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Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem.
Abstract
This article examines the measurement of short-lived (i.e., state) changes in self-esteem. A new scale is introduced that is sensitive to manipulations designed to temporarily alter self-esteem, and 5 studies are presented that support the scale's validity. The State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) consists of 20 items modified from the widely used Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy Scale (Janis & Field, 1959). Psychometric analyses revealed that the SSES has 3 correlated factors: performance, social, and appearance self-esteem. Effects of naturally occurring and laboratory failure and of clinical treatment on SSES scores were examined; it was concluded that the SSES is sensitive to these sorts of manipulations. The scale has many potential uses, which include serving as a valid manipulation check index, measuring clinical change in self-esteem, and untangling the confounded relation between mood and self-esteem. There has been a resurgence of interest in examining whether aspects of the self-concept are stable or malleable (Markus & Kunda, 1986). On the one hand, there is considerable evidence that the self-concept is persistent and stable and that people will actively seek information that confirms their self-concept and reject information that threatens their general view of self
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“In this study, the internal consistency (Cronbach α at baseline) was 0.85 for the overall scale.”
From Schema-Informed Digital Mental Health Intervention for Maladaptive Cognitive-Emotional Patterns: Randomized Controlled Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
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“After 5 min, manipulation check questionnaires were given (VAS, SSES, SAM and Vividness Scale; Assessment 2; Table 2).”
BackgroundInfluentialTuarob, S., Tucker, C. S., Kumara, S. R. T., Giles, C. L., Pincus, A. L., Conroy, D. E., & Ram, N. (2017) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2017.02.010 · Cited by 42
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“Apart from the many measures assessing self-esteem as an enduring trait, the State Self-Esteem Scale by Heatherton and Polivy (1991) can be used to investigate more situational expressions of this construct.”
Kavanagh, M., Brett, C., & Brignell, C. M. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107776 · Cited by 49
“…Adjustment Screening Inventory self-esteem sub-scale (Reynolds, 2001), three studies used the Single-Item Self--Esteem Scale (Robins et al., 2001), one study used the State Self-Esteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) and one study used The Lifespan Self-Esteem Scale (Harris et al., 2018).”
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Manipulating self‐esteem with subliminally presented words
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Psychological Consequences of Devalued Identities
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Emotivational psychology: How distinct emotions facilitate fundamental motives
Beall, A. T., & Tracy, J. L. (2017) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12303 · Cited by 55
“…the experience or recollection of a success – a statusboosting event--has been associated with high levels of pride, across several studies (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991; McFarland & Ross, 1982; Weiner, Russell, & Lerman, 1979; Williams & DeSteno, 2008), and among children and adults across…”
BackgroundPsychosocial Well-Being of Israeli Students and Attitudes toward Open and Distance Learning
Kurtz, G., Amichai‐Hamburger, Y., & Kantor, J. (2009) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v10i2.593 · Cited by 39
“Although Heatherton and Polivy (1991) identified three factors within the SSES, we found only one significant factor, which was the performance self-esteem factor (coefficient alpha of .69).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBrockner, J., Cremer, D. D., Fishman, A. Y., & Spiegel, S. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.03.002 · Cited by 39
Self-esteem regulation after success and failure to attain unconsciously activated goals
Bongers, K. C. A., Dijksterhuis, A., & Spears, R. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.12.007 · Cited by 39
“Heatherton and Polivy (1991), for example, examined the effects of academic failure on self-esteem.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialStroebe, K. E., Dovidio, J. F., Barreto, M., Ellemers, N., & John, M. (2010) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466610x523057 · Cited by 39
“Self esteem was assessed with same Heatherton and Polivy (1991) personal state self-esteem scale as in Study 4.1 ( = .86).”
MethodInfluentialSvaldi, J., Bender, C., Caffier, D., Ivanova, V., Mies, N., Fleischhaker, C., & Tuschen‐Caffier, B. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154462 · Cited by 43
“(5) The State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES [30, 31]) is a 20 item selfreport instrument with good psychometric properties and sensitive to momentary changes in self-esteem that result from laboratory manipulations.”
