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Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
Abstract
University of Wisconsin--Madis on Three studies tested basic assumptions derived from a theoretical model based on the dissociation ofantomatic and controlled processes involved in prejudice. Study I supported the model's assumption that high- and low-prejudice persons are equally knowledgeable of the cultural stereotype. The model suggests that the stereotype is automatically activated in the presence of a member (or some symbolic equivalent) of the stereotyped group and that Iow-prejudiee responses require controlled inhibition of the automatically activated stereotype. Study 2, which examined the effects of automarie stereotype activation on the evaluation of ambiguous stereotype-relevant behaviors performed by a race-unspecified person, suggested that when subjects' ability to consciously monitor stereotype activation is precluded, both high- and low-prejudice subjects produce stereotype-congruent evaluations of ambiguous behaviors. Study 3 examined high- and low-prejudice subjects' responses in a consciously directed thought-listing task. Consistent with the model, only low-prejudice subjects inhibited the automatically activated stereotype-congruent thoughts and replaced them with thoughts reflecting equality and negations of the stereotype. The relation between stereotypes and prejudice and implications for prejudice reduction are discussed.
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“With regard to diagnosing intergroup bias, research has shown that intergroup bias can translate into verbal and nonverbal interpersonal communication within teams (Devine, 1989;Dovidio, Kawakami, & Gaertner, 2002;Fiske, 1998;Hekman et al., 2010).”
From Leading diversity: Towards a theory of functional leadership in diverse teams. (2020) · cites this paper as Devine, 1989
In the citing paper
“Devine’s habit-breaking analysis of prejudice reduction, which argues that overcoming prejudice is a protracted process that requires considerable effort in the pursuit of a nonprejudiced goal”
From Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention (2012) · cites this paper as Devine, 1989
In the citing paper
“Several theorists have implicated implicit race biases, which are automatically activated and often unintentional, as major contributors to the perpetuation of discrimination”
From Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention (2012) · cites this paper as Devine, 1989
In the citing paper
“The intervention is based on the premise that implicit bias is like a habit that can be reduced through a combination of awareness of implicit bias, concern about the effects of that bias, and the application of strategies to reduce bias.”
From Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention (2012) · cites this paper as Devine, 1989
In the citing paper
“Many theorists argue that implicit biases persist and are powerful determinants of behavior precisely because people lack personal awareness of them and they can occur despite conscious nonprejudiced attitudes or intentions”
From Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention (2012) · cites this paper as Devine, 1989
In the citing paper
“The word frequency and likelihood findings, combined with the findings about change in implicit bias, personal awareness, and concern, support the prejudice habit model and other dual-process models that identify effort as necessary for implicit bias reduction (Devine, 1989; Devine & Monteith, 1993; Smith & DeCoster, 2000; Strack & Deutsch, 2004).”
From Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention (2012) · cites this paper as Devine, 1989
In the citing paper
“Despite egalitarian beliefs, most Americans possess implicit negative associations with minority groups that are kept in check through effortful cognitive control (31,32).”
From Economic scarcity alters the perception of race (2014) · cites this paper as [32]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Devine, P. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Devine, Patricia G.
- ORCID
- Devine, Patricia G.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1989-01
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-18
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2127629438
- Cited by
- 5,673
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 156 · 2024: 161 · 2023: 158 · 2022: 166 · 2021: 190 · 2020: 300 · 2019: 231 · 2018: 225 · 2017: 222 · 2016: 257 · 2015: 233 · 2014: 240 · 2013: 237 · 2012: 256
- FWCI
- 128.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- stereotypes, prejudice, automatic processes, controlled processes, stereotype activation, prejudice reduction, racial stereotypes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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