The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem.
Abstract
This article examines the measurement of short-lived (i.e., state) changes in self-esteem. A new scale is introduced that is sensitive to manipulations designed to temporarily alter self-esteem, and 5 studies are presented that support the scale's validity. The State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) consists of 20 items modified from the widely used Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy Scale (Janis & Field, 1959). Psychometric analyses revealed that the SSES has 3 correlated factors: performance, social, and appearance self-esteem. Effects of naturally occurring and laboratory failure and of clinical treatment on SSES scores were examined; it was concluded that the SSES is sensitive to these sorts of manipulations. The scale has many potential uses, which include serving as a valid manipulation check index, measuring clinical change in self-esteem, and untangling the confounded relation between mood and self-esteem. There has been a resurgence of interest in examining whether aspects of the self-concept are stable or malleable (Markus & Kunda, 1986). On the one hand, there is considerable evidence that the self-concept is persistent and stable and that people will actively seek information that confirms their self-concept and reject information that threatens their general view of self
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In this study, the internal consistency (Cronbach α at baseline) was 0.85 for the overall scale.”
From Schema-Informed Digital Mental Health Intervention for Maladaptive Cognitive-Emotional Patterns: Randomized Controlled Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
Citations
Cites
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
An Index of Factorial Simplicity
Kaiser, H. F. (1974) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291575 · Cited by 14,898
A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology.
Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0047358 · Cited by 8,686
Illusion and well‐being: A social psychological perspective on mental health
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 · Cited by 7,814
Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation.
Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.87.1.49 · Cited by 7,121
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,872
Depression. Clinical, Experimental, and Theoretical Aspects.
(1968) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-68-2-502 · Cited by 5,233
Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465 · Cited by 4,636
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,004
The effect of childhood trauma on complex posttraumatic stress disorder: the role of self-esteem
Li, Y., & Liang, Y. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2272478 · Cited by 18
“…some studies have suggested that traits of self-esteem and state self-esteem can be dynamically converted to each other (De Ruiter et al., 2017; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), future research may consider adopting regular intervention (e.g. a daily diary method) or longitudinal studies to explore…”
BackgroundMethodMaxfield, M., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2010) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.4061/2010/260123 · Cited by 18
“They also completed the 20-item State Self-Esteem Scale [39], indicating on a scale of 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely) the extent to which they agreed with 20 statements relating to self-esteem (e.g. “I feel that others respect and admire me.””
MethodLamer, S. A., Reeves, S. L., & Max Weisbuch, A. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.09.010 · Cited by 18
“The Heatherton and Polivy (1991) state self-esteem scale (HPSE; here: α = .90) includes 20 items that participants respond to by indicating how they felt in that moment (from 1, Not at all, to 5, Extremely; M = 3.68, SD = .61).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHeterosexual Rejection and Mate Choice: A Sociometer Perspective
Zhang, L., Liu, S., Li, Y., & Ruan, L.-J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01846 · Cited by 19
“According to Heatherton and Polivy (1991), 12 paired groups of adjectives were chosen to measure state self-esteem: fine-awful, competent-incompetent, proud-ashamed, fit-unfit, usefuluseless, excellent-bad, smart-stupid, confident-self-abased, valuable-worthless, important-negligible,…”
BackgroundEkechukwu, N. E., Olaleye, O. A., & Hamzat, T. K. (2017) · Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ejhs.v27i1.5 · Cited by 18
Video games as a recovery intervention for ostracism
Tamplin-Wilson, J., Smith, R., Morgan, J. R., & Maras, P. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.008 · Cited by 23
A counterfeit competence: After threat, cheating boosts one's self-image
Wakeman, S. W., Moore, C., & Francesca Gino, B. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.01.009 · Cited by 19
Ling, I.-L., Liu, Y.-F., Lin, C.-W., & Shieh, C.-H. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-09-2017-2373 · Cited by 10
León, F. H. A. D., Spers, E. E., & de Lima, L. M. (2020) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103938 · Cited by 18
Poor Performance in Mathematics: Is there a basis for a self‐worth explanation for women?
