to be based on brain systems that are largely distinct yet interrelated, and they interact in specific ways to orchestrate reproduction, using both hormones and monoamines. Romantic attraction in humans and its antecedent in other mammalian species play a primary role: this neural mechanism motivates individuals to focus their courtship energy on specific others, thereby conserving valuable time and metabolic energy, and facilitating mate choice.

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It seems plausible that the hormonal system underlying human attachment would be highly conserved.
“but it does seem plausible that such a system would be highly conserved (Fisher et al. 2006).”
From Natural Selection, Childrearing, and the Ethics of Marriage (and Divorce): Building a Case for the Neuroenhancement of Human Relationships (2012) · cites this paper as Fisher et al. 2006
It has not yet been shown conclusively that human attachment relies on the same hormonal machinery.
“It has not yet been shown conclusively that human attachment relies on the same hormonal machinery, but it does seem plausible that such a system would be highly conserved (Fisher et al. 2006).”
From Natural Selection, Childrearing, and the Ethics of Marriage (and Divorce): Building a Case for the Neuroenhancement of Human Relationships (2012) · cites this paper as Fisher et al. 2006
Meta-analyses and systematic reviews indicate that a range of common therapies can be effective in relieving couple distress in many situations.
“Meta-analyses and systematic reviews indicate that a range of common therapies can indeed be effective in relieving couple distress in many situations [26, 27].”
From Could intranasal oxytocin be used to enhance relationships? Research imperatives, clinical policy, and ethical considerations (2013) · cites this paper as [27]
Romantic relationships have three phases that share some biological substrates but involve different brain systems.
“Importantly, three different phases in romantic relationships have been defined that share common biological substrates but also involve different brain systems (11,35,36).”
From Oxytocin enhances brain reward system responses in men viewing the face of their female partner (2013) · cites this paper as [36]
Striatum activity increases when viewing or thinking about people with whom we hold intimate relationships, or people that hold high compared to low social rank.
“Striatum activity also increases when viewing or thinking about people with whom we hold intimate relationships 39, 40, or people that hold high compared to low social rank 41.”
From The social brain and reward: Social information processing in the human striatum (2014) · cites this paper as [39]

