The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem.
Abstract
This article examines the measurement of short-lived (i.e., state) changes in self-esteem. A new scale is introduced that is sensitive to manipulations designed to temporarily alter self-esteem, and 5 studies are presented that support the scale's validity. The State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) consists of 20 items modified from the widely used Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy Scale (Janis & Field, 1959). Psychometric analyses revealed that the SSES has 3 correlated factors: performance, social, and appearance self-esteem. Effects of naturally occurring and laboratory failure and of clinical treatment on SSES scores were examined; it was concluded that the SSES is sensitive to these sorts of manipulations. The scale has many potential uses, which include serving as a valid manipulation check index, measuring clinical change in self-esteem, and untangling the confounded relation between mood and self-esteem. There has been a resurgence of interest in examining whether aspects of the self-concept are stable or malleable (Markus & Kunda, 1986). On the one hand, there is considerable evidence that the self-concept is persistent and stable and that people will actively seek information that confirms their self-concept and reject information that threatens their general view of self
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“In this study, the internal consistency (Cronbach α at baseline) was 0.85 for the overall scale.”
From Schema-Informed Digital Mental Health Intervention for Maladaptive Cognitive-Emotional Patterns: Randomized Controlled Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
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Stangl, F. J., Riedl, R., Kiemeswenger, R., & Montag, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1141663 · Cited by 39
Effects of physical atypicality on children's social identities and intergroup attitudes
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“Participants completed a measure of state self-esteem based on the State Self Esteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundMethodMarital Satisfaction in the United Arab Emirates
Al-Darmaki, F. R., Hassane, S. H., Ahammed, S., Abdullah, A. S., Yaaqeib, S. I., & Dodeen, H. M. (2014) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x14547418 · Cited by 32
“Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient of .79, .65, .65, and .74 were found for the SSES Social, Personal, Appearance, and Performance subscales, respectively (Al-Darmaki et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWiltermuth, S. S., Vincent, L. C., & Gino, F. (2017) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.01.006 · Cited by 33
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Self-esteem and autonomic physiology: Self-esteem levels predict cardiac vagal tone
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“Companies were selected on the basis that they had high levels of automation (70–100% of the process was automated in three stress states as the DSSQ and it has been employed in industrial studies (Helton, Fields, and Thoreson 2005; Pirzadeh and Pfaff 2012; Schaufeli, Bakker, and Salanova 2006).”
InfluentialCued activation of relational schemas: Self-evaluation and gender effects.
Baldwin, M. W., Granzberg, A., Pippus, L., & Pritchard, E. T. (2003) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/h0087197 · Cited by 32
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“State self-esteem was measured using a German translation of the State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton and Polivy, 1991).”
MethodWhat’s really in a Name-Letter Effect? Name-letter preferences as indirect measures of self-esteem
Hoorens, V. (2014) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2014.980085 · Cited by 38
“…between self-esteem as a stable individual difference, often called trait self-esteem, and temporal or situational self-esteem fluctuations, often called state-self-esteem (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991; SavinWilliams & Demo, 1983; Sedikides & Gregg, 2003; Trzesniewski, Donnellan, & Robins, 2003).”
BackgroundLoose, F., Régner, I., Morin, A. J. S., & Dumas, F. (2012) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027799 · Cited by 35
“The Performance State SelfEsteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) was used, which consisted of seven items such as “I am satisfied with my school grades,” and ratings were made on a 5-point scale (1 strongly disagree, 5 strongly agree).”
Methodvan Dijke, M., Cremer, D. D., Brebels, L., & Quaquebeke, N. V. (2013) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206313478187 · Cited by 32
“We also measured state self-esteem (directly after the manipulation checks) using heatherton and Polivy’s (1991) Performance SelfEsteem Scale.”
MethodPetersen, L., & Blank, H. (2002) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.137 · Cited by 31
Martin, B. A. S., & Xavier, R. J. (2010) · Journal of Strategic Marketing · doi:10.1080/0965254x.2010.525252 · Cited by 31
“Body esteem was measured on four seven-point scales, such as ‘I feel satisfied with the way my body looks right now’, and ‘I am pleased with my appearance right now’, anchored by strongly disagree–strongly agree (Cronbach’s alpha ¼ .72) adapted from past research (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
MethodKoole, S. L., & van Knippenberg, A. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.07.001 · Cited by 32
Smith, O. E., Mills, J. S., & Samson, L. (2024) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101715 · Cited by 30
Food compensation: do exercise ads change food intake?
van Kleef, E., Shimizu, M., & Wansink, B. C. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-6 · Cited by 33
“As high self-esteem is associated with healthy behaviours such as physical activity [27], short-lived (i.e. state) changes in self-esteem were measured according the scale of Heatherton and Polivy [28].”