Thompson, T., & Dinnel, D. L. (2007) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410601104197 · Cited by 18
“State performance self‐esteem was assessed using the performance self‐esteem subscale of the State Self‐Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialÜberprüfung einer deutschen Version der Selbstkonzeptklarheits-Skala von Campbell
Stucke, T. S. (2002) · Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie · doi:10.1024//0170-1789.23.4.475 · Cited by 18
Vannajak, K., Boonprakob, Y., Eungpinichpong, W., Ungpansattawong, S., & Nanagara, R. (2014) · Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine · doi:10.4103/0975-9476.128859 · Cited by 18
“[4,5] Perhaps because deteriorating psychological function and psychological distress erode a person’s self-esteem.[6,7] Women with SSc have a lower self-esteem than burn patients with observable deformities,[8,9] as thickening skin is both disabling O R I G I N A L R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E C L I N I C A L”
BackgroundRepeated exposure to the thin ideal and implications for the self: Two weight loss program studies
Klesse, A.-K., Goukens, C., Geyskens, K., & de Ruyter, K. (2012) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2012.06.003 · Cited by 21
The art of coping with a craniofacial difference: Helping others through “Positive Exposure”
Schmidt, J., Sutton, E. J., Guidotti, R., Shapiro, K., Ball, K. L., McLean, D. E., & Biesecker, B. B. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.32344 · Cited by 18
“Also incorporated in this survey were three quantitative scales used to assess selfesteem [Heatherton and Polivy, 1991], perceived social stigma [Rybarczyk, 1995], and hope [Snyder et al., 1996].”
MethodNonconscious Goal Pursuit: Isolated Incidents or Adaptive Self-Regulatory Tool?
Chartrand, T. L., Cheng, C. M., Dalton, A. N., & Tesser, A. (2010) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2010.28.5.569 · Cited by 18
Negative Life Events Predict Negative Feedback Seeking as a Function of Impact on Self-Esteem
Pettit, J. W., & Joiner, T. E. (2001) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1012919306708 · Cited by 18
“For example, Heatherton and Polivy (1991) found self-esteem to be responsive to minor stressors.”
BackgroundEffects of Turner Syndrome on Women’s Self-Esteem and Body Image
Cragg, S. J., & Lafreniere, K. D. (2009) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-009-9178-0 · Cited by 19
“Participants were given a questionnaire that consisted of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg 1965), the State Self-Esteem Scale ( Heatherton and Polivy 1991 ), the Body-Esteem Scale (Mendelson and White 1982), and items assessing several background characteristics, including age, height, weight, ethnicity, and…”
MethodInfluentialVohs, K. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203255767 · Cited by 18
“One section of the questionnaire included a measure of self-esteem, which was a modified version of the State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRetreating to safety: testing the social risk hypothesis model of depression
Dunn, J. C., Whelton, W. J., & Sharpe, D. (2012) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.06.002 · Cited by 17
Hauke-Forman, N., & Abele, A. E. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109957 · Cited by 19
Holmstrom, A. J., Shebib, S. J., Mazur, A. P., Mason, A. J., Zhang, L., Allard, A., & Boumis, J. K. (2020) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqaa015 · Cited by 16
Mundi, M. S., Hurt, R. T., Phelan, S. M., Bradley, D. P., Haller, I. V., Bauer, K. W., Bradley, S. M., Schroeder, D. R., Clark, M. M., & Croghan, I. T. (2021) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.05.049 · Cited by 22
The Social and Educational Consequences of Identity‐Based Rejection
London, B. E., Ahlqvist, S., Gonzalez, A., Glanton, K. V., & Thompson, G. A. (2014) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12004 · Cited by 20
Effects of face experience on emotions and self‐esteem in Japanese culture
Lin, C., & Yamaguchi, S. (2011) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.817 · Cited by 17
Guay, F., Delisle, M.-N., Fernet, C., Julien, E., & cal, C. S. (2008) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2008.36.2.239 · Cited by 17
“used this scale to assess state selfesteem in a unidimensional way, we suspected that some items assessed the social and performance factors of state self-esteem proposed by Heatherton and Polivy (1991). A factor analysis was carried out to assess the structure of this scale. Results indicated that the items could be…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialvan den Bos, A., & Stapel, D. A. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208325773 · Cited by 17
“This is consistent with research indicating that low self-esteem is related to negative affect (e.g., Esses & Zanna, 1995; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991; Pelham & Swann, 1989).”