BackgroundWhen misery avoids company: Selective social comparisons to photographic online profiles.
Johnson, B. K., & Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2015) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/hcre.12095 · Cited by 37
Belief in the Controllability of Weight and Attributions to Prejudice Among Heavyweight Women
Blaine, B. E., & Williams, Z. (2004) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1023/b:sers.0000032315.95890.d9 · Cited by 39
“The State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991 ) was used to measure self-esteem.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWade, T. D., Zhu, G., & Martin, N. G. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710001066 · Cited by 41
“The scale has demonstrated good concurrent validity with the State Self-Esteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), r=0.72, p<0.05.”
MethodInfluentialGebauer, J. E., Nehrlich, A. D., Sedikides, C., & Neberich, W. (2012) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550612469819 · Cited by 42
“Heatherton and Polivy (1991) distinguished among three selfesteem domains: performance, social, and attractiveness.”
BackgroundInfluentialNielson, D. M., McKnight, C. A., Patel, R. N., Kalnin, A., & Mysiw, W. J. (2014) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2014.09.010 · Cited by 38
State Self-Esteem, Loneliness and Life Satisfaction
Bozorgpour, F., & Salimi, A. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.157 · Cited by 38
“I Feel Fat”: An experimental induction of body displacement in disordered eating
McFarlane, T., Urbszat, D., & Olmsted, M. P. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.01.008 · Cited by 38
“The SSES has been shown to have sound psychometric properties (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundAn exploration of the benefits of animal-assisted activities in undergraduate students in Singapore
Muckle, J., & Lasikiewicz, N. (2017) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12166 · Cited by 43
“The State Self Esteem Scale (SSES) is a 20-item scale measuring a participant’s self-esteem at a given point in © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd and Asian Association of Social Psychology time (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), for example, ‘I feel confident about my abilities’.”
BackgroundResultForgive and Let Go: Effect of Self-Compassion on Post-Event Processing in Social Anxiety
Blackie, R. A., & Kocovski, N. L. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0808-9 · Cited by 41
“State Self-Esteem Scale-Performance Subscale (Heatherton and Polivy 1991) This seven-item subscale was used to assess performance perceptions surrounding a speech.”
MethodReer, F., & Krämer, N. C. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.010 · Cited by 40
Priming food intake with weight control cues: systematic review with a meta-analysis
Buckland, N. J., Er, V., Redpath, I., & Beaulieu, K. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-018-0698-9 · Cited by 36
Support for employment equity policies: A self-enhancement approach
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Zeal Appeal: The Allure of Moral Extremes
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“One promising explanation for how zeal relieves threats, if not by distraction or mood, relates to Higgins’ (2005) theory of regulatory fit.”
BackgroundMethodIn-Group Distinctiveness and Self-Affirmation as Dual Components of Prejudice Reduction
Zárate, M. A., & Garza, A. A. (2002) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/152988602760124865 · Cited by 38
“Finally, participants responded to the State Self-Esteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) and the Need for Uniqueness Scale (Snyder & Fromkin, 1982).”
MethodSelf-esteem in adolescents: Validation of the state self-esteem scale
Linton, K. E., & Richard, G. M. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(96)83741-x · Cited by 38
Self-Ambivalence and Resistance to Subtle Self-Change Attempts
DeMarree, K. G., Morrison, K. R., Wheeler, S. C., & Petty, R. E. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211400097 · Cited by 38
Relationships and the self‐concept
Hinde, R., Finkenauer, C., & Auhagen, A. (2001) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2001.tb00035.x · Cited by 37
Myers, E. M., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2012) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.09.006 · Cited by 44
“The SSES has been shown to be a valid and reliable measure of state self-esteem (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundEFFECTS OF COMMUNICATING SUCCESS WITH FRIENDS ON SELF-ESTEEM IN JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES
Dalsky, D. J. (2011) · PSYCHOLOGIA · doi:10.2117/psysoc.2011.178 · Cited by 37
“Overall α was .92 (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
Martiny, S., Kessler, T., & Vignoles, V. (2012) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430211415439 · Cited by 22
“Questionnaires Participants completed a pretest questionnaire including a group-based selfesteem scale, based on the State Self-Esteem Scale by Heatherton and Polivy (1991).”