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Functional–Anatomic Correlates of Sustained and Transient Processing Components Engaged during Controlled Retrieval
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Sexual Dysfunction Associated with the Treatment of Depression: A Placebo-Controlled Comparison of Bupropion Sustained Release and Sertraline Treatment
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Feature-Based Anticipation of Cues that Predict Reward in Monkey Caudate Nucleus
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Vasopressin in the forebrain of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus): studies with in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry and receptor autoradiography
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Noradrenergic innervation of vasopressin‐and oxytocin‐containing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the macaque monkey: Quantitative analysis using double‐label immunohistochemistry and confocal laser microscopy
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Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone Enhances Proceptivity in a Primate
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Dopamine-stimulated sexual behavior is testosterone dependent in mice.
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Male Faces and Odours Evoke Differential Patterns of Neurochemical Release in the Mediobasal Hypothalamus of the Ewe During Oestrus: An Insight Into Sexual Motivation?
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Dopamine-stimulated sexual behavior is testosterone dependent in mice.
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Anger and depression in cocaine addiction: association with the orbitofrontal cortex
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Enhanced responses of nucleus accumbens neurons in male rats to novel odors associated with sexually receptive females
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The pharmacology and endocrinology of sexual function
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Immunolesion of Hindbrain Catecholaminergic Projections to the Medial Hypothalamus Attenuates Penile Reflexive Erections and Alters Hypothalamic Peptide mRNA
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Sexual dysfunction associated with the treatment of depression: A placebo-controlled comparison of bupropion sustained release and sertraline treatment
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Compassion: an evolutionary analysis and empirical review
Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018807 · Cited by 2,200 · see citing works
Oxytocin pathways and the evolution of human behavior
Carter, C. S. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115110 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
The suicidal mind and brain: A review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies
Jollant, F., Lawrence, N. L., Olié, E., Guillaume, S., & Courtet, P. (2011) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.556200 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Oxytocin enhances brain reward system responses in men viewing the face of their female partner
Scheele, D., Wille, A., Kendrick, K. M., Stoffel-Wagner, B., Becker, B., Güntürkün, O., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1314190110 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Reward, Addiction, and Emotion Regulation Systems Associated With Rejection in Love
Fisher, H. E., Brown, L. L., Aron, A., Strong, G., & Mashek, D. (2010) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00784.2009 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
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Attachment, aggression and affiliation: the role of oxytocin in female social behavior
Campbell, A. (2008) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.09.001 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
The social brain and reward: Social information processing in the human striatum
Bhanji, J. P., & Delgado, M. R. (2014) · WIREs Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1266 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Oxytocin and human social behavior.
Campbell, A. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310363594 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Hormonal mechanisms of cooperative behaviour
Soares, M. C., Bshary, R., Fusani, L., Goymann, W., Hau, M., Hirschenhauser, K., & Oliveira, R. F. (2010) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0151 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
The plausibility of sugar addiction and its role in obesity and eating disorders
Benton, D. (2010) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2009.12.001 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Physiology of women's sexual function: basic knowledge and new findings.
Salonia, A., Giraldi, A., Chivers, M. L., Georgiadis, J. R., Levin, R., Maravilla, K. R., & McCarthy, M. M. (2010) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01810.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Love is more than just a kiss: a neurobiological perspective on love and affection
de Boer, A., van Buel, E. M., & Ter Horst, G. J. (2012) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.017 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
What is a pair bond?
Bales, K. L., Ardekani, C. S., Baxter, A., Karaskiewicz, C. L., Kuske, J. X., Lau, A. R., Savidge, L. E., Sayler, K. R., & Witczak, L. R. (2021) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105062 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Neuroenhancement of love and marriage: the chemicals between us.
Savulescu, J., & Sandberg, A. (2008) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-007-9002-4 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
μ-Opioid receptors within subregions of the striatum mediate pair bond formation through parallel yet distinct reward mechanisms
Resendez, S. L., Dome, M., Gormley, G., Franco, D., Nevárez, N., Hamid, A. A., & Aragona, B. J. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4123-12.2013 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The Neurobiology of Love and Pair Bonding from Human and Animal Perspectives
Blumenthal, S. A., & Young, L. J. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12060844 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The Medicalization of Love
EARP, B. D., SANDBERG, A., & SAVULESCU, J. (2015) · Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics · doi:10.1017/s0963180114000206 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Natural Selection, Childrearing, and the Ethics of Marriage (and Divorce): Building a Case for the Neuroenhancement of Human Relationships
Earp, B. D., Sandberg, A., & Savulescu, J. (2012) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-012-0081-8 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The genetic basis of individual differences in reward processing and the link to addictive behavior and social cognition
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Authors: Fisher, H. E., Aron, A., & Brown, L. L.
Affiliations: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Stony Brook University (US)
Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
Corresponding author: Fisher, Helen E
ORCID: Fisher, Helen E
Aron, Arthur
Brown, Lucy L
Venue: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Publisher: The Royal Society
Published: 2006-11-13
Volume: 361
Issue: 1476
Pages: 2173-2186
ISSN: 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
1471-2970
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1938
PMC: PMC1764845
OpenAlex: W2160928683
Cited by: 411
References: 171
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 110 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 3.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: royalsociety.org/journals/ethics-policies/data-sharing-mining/ (tdm)
Locations: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Keywords: romantic love, mate choice, mate attraction, dopaminergic reward system, ventral tegmental area, caudate nucleus, orbitofrontal cortex, theory of mind, sexual desire, attachment, evolution of reproduction, courtship
MeSH terms: Animals, Brain, Humans, Love, Sexual Behavior, Mating Preference, Animal

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Romantic love: a mammalian brain system for mate choice

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