ResultRetractedOn being forgotten: Memory and forgetting serve as signals of interpersonal importance.
Ray, D. G., Gomillion, S., Pintea, A. I., & Hamlin, I. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000145 · Cited by 17
Glashouwer, K. A., Masselman, I., & de Jong, P. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103435 · Cited by 14
Holmstrom, A. J., Clare, D. D., & Russell, J. (2014) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/hcre.12025 · Cited by 18
Koch, E. J., & Metcalfe, K. P. (2011) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2010.539960 · Cited by 17
“Specifically, the final page presented 6 single-word items assessing affect (three positive and three negative items; Crocker, Sommers, & Luhtanen, 2002 ) and a 20-item state self-esteem scale designed not to correlate with mood (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Effects of Self-Image Threat on the Judgment of Out-Group Targets
Florack, A., Scarabis, M., & Gosejohann, S. (2005) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024/1421-0185.64.2.87 · Cited by 17
Thought Suppression, Projection, and the Development of Stereotypes
Newman, L. S., Caldwall, T. L., Chamberlin, B., & Griffin, T. D. (2005) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2703_7 · Cited by 17
“Thus, for exploratory reasons, the State Self-Esteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) and the Collective Self-Esteem Scale (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992) were administered at this point.”
BackgroundMethodLee, S., Adair, W. L., Mannix, E. A., & Kim, J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.04.008 · Cited by 17
“Participants responded to measures of state self-esteem (McFarland & Ross, 1982) (α = .86), which are more sensitive to experimental priming than trait-level self-esteem measures (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundIst primäre Prävention von Essstörungen langfristig wirksam?
Dannigkeit, N., Köster, G., & Tuschen‐Caffier, B. (2005) · Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie · doi:10.1026/0943-8149.13.2.79 · Cited by 17
Bressler, L. A., & Bressler, M. E. (2007) · International Journal of Innovation and Learning · doi:10.1504/ijil.2007.012382 · Cited by 17
Counterregulatory eating behavior in multiple item test meals
Shapiro, J. R., & Anderson, D. A. (2004) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2004.08.001 · Cited by 17
“The SSES has been shown to be sensitive to rapid changes in self-esteem that result after laboratory manipulations (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundPredictors of satisfaction among cognitively intact nursing home residents in Hong Kong
Lee, L. Y. K., Lee, D., & Woo, J. (2005) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.20092 · Cited by 17
Jordan, C. H., Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Cameron, J. J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1169 · Cited by 29
Approach or Avoidance? The Dual Role of Face in Fashion Consumption
Wang, W., Zhang, X.-A., Li, J., & Sun, G. (2020) · Journal of Global Marketing · doi:10.1080/08911762.2019.1654055 · Cited by 16
“For example, the manipulation of face may also change the subjects’ arousal (Fedorikhin & Patrick, 2010) and state self-esteem levels (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundIs Fitspiration the Healthy Internet Trend It Claims to Be? A British Students’ Case Study.
Limniou, M., Mahoney, C., & Knox, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041837 · Cited by 15
“A within-subject ANOVA statistical analysis was conducted to compare participants’ responses on SSE, mood satisfaction, body satisfaction and fit-ideal internalisation before and after their exposure to fitspiration photos (Table 1).”