MethodBeautify the blurry self: Low self‐concept clarity increases appearance management
Wang, J., & Yu, Y. (2022) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1298 · Cited by 45
Sassenberg, K., & Greving, H. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5140 · Cited by 37
“Health-related self-esteem was measured by five items adopted from the social state self-esteem subscale of the State Self-Esteem Scale [28]: “Due to my chronic illness, I feel self-conscious,” ”Due to my chronic illness, I feel displeased with myself,” “Due to my chronic illness, I feel inferior…”
The Up‐ and Downside of Dual Identity: Stereotype Threat and Minority Performance
Baysu, G., & Phalet, K. (2019) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12330 · Cited by 38
“As stereotype threat can complicate the development of a strong academic self-concept (Aronson & Inzlicht, 2004), we also measured students’ momentary perceptions of competence, i.e., their performance state self-esteem (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundSelf-Esteem in 60 Seconds: The Six-Item State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES-6)
Webster, G. D., Howell, J. L., & Shepperd, J. A. (2020) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191120958059 · Cited by 36
“In both the spring and fall samples, we assed self-esteem with three measures: the SSES-20 (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991; Table 1), the SISES (Robins et al., 2001; “I have high self-esteem”), and the five-item Stability of Self Scale (SSS; Rosenberg, 1965; Webster et al., 2017; e.g., “I change from a…”
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How media multitasking reduces advertising irritation: The moderating role of the Facebook wall
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“Measures State self-esteem was measured by Heatherton and Polivy's (1991) State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES), which consists of twenty items on a five-point Likert scale (see Appendix).”
BackgroundInfluentialEffect of self-esteem on social interactions during the Ultimatum Game
Paz, V., Nicolaisen‐Sobesky, E., Collado, E., Horta, S., Rey, C., Rivero, M. V. V., Berriolo, P., Díaz, M., Oton, M. G., Pérez, A., et al. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.063 · Cited by 37
Altmann, T., & Roth, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00091 · Cited by 42
“In recent decades, scales on state self-esteem (e.g., the State Self-Esteem Scale by Heatherton and Polivy, 1991) have been Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 2 February 2018 | Volume 9 | Article 91 developed and used to measure temporary fluctuations in selfesteem (Linton and Marriott,…”
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“The State Self-Esteem Scale contains three subscales: appearance self-esteem (e.g. ‘I am pleased with my appearance right now’), social selfesteem (e.g. ‘I feel concerned about the impression I am making’, reverse scored) and performance self-esteem (e.g. ‘I feel like I’m not doing well’, reverse scored), with a respo…”
MethodCollange, J., Fiske, S. T., & Sanitioso, R. B. (2009) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2009.27.1.138 · Cited by 36
The Sexual Self-Perceptions of Young Women Experiencing Abuse in Dating Relationships
Offman, A., & Matheson, K. (2004) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-004-5465-5 · Cited by 36
McGowan, S. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2001.1493 · Cited by 36
Putting Oneself in the Task: Choice, Personalization, and Confidence
Tafarodi, R. W., Mehranvar, S., Panton, R. L., & Milne, A. B. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202288009 · Cited by 36
“STATE SELF-ESTEEM To determine whether personal choice selectively enhanced performance self-esteem, as predicted, a oneway (version) MANOVA was conducted on the three SSES subscale scores (scaled as average item ratings).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAdaptive Disengagement Buffers Self-Esteem From Negative Social Feedback
Leitner, J. B., Hehman, E., Deegan, M. P., & Jones, J. M. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167214549319 · Cited by 36
“Studies 3 and 4 focused on whether ADS predicted state rather than trait self-esteem, as state self-esteem is more responsive to situational feedback (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
How Product Trial Alters The Effects of Model Attractiveness
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The psychology of engagement with indigenous identities: A cultural perspective.