InfluentialThe strength to face the facts: Self-regulation defends against defensive information processing
Ruttan, R. L., & Nordgren, L. F. (2016) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.06.006 · Cited by 32
Körner, R., Petersen, L., & Schütz, A. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00371-1 · Cited by 30
Prihadi, K. D., Hui, Y., Chua, M., & Chang, C. K. W. (2019) · International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) · doi:10.11591/ijere.v8i4.20266 · Cited by 29
“Learned-helplessness as a mediator The perceived-hopelessness of the victim is the most prevalent objective of the aggressors in the case of cyber-victimization, because prior to committing their aggression, the aggressors perceived power imbalance between aggressors and victims [60].”
BackgroundMorin, A., & Racy, F. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813995-0.00015-7 · Cited by 38
Weber, S., Messingschlager, T. V., & Stein, J. (2021) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2021.1968440 · Cited by 31
“Current feelings of self-esteem (20 items; e.g., “I feel confident about my abilities”; “I feel frustrated or rattled about my performance.”) were measured on the State Self-Esteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
MethodThe impact of an implicit manipulation of self-esteem on body dissatisfaction
Svaldi, J., Zimmermann, S., & Naumann, E. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.08.003 · Cited by 30
“(4) The State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991; Hohler, 1997) is a 20-item self-report that measures state self-esteem on a five response scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely).”
BackgroundGordijn, E. (2010) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2010.28.1.20 · Cited by 30
State self‐esteem ratings in women with bulimia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in remission
Daley, K. A., Jimerson, D. C., Heatherton, T. F., Metzger, E. D., & Wolfe, B. E. (2007) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20447 · Cited by 30
“on perceptions body size estimation and physical appearance.(22) Other baseline descriptive measures of”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationHoorens, V., & Bruckmüller, S. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000032 · Cited by 31
When Ideals Are Too "Far Off": Physical Self-Ideal Discrepancy and Body Dissatisfaction in Japan
Kowner, R. (2004) · Genetic Social and General Psychology Monographs · doi:10.3200/mono.130.4.333-364 · Cited by 30
“The State Self-Esteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) measures level of self-esteem and consists of 20 items modified from the widely used Janis–Field Feeling of Inadequacy Scale.”
MethodInfluentialStriving for positive self-evaluation as a motive for schadenfreude
DIJK, W. W. V., & Ouwerkerk, J. W. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139084246.011 · Cited by 29
Improving the Lives of Leaders: The Beneficial Effects of Positive Leader Self-Reflection
Lanaj, K., Foulk, T. A., & Jennings, R. E. (2022) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063221110205 · Cited by 33
“We measured self-esteem each evening using four items from the state self-esteem scale by Heatherton and Polivy (1991).”
Social comparison on Instagram, and its relationship with self-esteem and body-esteem
Taylor, J., & Armes, G. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-024-00241-3 · Cited by 29
“The State Self-esteem Scale [51] consisted of 20 items and measured self-esteem at a given point in time.”
Social Influences in Negative Thinking and Affect
Lakey, B., & Tanner, S. M. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9444-9 · Cited by 37
“Appearance self-esteem was assessed with the 6-item appearance subscale of the State Self-Esteem Scale (Heatherton and Polivy 1991).”
MethodLepage, M. L., Price, M., O'Neil, P. M., & Crowther, J. H. (2012) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.02.008 · Cited by 29
“The appearance subscale has robust validity (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundMethodWorkplace positive actions, trans people’s self-esteem and human resources’ evaluations
Bozani, V., Drydakis, N., Sidiropoulou, K., Harvey, B., & Paraskevopoulou, A. (2019) · International Journal of Manpower · doi:10.1108/ijm-03-2019-0153 · Cited by 37
Testing the Expressive Theory of Punishment
Bilz, K. (2016) · Journal of Empirical Legal Studies · doi:10.1111/jels.12118 · Cited by 29
Family therapy approaches for anorexia nervosa
Fisher, C. A., Skocic, S., Rutherford, K. A., & Hetrick, S. E. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004780.pub3 · Cited by 37
Testing the bottom-up and top-down models of self-esteem: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
Dapp, L. C., Krauss, S., & Orth, U. (2022) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000444 · Cited by 32
Tattoos, gender, and well-being among American college students
Koch, J. R., Roberts, A. E., Armstrong, M. L., & Owen, D. C. (2015) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2015.08.001 · Cited by 29
“They are: Self Esteem – ten items, Cronbach’s Alpha = .86 (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991); Depression – six items, Cronbach’s Alpha = .88 (Radloff, 1977); Suicide Ideation–two items, Cronbach’s Alpha = .80 (Radloff, 1977).”