MethodInfluentiaĺPimentel, C. E., da Silva, F. M. D. S. M., dos Santos, J. L. F., Oliveira, K. G., Freitas, N. B. C., Couto, R. N., & Brito, T. R. D. S. (2018) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-82712018230101 · Cited by 20
“Another scale found in the literature is the State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES), which is composed of 20 items and evaluates manipulations that affect and temporarily alter self-esteem (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundNiepel, C., Greiff, S., Mohr, J. J., Fischer, J.-A., & Kranz, D. (2018) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000315 · Cited by 17
“A similar correlational pattern emerged for state self-esteem (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991): Only Identity Affirmation showed a positive association with self-esteem, whereas negative relations emerged for the seven other subscales.”
MethodDo Entrepreneurship Skills Improve Project Performance? A Project-Based Learning Perspective
Shekarian, M., & Parast, M. M. (2021) · The Journal of Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/09713557211025653 · Cited by 22
“For further information on the theorisation and conceptualisation of individual entrepreneurship measures and the development of the survey, readers can review Bolton and Lane (2012) and Heatherton and Polivy (1991).”
BackgroundMethodWang, H. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s452603 · Cited by 17
Ramos, M., Correia, I., & Alves, H. (2014) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2013.798890 · Cited by 15
“We used a state self-esteem scale because this measure is sensitive to manipulations and momentary fluctuations (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
MethodTemporal perspective moderates self-reported responses to social exclusion
Garczynski, A. M., & Brown, C. M. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.02.003 · Cited by 19
Thoman, D. B., & Sansone, C. (2016) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-016-9550-1 · Cited by 16
Dentale, F., Vecchione, M., Ghezzi, V., & Barbaranelli, C. (2016) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000378 · Cited by 17
“As mentioned before, a first strategy has been to develop separate self-report measures for state (e.g., Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) and trait (e.g., Rosenberg, 1965) SE.”
MethodGutiérrez, B. A., Stroebe, K. E., Scheibe, S., Postmes, T., & Yperen, N. W. V. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187805 · Cited by 18
“State self-esteem was measured with Heatherton and Polivy’s [48] seven-item performance state self-esteem subscale (e.g., “I feel confident about my abilities”).”
MethodAnodal stimulation of inhibitory control and craving in satiated restrained eaters
Schroeder, P. A., Farshad, M., & Svaldi, J. (2022) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2022.2051956 · Cited by 16
“research question, we also assessed impulsivity [52], uncertainty tolerance [53], trait food craving [54], trait self-esteem [55], and we also tracked mood”
Németh, L., & Bernáth, L. (2022) · Educational Assessment · doi:10.1080/10627197.2022.2130747 · Cited by 23
“Psychological states may change depending on a given situation, whereas traits do not (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), and it is known that evaluative situations, such as tests, impact state test-anxiety scores (Zeidner, 2007).”
BackgroundSchnitzler, C. E., von Ranson, K. M., & Wallace, L. M. (2012) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2012.02.007 · Cited by 16
Depressive Symptoms After Trauma: Is Self-Esteem a Mediating Factor?
David, M., Ceschi, G., Billieux, J., & der Linden, M. V. (2008) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181879dd8 · Cited by 19
“As this latter conceptualization corresponds more closely to state self-esteem, future studies may be enhanced by implementing a measure specifically targeting state self-esteem such as the State SelfEsteem Scale (Heatherton and Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundAshurst, E. J., Jones, R. B., Williamson, G. R., Emmens, T., & Perry, J. (2012) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/1472-6920-12-37 · Cited by 16
“This scale is a frequently used measure of self-esteem, however a criticism is that it only measures trait self-esteem, so we also employed Heatherton’s 20item state self-esteem scale [30].”
BackgroundMethodResultFriedman, M., & Rholes, W. S. (2008) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860801984788 · Cited by 16
“Participants then completed a measure of trait self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1965; alpha¼ .91), a scale that assesses state levels of self-esteem (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991; alpha¼ .90), and the Religious Fundamentalism Scale (Altemeyer & Hunsberger, 1992; alpha¼ .93).”