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“The Current Thoughts Scale (CTS; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) served as a measure of state self-esteem.”
InfluentialZeigler‐Hill, V., Jordan, C., & Cameron, J. J. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0124 · Cited by 39
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“…unattractive”; ω =0.89), social (7 items, eg, “I feel that others respect and admire me”; ω =0.84), and performance (7 items, eg, “I feel like I’m not doing well”; ω =0.63) subscales of the State Self-Esteem Scale [49], which assesses the extent to which one feels positively valued in the moment.”
BackgroundInfluentialBernstein, M. J., Claypool, H. M., Young, S. G., Tuscherer, T., Sacco, D. F., & Brown, C. M. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213495281 · Cited by 37
“We had participants complete the State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), another well-validated measure of explicit selfesteem and one also used in research having found no differences on explicit self-esteem due to social exclusion (Twenge et al., 2003).”
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Fujie, R. (2010) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5884.2009.00417.x · Cited by 41
Eissa, G. M., Chinchanachokchai, S., & Wyland, R. L. (2017) · Organization Management Journal · doi:10.1080/15416518.2017.1382321 · Cited by 35
“Research demonstrates that employee self-esteem often fluctuates over time, either positively or negatively, depending on the situation or event encountered (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
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Zhang, H., Tang, K., Wang, Y., Fang, R., & Sun, Q. (2021) · Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · doi:10.2147/ccid.s307013 · Cited by 35
Dyrbye, L. N., West, C. P., Herrin, J. S., Dovidio, J. F., Cunningham, B. A., Yeazel, M. W., Lam, V. M. S., Onyeador, I. N., Wittlin, N. M., Burke, S. E., et al. (2021) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.12.036 · Cited by 36
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Cremer, D. D., van Knippenberg, D., van Dijke, M., & Bos, A. E. R. (2004) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-004-2059-x · Cited by 35
“…of procedures more accurately, Vermunt et al. (2001) measured participants’ state social self-esteem (by means of the social self-esteem subscale; Heatherton and Polivy, 1991), and showed, in a correlational design, that procedural fairness influenced outcome fairness judgments most among…”
BackgroundMethodDrinking to regulate negative romantic relationship interactions: The moderating role of self-esteem
DeHart, T., Tennen, H. A., Armeli, S., Todd, M. W., & Affleck, G. G. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.10.001 · Cited by 35
Perceptual and cognitive biases in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder symptoms
Clerkin, E. M., & Teachman, B. A. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701766099 · Cited by 35
“State Self-Esteem Scale: Appearance subscale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundMethodSelf‐ambivalence and reactions to success versus failure
Riketta, M., & Ziegler, R. (2006) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.376 · Cited by 37
Action-construal levels and perceived conflict among ongoing goals: Implications for positive affect
Freitas, A. L., Clark, S. L., Kim, J. Y., & Levy, S. R. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.05.006 · Cited by 35
“Accordingly, in two separate samples potentially affording direct replication, we assessed and controlled statistically for well-validated measures of self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1979) and state selfesteem (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundInfluentialNegative-Feedback Seeking Leads to Depressive Symptom Increases Under Conditions of Stress
Pettit, J. W., & Joiner, T. E. (2001) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1011047708787 · Cited by 35
Connections between children’s feelings of social inclusion and their musical backgrounds
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Targets of comparison and body image in women’s everyday lives: The role of perceived attainability
Fardouly, J., Pinkus, R. T., & Vartanian, L. R. (2021) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.04.009 · Cited by 34
Self-Esteem: A Concept Analysis
AlHarbi, N. (2022) · Nursing Science Quarterly · doi:10.1177/08943184221092447 · Cited by 34
“Heatherton and Polivy (1991) proposed “The State SelfEsteem Scale.””
