The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem.
Abstract
This article examines the measurement of short-lived (i.e., state) changes in self-esteem. A new scale is introduced that is sensitive to manipulations designed to temporarily alter self-esteem, and 5 studies are presented that support the scale's validity. The State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) consists of 20 items modified from the widely used Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy Scale (Janis & Field, 1959). Psychometric analyses revealed that the SSES has 3 correlated factors: performance, social, and appearance self-esteem. Effects of naturally occurring and laboratory failure and of clinical treatment on SSES scores were examined; it was concluded that the SSES is sensitive to these sorts of manipulations. The scale has many potential uses, which include serving as a valid manipulation check index, measuring clinical change in self-esteem, and untangling the confounded relation between mood and self-esteem. There has been a resurgence of interest in examining whether aspects of the self-concept are stable or malleable (Markus & Kunda, 1986). On the one hand, there is considerable evidence that the self-concept is persistent and stable and that people will actively seek information that confirms their self-concept and reject information that threatens their general view of self
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“In this study, the internal consistency (Cronbach α at baseline) was 0.85 for the overall scale.”
From Schema-Informed Digital Mental Health Intervention for Maladaptive Cognitive-Emotional Patterns: Randomized Controlled Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
Citations
Cites
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The Football Boost? Testing Three Models on Impacts on Sports Spectators’ Self-Esteem
Knobloch-Westerwick, S., Abdallah, J. C., & Billings, A. C. (2020) · Communication & Sport · doi:10.1177/2167479519830359 · Cited by 11
Positive Self-Relation Scale – development and psychometric properties
Ociskova, M., Prasko, J., & Kupka, M. (2019) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s212923 · Cited by 2
“26 Other measures include State Self-Esteem Scale 27 or Implicit Associates Test.”
MethodJeong, S., Kim, H., Lho, S. K., Hwang, I., Mun, S., Kim, S., Lim, H., Kim, H., Shin, M.-S., & Moon, W. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/65892 · Cited by 2
“The primary outcome of the Pleaser program was state self-esteem, reflecting distress linked to the self-sacrifice schema in the other-directedness domain, and was measured using the SSES [20].”
Luce (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199904)25:3
Metadata
- Authors
- Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1991-06
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 895-910
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1984877678
- Cited by
- 2,007
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 82
- FWCI
- 9.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- state self-esteem, self-esteem measurement, scale development, performance self-esteem, social self-esteem, appearance self-esteem, manipulation checks, self-concept stability
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