BackgroundMethodMiranda, R., Andersen, S. M., & Edwards, T. (2011) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2011.636504 · Cited by 16
“The BDI was administered a final time, and, in addition, participants completed the State Self-esteem Questionnaire (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), the Rejection Sensitivity Scale (Downey & Feldman, 1996), and the Sociotropy–Autonomy Scale (Beck, Epstein, Harrison, & Emery, 1983).4 A funnel debriefing questionnaire was t…”
MethodA Brief Self‐Affirmation Study to Improve the Experience of Minority Patients
Burgess, D. J., Taylor, B. C., Phelan, S. M., Spoont, M. R., van Ryn, M., Hausmann, L. R. M., Do, T., & Gordon, H. S. (2013) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12015 · Cited by 17
Low‐status aversion: the effect of self‐threat on willingness to buy and sell
Pan, C., Pettit, N. C., Sivanathan, N., & Blader, S. L. (2014) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12261 · Cited by 16
Self-Esteem and Loneliness as Factors Affecting Distance Learning Students
Vakoufari, M., Angelaki, C., & Mavroidis, I. (2015) · European Journal of Open Distance and E-Learning · doi:10.2478/eurodl-2014-0022 · Cited by 18
“More specifically: • Self-esteem was measured using the State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) constructed by Heatherton and Polivy (1991).”
MethodJavornik, A., & Pizzetti, M. (2017) · Bristol Research (University of Bristol) · Cited by 16
The effects of alcohol on positive emotion during a comedy routine: A facial coding analysis.
Sayette, M. A., Creswell, K. G., Fairbairn, C. E., Dimoff, J. D., Bentley, K., & Lazerus, T. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000451 · Cited by 16
“Hetherington and Wray (1964) examined the impact of alcohol on individuals varying in trait aggressiveness and need for approval while observing cartoons with different content (aggressive, nonsense). Results did not indicate a main effect of alcohol across persons and types of cartoons, instead suggesting a complex r…”
InfluentialYesterday’s News: A Temporal Discontinuity in the Sting of Inferiority
Kristal, A. C., O’Brien, E., & Caruso, E. M. (2019) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797619839689 · Cited by 16
“Third, participants completed the seven-item social subscale of the well-tested State SelfEsteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), which assesses concerns about how one is viewed by other people and predicts self-destructive behavior (e.g., binge eating and self-control failures).”
MethodJin, S. A., & Ryu, E. (2018) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2018.1474881 · Cited by 18
“…article proposes that narcissism is a predictor of two opposing forces behind self-perception: self-confidence (confidence about the self, grandiose aspect) (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) and self-discrepancy (discrepancy between the actual self and the ideal self, vulnerable aspect) (Higgins, 1987).”
BackgroundHuis, M. A., Hansen, N., Otten, S., & Lensink, R. (2019) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2404 · Cited by 16
“Five items were adapted to the specific training context (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991; see Table 3 for items).”
BackgroundDistinct neural networks support the mere ownership effect under different motivational contexts
Kim, K., & Johnson, M. K. (2015) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2014.999870 · Cited by 16
“At the end of the experimental session, participants completed the State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), a measure sensitive to manipulations designed to temporarily alter selfesteem, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988), a…”
MethodInfluentialVaughan‐Johnston, T. I., & Jacobson, J. A. (2020) · The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1002/9781119547143.ch62 · Cited by 16
Ozimek, P., Brandenberg, G., Rohmann, E., & Bierhoff, H. (2023) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs13100850 · Cited by 17
“It was assessed using a revised German version of the State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES), originally developed by Heatherton and Polivy [56] (SSES-R; [31]).”