Effects of match result and social comparison on sport state self-esteem fluctuations
Bardel, M.-H., Fontayne, P., Colombel, F., & Schiphof, L. (2010) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.01.005 · Cited by 29
Relation of Physical Activity and Self-Esteem
Bobbio, A. (2009) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.108.2.549-557 · Cited by 30
Folk conceptions of fairness and unfairness
Lupfer, M. B., Weeks, K. P., Doan, K. A., & Houston, D. A. (2000) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(200005/06)30:3 · Cited by 80
Do I still like myself? Human-robot collaboration entails emotional consequences
Weis, P. P., & Herbert, C. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107060 · Cited by 28
Goldenberg, J. L., Cooper, D., Heflick, N. A., Routledge, C. D., & Arndt, J. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.11.013 · Cited by 28
Low Spirits Keep Rewards Subdued: Decreases in Sensitivity to Reward and Vulnerability to Dysphoria
Hervás, G., & Vázquez, C. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2012.07.003 · Cited by 26
Life Story Chapters, Specific Memories, and Conceptions of the Self
Steiner, K., Thomsen, D. K., & Pillemer, D. B. (2017) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3343 · Cited by 31
Evidence for attentional bias in women exhibiting bulimotypic symptoms
Maner, J. K., Holm‐Denoma, J. M., Orden, K. A. V., Gailliot, M. T., Gordon, K. H., & Joiner, T. E. (2005) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20222 · Cited by 28
Ruiter, N. M. P. D., Hartigh, R. J. R. D., Cox, R. F. A., van Geert, P. L. C., & Kunnen, E. S. (2014) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2014.994026 · Cited by 29
“…magnitude of the reaction to external cues, either by measuring the test-retest level of SSE before and after an experimental contextual cue (e.g., Heatherton & Polivy, 1991; Leary & Downs, 1995; Murray, Griffin, Rose, & Bellavia, 2003; Thomaes et al., 2010), or by measuring between-individual…”
MethodNegotiating inclusion: Revealing the dynamic interplay between individual and group inclusion goals
Jansen, W. S., Meeussen, L., Jetten, J., & Ellemers, N. (2019) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2633 · Cited by 31
“State self‐confidence was assessed with the item: “I work with a lot of self‐confidence within my team” (adapted from Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
MethodUnderstanding Self-Respect and Its Relationship to Self-Esteem
Clucas, C. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219879115 · Cited by 27
“Task-related competence is often considered a facet of self-esteem (Harter, 1999; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundFernandes, C. R., Yu, S., Howell, T. M., Brooks, A. W., Kilduff, G. J., & Pettit, N. C. (2021) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.04.002 · Cited by 30
Short-term effects of experienced and observed incivility on mood and self-esteem
Adiyaman, D., & Meier, L. L. (2021) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2021.1976880 · Cited by 26
“Therefore, future studies may use a measure that has been developed to capture specific aspects (e.g. social) of one’s state self-esteem, such as the instrument by Heatherton and Polivy (1991).”
BackgroundLegault, L., & Sago, A. (2022) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.02.013 · Cited by 37
Avatar personalisation vs. privacy in a virtual try-on app for apparel shopping
Ivanov, A., Mou, Y., & Tawira, L. (2022) · International Journal of Fashion Design Technology and Education · doi:10.1080/17543266.2022.2125589 · Cited by 28
Balcetis, E., Cole, S., Chelberg, M. B., & Alicke, M. D. (2012) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2011.639549 · Cited by 38
“Indeed, self-esteem is not necessarily a trait or a dispositionally stable entity, but rather can fluctuate with situational circumstances that occur during the events of daily life (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundThe development and validation of the Dieting Intentions Scale (DIS).
Cruwys, T., Platow, M. J., Rieger, E., & Byrne, D. G. (2012) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0030547 · Cited by 34
Selection based on merit versus demography: Implications across race and gender lines.
Stewart, M. M., & Shapiro, D. L. (2000) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-9010.85.2.219 · Cited by 27
Hong, Y., & Zhan, S. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190679743.003.0019 · Cited by 28
Thill, E. E., & Cury, F. (2000) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(200001/02)30:1 · Cited by 26
Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Uchino, B. N., & Birmingham, W. C. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9234-0 · Cited by 26
“The second section of the ambulatory diary was adapted from prior work and included four items for perceived partner responsiveness [27], two items for perceived interaction positivity and negativity with the spouse [28], six items for state selfesteem [29], and two items for disclosure [30].”