BackgroundCultural Stereotypes and the Self: A Closer Examination of Implicit Self-Stereotyping
Lun, J., Sinclair, S. A., & Cogburn, C. D. (2009) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973530902880340 · Cited by 34
“Finally, participants also completed a global self-esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1965 ) and a state self-esteem scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991 ; Social and Performance subscales) to examine whether implicit self-stereotyping related to self-relevant judgments.”
BackgroundWebster, G. D., Smith, C. V., Brunell, A. B., Paddock, E. L., & Nezlek, J. B. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.005 · Cited by 34
“Although other measures of self-esteem exist (e.g., Heatherton & Polivy, 1991; Robins, Hendlin, & Trzesniewski, 2001), the RSES remains the most popular.”
BackgroundSocial media as a shield: Facebook buffers acute stress
Rus, H. M., & Tiemensma, J. (2017) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.021 · Cited by 35
The Devil You Know: Self-Esteem and Switching Responses to Poor Service
Consiglio, I., & van Osselaer, S. V. (2019) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucz001 · Cited by 28
Self-esteem and financial risk-taking
Sekścińska, K., Jaworska, D., & Rudzińska‐Wojciechowska, J. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110576 · Cited by 38
Depression among Chinese stroke survivors six months after discharge from a rehabilitation hospital
Chau, J. P. C., Thompson, D. R., Chang, A. M., Woo, J., Twinn, S. F., Cheung, D. S. K., & Kwok, T. C. Y. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03317.x · Cited by 34
“State Self-esteem: the State Self-esteem Scale (SSES) comprises 20 items (Heatherton & Polivy 1991).”
MethodJansen, D. L., Rijken, M., Heijmans, M., & Boeschoten, E. W. (2009) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440902853215 · Cited by 36
“State self-esteem was measured with the Current Thoughts Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), which comprises 20 items (e.g. 'I am worried about what other people think of me' (reverse scored)).”
MethodNagpaul, T., & Pang, J. S. (2017) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21009 · Cited by 34
“Further, previous researchers have held the view that academic self-esteem is theoretically independent of social and public self-consciousness (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundStoried Lives on Instagram: Factors Associated With the Need for Personal-Visual Identity
O’Donnell, N. H. (2018) · Visual Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/15551393.2018.1490186 · Cited by 34
“Five questions were used to measure confidence in an individual’s posts based on Heatherton and Polivy’s State Self-Esteem Scale (1991). The questions were as follows: (1) “I am confident that my Instagram posts are interesting,” (2) “I am pleased with my appearance in my Instagram posts,” (3) “I feel good about mysel…”
MethodBody dissatisfaction, self-focus, and dieting status among women.
Heatherton, T. F. (1993) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.7.4.225 · Cited by 34
“Subjects also completed the State Self-Esteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), which has three factors: Performance SelfEsteem, Social Self-Esteem, and Physical Appearance Self-Esteem.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Self in the Mind’s Eye: Revealing How We Truly See Ourselves Through Reverse Correlation
Maister, L., Beukelaer, S. D., Longo, M. R., & Manos Tsakiris, A. (2021) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976211018618 · Cited by 33
“Although it is likely that state and trait self-esteem measures are highly correlated (e.g., see Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), future research may explore whether this finding holds for more stable aspects of self-esteem.”
The Strain of Spanning Structural Holes: How Brokering Leads to Burnout and Abusive Behavior
Lee, J. W., Quintane, E., Lee, S. Y., Ruiz, C. U., & Kilduff, M. J. (2023) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2023.1664 · Cited by 34
“By emphasizing “today” (see Heatherton and Polivy 1991 for a similar approach), the emphasis was on how burned out participants felt on that day.”