MethodThe Psychological Consequences of Envying Influencers on Instagram
Lee, J. A., Lee, S. Y., Ryoo, Y., Kim, W., & Sung, Y. (2022) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2022.0001 · Cited by 15
Han, Z., Chen, S., Yan, Z., Liu, Y., & Guo, C. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15020182 · Cited by 17
“Some researchers have distinguished between state self-esteem (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) and trait self-esteem, with the former representing an individual’s subjective self-evaluation that fluctuates in response to emotional and contextual changes, while the latter reflects a relatively stable…”
Reinhard, M., Stahlberg, D., & Messner, M. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.05.001 · Cited by 15
Jacob, G. A., Gabriel, S., Roepke, S., Stoffers-Winterling, J. M., Lieb, K., & Lammers, C. (2010) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1521/ijgp.2010.60.3.373 · Cited by 15
Self-image threat decreases stereotyping: The role of motivation toward closure
Kossowska, M., Bukowski, M., Guinote, A., Dragon, P., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2016) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-016-9582-6 · Cited by 15
Online Evaluative Conditioning Did Not Alter Internalized Homonegativity or Self-Esteem in Gay Men
Fleming, J. B., & Burns, M. N. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22388 · Cited by 18
“EC = evaluative conditioning; SE = self-esteem; SO = sexual orientation; EC = evaluative conditioning; SE IAT = Self-Esteem Implicit Association Test (Greenwald & Farnham, 2000); SSES = State SelfEsteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991); SO IAT = Sexual Orientation Implicit Association Test (Nosek et al., 2007); IHS8…”
BackgroundInfluentialLaporte, S., & Briers, B. (2018) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucy041 · Cited by 15
Blegur, J., Tlonaen, Z. A., Lumba, A. J. F., & Leko, J. J. (2021) · JETL (Journal Of Education Teaching and Learning) · doi:10.26737/jetl.v6i1.2355 · Cited by 15
Chansiri, K., & Wongphothiphan, T. (2021) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448211029975 · Cited by 18
Redersdorff, S., & Martinot, D. (2008) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466608x334771 · Cited by 15
Viallon, M. L., & Martinot, D. (2009) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03173011 · Cited by 14
“Performance self-esteem was measured using the 7-item State Self-Esteem Scale developed by Heatherton and Polivy (1991) (e.”
MethodThe crossover of self-esteem: A longitudinal perspective
Neff, A., Sonnentag, S., Niessen, C., & Unger, D. (2013) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2013.856298 · Cited by 18
“These situational factors can refer to a person’s own achievements (Crocker, Karpinski, Quinn, & Chase, 2003; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) or the experience of positive or negative events (Nezlek & Plesko, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelective self-stereotyping and women’s self-esteem maintenance
Oswald, D. L., & Chapleau, K. M. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.030 · Cited by 15
“State self-esteem: Participants completed the State Self-esteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
MethodMulawarman, M. (2014) · International Journal of Psychological Studies · doi:10.5539/ijps.v6n3p96 · Cited by 15
Pauketat, J. V. T., Moons, W. G., Chen, J. M., Mackie, D. M., & Sherman, D. K. (2016) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-016-9562-x · Cited by 18
“) from Heatherton and Polivy’s (1991) state self-esteem measure were completed using 7 point scales anchored by 1 (strongly disagree) and 7 (strongly agree).”