Body Dissatisfaction and Restrained Eating: Mediating Effects of Self-Esteem
Kong, F., Zhang, Y., You, Z., Fan, C., Tian, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2013) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2013.41.7.1165 · Cited by 32
Luong, K. T., & Knobloch‐Westerwick, S. (2016) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/hcre.12101 · Cited by 29
Topical skin therapies in subjects undergoing full facial rejuvenation
Dayan, S. H., Bacos, J. T., Ho, T. T., Gandhi, N. D., Gutierrez‐Borst, S., & Kalbag, A. (2019) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/jocd.12977 · Cited by 26
Prihadi, K. D., Wong, C. Y. S., Chong, E. Y. V., & Chong, K. Y. X. (2020) · International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) · doi:10.11591/ijere.v9i3.20587 · Cited by 26
“Next, the four scales included were General Mattering Scale, SSES, BDI and SIDAS.”
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Sánchez‐Villena, A. R., Fuente-Figuerola, V. D. L., & Ventura‐León, J. (2021) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.26631 · Cited by 26
van der Meulen, M., Najafabadi, A. H. Z., Broersen, L. H. A., Schoones, J. W., Pereira, A. M., van Furth, W. R., Claessen, K. M. J. A., & Biermasz, N. R. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab874 · Cited by 26
“Appearance SelfEsteem scale (44) Self-reported questionnaires consisting of 5 items assessing satisfaction with appearance.”
Self‐Worth and Politics: The Distinctive Roles of Self‐Esteem and Narcissism
Cichocka, A. K., Marchlewska, M., & Cisłak, A. (2023) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12897 · Cited by 35
Speight, J., McMillan, C., Barrington, M., & Victor, C. R. (2007) · Cited by 25
Trottier, K., Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (2005) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20071 · Cited by 26
Self-citationHorton, R. S., Reid, C. A., Barber, J. M., Miracle, J., & Green, J. D. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.038 · Cited by 26
“After completing their assigned task, participants completed the state version of the NPI, the 20-item state self-esteem scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), and a demographic assessment, which included the same questions about typical Facebook use that were included in Experiment 1.”
MethodPromoting Traditions: An Evaluation of a Wilderness Activity Among First Nations of Canada
Janelle, A., Laliberté, A., & Ottawa, U. (2009) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10398560902948605 · Cited by 26
Ragheb, M. G. (1996) · Leisure Studies · doi:10.1080/026143696375549 · Cited by 26
Good intentions gone awry? Effects of weight-related social control on health and well-being
Brunson, J. A., Øverup, C. S., Steers, M. N., Novak, S. A., & Smith, C. V. (2013) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.08.003 · Cited by 26
Foster, M. D., & Dion, K. L. (2003) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1471-6402.00099 · Cited by 26
“State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991 ).”
BackgroundRomanian Adaptation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale
Stevens, M. J., Lambru, I., Sandu, C., Constantinescu, P., Butucescu, A., & Uscătescu, L. C. (2012) · Cited by 25
Smith, M. M., Sherry, S., Mushquash, A. R., Saklofske, D. H., Gautreau, C. M., & Nealis, L. J. (2017) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2017.10.001 · Cited by 26
Felisberti, F. M., & Musholt, K. (2014) · Psychology & Neuroscience · doi:10.3922/j.psns.2014.013 · Cited by 27
“Heatherton and Polivy (1991) argue that self-esteem could be viewed either as a “state” or as a “trait”; fluctuations would occur around a stable baseline.”
Ashtanga Yoga for Psychological Well-being: Initial Effectiveness Study
Jarry, J. L., Chang, F. M., & Civita, L. L. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0703-4 · Cited by 25
“The State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton and Polivy 1991) is a 20-item measure of three domains of state selfesteem: social, performance, and appearance.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRelationship social comparisons: Your facebook page affects my relationship and personal well-being
Morry, M. M., Sucharyna, T. A., & Petty, S. K. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.038 · Cited by 25
Huckins, J. F., DaSilva, A. W., Hedlund, E. L., Murphy, E. I., Rogers, C., Wang, W., Obuchi, M., Holtzheimer, P. E., Wagner, D. D., & Campbell, A. T. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/16684 · Cited by 29
“State self-esteem was measured with three questions selected from the State Self-Esteem Scale, which included a relevant question from each of the following categories: social, appearance, and performance [33].”