BackgroundHabitual acceptance of misinformation: Examination of individual differences and source attributions
Cann, D. R., & Katz, A. N. (2005) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03193059 · Cited by 33
“The second individual difference variable that may be related to emotional self-focus is that of state self-esteem, and the State SelfEsteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) was used to measure the participant’s level of self-esteem during the testing session.”
MethodExperimental effects of receiving negative weight-related feedback: A weight guessing study
Mills, J. S., & Miller, J. (2007) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.04.004 · Cited by 33
Mendoza‐Denton, R., Goldman‐Flythe, M., Pietrzak, J., Downey, G., & Aceves, M. J. (2010) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550609357796 · Cited by 33
“This is in line with prior research (e.g., Crocker & Knight, 2005; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) conceptualizing self-esteem as tied to particular domains.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe Role of Implicit Theories in Evaluations of “Plus-Size” Advertising
Cinelli, M. D., & Yang, L. (2016) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2016.1230838 · Cited by 33
“Participants’ implicit self-theories and appearance-related self-esteem (Heatherton and Polivy 1991) were measured during Study 2, embedded within several unrelated scales.”
MethodInfluentialInfluence of hope, social support, and self-esteem in early stage dementia
Cotter, V. T., Gonzalez, E. W., Fisher, K. M., & Richards, K. C. (2017) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301217741744 · Cited by 37
“The SSES has high internal consistency (a=.92) for the total score (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWelsh, D. T., Mai, K. M., Ellis, A. P. J., & Christian, M. S. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.01.007 · Cited by 36
Rose, A. L., & Kocovski, N. L. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00302-3 · Cited by 36
Is implicit self-esteem linked to shape and weight concerns in restrained and unrestrained eaters?
Hoffmeister, K., Teige‐Mocigemba, S., Jens Blechert, A., Klauer, K. C., & Tuschen‐Caffier, B. (2009) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.08.009 · Cited by 33
“The State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991; Hohler, 1997) was used to measure state self-esteem.”
BackgroundMethodEvaluation of Geese Theatre’s Re-Connect Program: Addressing Resettlement Issues in Prison
Harkins, L., Pritchard, C., Haskayne, D., Watson, A., & Beech, A. R. (2010) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x10370452 · Cited by 38
“However, there was no follow-up period in this study, which is especially important considering the variability of self-esteem (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991; Thompson, 2000).”
BackgroundPsychological effects of thought acceleration.
Pronin, E., Jacobs, E., & Wegner, D. M. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0013268 · Cited by 33
“As a measure of inflated selfesteem (or “grandiosity”), participants completed the State SelfEsteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), consisting of 20 statements dealing with ongoing feelings of self-esteem.”
MethodRisking the self: the impact of self-esteem on negative word-of-mouth behavior
Philp, M., Pyle, M. A., & Ashworth, L. (2018) · Marketing Letters · doi:10.1007/s11002-018-9447-8 · Cited by 33
Análisis psicométrico confirmatorio de una medida multidimensional del autoconcepto en español
Tomás, J. M., & Oliver, A. (2004) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 33
The Contrast Effect of Physical Attractiveness in Japan
Kowner, R., & Ogawa, T. (1993) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1993.9915542 · Cited by 33
Immediate and persisting effects of misleading questions and hypnosis on memory reports
Scoboria, A., Mazzoni, G., Kirsch, I., & Milling, L. S. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/1076-898x.8.1.26 · Cited by 71
“These were the quality of relationships inventory (Pierce, Sarason, & Sarason, 1991), the State Self-Esteem Scale ( Heatherton & Polivy, 1991 ), and the Positive Affect/Negative Affect Scale (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988).”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1991-06
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 895-910
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1984877678
- Cited by
- 2,007
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 82
- FWCI
- 9.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- state self-esteem, self-esteem measurement, scale development, performance self-esteem, social self-esteem, appearance self-esteem, manipulation checks, self-concept stability
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