MethodMedia Impacts on Women’s Fertility Desires: A Prolonged Exposure Experiment
Knobloch‐Westerwick, S., Willis, L. E., & Kennard, A. R. (2016) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2016.1153757 · Cited by 16
Liu, W., Haizhong, W. A. N. G., & Liu, H. (2014) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2014.01748 · Cited by 15
The effect of mate value feedback on women's mating aspirations and mate preference
Reeve, S. D., Kelly, K. M., & Welling, L. L. M. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.007 · Cited by 15
“…psychological individual difference variables — such as personality (e.g., Chaplin, John, & Goldberg, 1988), anxiety (Spielberger, 2010), self-esteem (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), and financial satisfaction (Nelson & Morrison, 2005) — there is also a clear state component with room for a…”
BackgroundModerators of Career Calling and Job‐Search Behaviors Among Unemployed Individuals
Rosa, A. D., Vianello, M., Galliani, E. M., & Duffy, R. D. (2020) · The Career Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/cdq.12239 · Cited by 16
Education, Policy, and Juvenile Delinquents: A Mixed Methods Investigation During COVID-19
Coker, D. C. (2020) · Journal of Education and Learning · doi:10.5539/jel.v10n1p22 · Cited by 15
“Besides the BMA, all tests had adequate validity and reliability (Broxterman et al., 2017; Duckworth & Quinn, 2009; Dumont et al., 2013; Goodman, 1997; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991; Marsh, 1990; Robins et al., 2001).”
MethodVaida, L. L., Pirte, A., Corega, C., Slăvescu, D. A., & Muţiu, G. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 15
Dimensions of response to antidepressant agents in bulimia nervosa: A review
Wolfe, B. E. (1995) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/s0883-9417(95)80033-6 · Cited by 15
“In reviewing traditional measures of self-esteem, Heatherton and Polivy (1991) noted that studies of self-esteem, in gen-”
BackgroundSuppression of negative self-referent thoughts: A field study
Borton, J. L. S., & Casey, E. C. (2006) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860600654749 · Cited by 16
“Participants next completed the Heatherton and Polivy (1991) State Self Esteem Scale; the instructions were modified so that participants responded to the items with respect to how they had felt ‘‘today’’ rather than ‘‘right now.’’”
BackgroundMethodIndividual entrepreneurial orientation: an assessment of students
Vogelsang, L. (2015) · John Spoor Broome Library Institutional Repository (California State University) · Cited by 15
Buhrmester, M. D., & Swann, W. B. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0172 · Cited by 17
Hepper, E. G. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397045-9.00076-8 · Cited by 28
Hogue, C. M., Fry, M. D., & Fry, A. C. (2019) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2019.1696868 · Cited by 19
“The State Self-Esteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) was used to assess short-lived changes in self-esteem and consists of 10 statements which operationalise social, performance, and appearance self-esteem.”
MethodLyddy, C. J., Good, D. J., Kriz, T. D., & Stephens, J. P. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01894-8 · Cited by 16
“More favorable performance feedback has been shown to predict higher state self-esteem (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundKennard, A. R., Willis, L. E., Robinson, M. J., & Knobloch‐Westerwick, S. (2015) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/hcre.12072 · Cited by 14
Rollero, C. (2015) · Studia Psychologica · doi:10.21909/sp.2015.03.693 · Cited by 16
“The State Self-Esteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) is a widely used 20-item inventory that measures momentary self-esteem.”
MethodFactors associated with self-esteem following acquired brain injury in adults: A systematic review
Curvis, W., Simpson, J., & Hampson, N. (2016) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2016.1144515 · Cited by 18
“…in the studies was the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES, Rosenberg, 1965; n = 17), with other studies including the State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES, Heatherton & Polivy, 1991; n = 6), Visual Analogue Self-Esteem Scale (VASES, Brumfitt & Sheeran, 1999; n = 5) and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Bicultural Phenomenon: The Interplay of Group Prototypicality and Cultural Identity Switching
Schindler, S., Reinhard, M.-A., Knab, M., & Stahlberg, D. (2016) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000276 · Cited by 16
Self-Esteem and Weight Status of Young Adults: Findings from a Pilot Study
Liu, E., & Chang, S.-H. (2022) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_1195_21 · Cited by 11
“This approach was proposed and validated by Heatherton and Polivy.[14]”
MethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1991-06
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 895-910
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1984877678
- Cited by
- 2,007
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 82
- FWCI
- 9.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- state self-esteem, self-esteem measurement, scale development, performance self-esteem, social self-esteem, appearance self-esteem, manipulation checks, self-concept stability
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