MethodBraun, L., Göllner, R., Rieger, S., Trautwein, U., & Spengler, M. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000295 · Cited by 27
Gratitude as a Mediator of the Effects of Savoring on Positive Adjustment to Aging
Bryant, F. B., Osowski, K. A., & Smith, J. L. (2020) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/0091415020919999 · Cited by 25
“We operationalized state self- esteem using the State Self- Esteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), which consists of 20 items assessing the current levels of selfesteem at a given point in time.”
BackgroundMethodResultSelf-Esteem, Social Esteem, and Pride
Salice, A. (2020) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073920930788 · Cited by 23
“Based on another interesting conceptual distinction, self-esteem comes in two forms: trait or baseline self-esteem and acute, short-lived or (this label is somewhat misleading) “state” self-esteem (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundMahadevan, N., Gregg, A., & Sedikides, C. (2022) · Journal of experimental psychology. General · doi:10.1037/xge0001286 · Cited by 22
Vickery, C. D., Sherer, M., Evans, C. C., Gontkovsky, S. T., & Lee, J. E. (2008) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/0090-5550.53.1.101 · Cited by 25
Bair, A., Steele, J. R., & Mills, J. S. (2014) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.04.004 · Cited by 36
Coping with Self-Threat and the Evaluation of Self-Related Traits: An fMRI Study
Hoefler, A., Athenstaedt, U., Corcoran, K., Ebner, F., & Ischebeck, A. K. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136027 · Cited by 28
Jansen, D. L., Rijken, M., Kaptein, A. A., Boeschoten, E. W., Dekker, F. W., & Groenewegen, P. (2014) · Families Systems & Health · doi:10.1037/fsh0000028 · Cited by 25
The Effects of Model Size and Race on Chinese Consumers’ Reactions: A Social Comparison Perspective
Keh, H. T., Park, I. H., Kelly, S. J., & Du, X. (2016) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20864 · Cited by 24
Finding Balance via Positive Psychological Assessment and Conceptualization
Owens, R. L., Magyar‐Moe, J. L., & Lopez, S. J. (2015) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000015584956 · Cited by 25
“(2002) Quality of life Quality of Life Inventory Frisch (1994) Religion and spirituality Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire Plante and Boccaccini (1997) Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale Hatch, Burg, Naberhaus, and Hellmich (1998) Spiritual Transcendence Scale Piedmont (1999) Satisfaction Brie…”
BackgroundBuck, R. W., Powers, S. R., & Hull, K. S. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000285 · Cited by 25
Interpreting and reacting to feedback in stereotype-relevant performance domains
Biernat, M., & Danaher, K. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.08.010 · Cited by 25
La gestion des buts personnels, un apprentissage significatif pour des étudiants universitaires
Bouffard, L., Bastin, É., Lapierre, S., & Dubé, M. (2005) · Revue des sciences de l éducation · doi:10.7202/009962ar · Cited by 27
Romantic jealousy as a social comparison outcome: When similarity stings
Broemer, P., & Diehl, M. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2003.08.002 · Cited by 25
Foster, M. D. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.044 · Cited by 24
Contingent Punishment as a Double‐Edged Sword: A Dual‐Pathway Model from a Sense‐Making Perspective
Deng, H., & Leung, K. Y. (2014) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12074 · Cited by 24
Jordan, C. H., Logel, C. R., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., Wood, J. V., & Holmes, J. G. (2013) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2013.32.7.703 · Cited by 25
Directed abstraction: Encouraging broad, personal generalizations following a success experience.
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“…described above, we also included several exploratory measures following the Ability scale: the performance subscale of a state self-esteem scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) and six items concerning such matters as participants’ perceptions of their performance on the test, the importance…”
MethodThe Impact of Failures and Successes on Affect and Self-Esteem in Young and Older Adults
Rosi, A., Cavallini, E., Gamboz, N., Vecchi, T., van Vugt, F. T., & Russo, R. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01795 · Cited by 35
The effect of others’ outcome valence on spontaneous gift-giving behavior
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“I Found a More Attractive Deepfaked Self”: The Self-Enhancement Effect in Deepfake Video Exposure
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Metadata
- Authors
- Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1991-06
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 895-910
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1984877678
- Cited by
- 2,007
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 82
- FWCI
- 9.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- state self-esteem, self-esteem measurement, scale development, performance self-esteem, social self-esteem, appearance self-esteem, manipulation checks, self-concept stability
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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