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Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem.
Abstract
This article examines the measurement of short-lived (i.e., state) changes in self-esteem. A new scale is introduced that is sensitive to manipulations designed to temporarily alter self-esteem, and 5 studies are presented that support the scale's validity. The State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) consists of 20 items modified from the widely used Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy Scale (Janis & Field, 1959). Psychometric analyses revealed that the SSES has 3 correlated factors: performance, social, and appearance self-esteem. Effects of naturally occurring and laboratory failure and of clinical treatment on SSES scores were examined; it was concluded that the SSES is sensitive to these sorts of manipulations. The scale has many potential uses, which include serving as a valid manipulation check index, measuring clinical change in self-esteem, and untangling the confounded relation between mood and self-esteem. There has been a resurgence of interest in examining whether aspects of the self-concept are stable or malleable (Markus & Kunda, 1986). On the one hand, there is considerable evidence that the self-concept is persistent and stable and that people will actively seek information that confirms their self-concept and reject information that threatens their general view of self
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“In this study, the internal consistency (Cronbach α at baseline) was 0.85 for the overall scale.”
From Schema-Informed Digital Mental Health Intervention for Maladaptive Cognitive-Emotional Patterns: Randomized Controlled Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
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“Following this, half the participants responded to the State Self-Esteem Scale (a 20-item measure of self-esteem; Heatherton & Polivy 1991).”
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“Many psychologists conflate them, using the term “state self-esteem” to refer to momentary feelings of self-worth, and “trait self-esteem” to refer to global self-esteem (eg, Crocker et al, 2002 ; DeHart & Pelham, 2007 ; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991 ; Leary, 2006 ).”
BackgroundWard, L. M. (2004) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.284 · Cited by 168
“The State Self-Esteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) was used to assess participants’ current evaluations of their worth and competence.”
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“Personality measures included the Perfectionism (P) subscale of the EDE and self-esteem as assessed on the State Self Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991 ).”
MethodWhen every day is a high school reunion: Social media comparisons and self-esteem.
Midgley, C., Thai, S., Lockwood, P., Kovacheff, C., & Page-Gould, E. (2021) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000336 · Cited by 164
“Participants then completed a state self-esteem measure (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), indicating how true a series of 20 statements were for them “right now” on a 5-point scale (1=not at all, 5=extremely; α=.93).”
MethodUnderstanding the Inner Nature of Low Self-Esteem: Uncertain, Fragile, Protective, and Conflicted
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Social networking site use and self-esteem: a meta-analytic review
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Appraisals of Prejudice and Discrimination
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“The pretest also included a 20-item state self-esteem scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), comprising three correlated factors: performance, social, and appearance state self-esteem.”
MethodMoving Toward a Secure Attachment Style: Can Repeated Security Priming Help?
Gillath, O., Selçuk, E., & Shaver, P. R. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00120.x · Cited by 158
“They then completed these same measures again at the end of the 3-week priming period (Time 2) and 1 week after the last priming session (Time 3). Self-esteem was assessed using the State Self-Esteem Scale ( Heatherton & Polivy, 1991 ); positive mood was assessed using the positive affect subscale of the Positive and…”
MethodModeling trait and state variation using multilevel factor analysis with PANAS daily diary data
Merz, E. L., & Roesch, S. C. (2010) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.11.003 · Cited by 158
“Self-esteem was evaluated using the 20-item State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
MethodMarigold, D. C., Holmes, J. G., & Ross, M. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.232 · Cited by 155
“State SE captures temporary fluctuations in self-evaluations caused by receipt of positive or negative information about the self, whereas trait SE, as measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in this study, captures average or typical self-evaluations across time (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
MethodReplenishing connectedness: reminders of social activity reduce aggression after social exclusion.
Twenge, J., Zhang, L.-Q., Catanese, K. R., Dolan-Pascoe, B., Lyche, L. F., & Baumeister, R. (2007) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466605x90793 · Cited by 152
“Participants then completed a questionnaire with two items measuring trust (‘most people are basically honest’, ‘most people can be trusted’) and four items from the State self-esteem scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
MethodDeterminants of participation restriction among community dwelling stroke survivors: A path analysis
Chau, J. P. C., Thompson, D. R., Twinn, S. F., Chang, A. M., & Woo, J. (2009) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-9-49 · Cited by 157
“[10] Patients rate whether each item is true of themselves "right now", using a 5-point Likert scale with 1 = not at all, and 5 = extremely, yielding a total possible score of 20-100, with high scores indicating higher levels of state self-esteem.”
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Javornik, A., Marder, B. L., Pizzetti, M., & Warlop, L. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.03.026 · Cited by 157
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Lakey, B., & Scoboria, A. (2005) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00312.x · Cited by 154
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“Participants again completed the SSES (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) to assess global self-evaluation (α = .92) and the PANAS (Watson et al., 1998; positive: α = .90; negative: α = .91).”
MethodInfluentialVohs, K. D., Voelz, Z. R., Pettit, J. W., Bardone‐Cone, A. M., Katz, J., Abramson, L. Y., Heatherton, T. F., & Joiner, T. E. (2001) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.20.4.476.22397 · Cited by 155
“Whereas Vohs et al. measured self-esteem using the State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991 ), the current study uses the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RES; Rosenberg, 1965).”
MethodSelf-citationRejected and Excluded Forevermore, but Even More Devoted
Gómez, Á., Morales, J. F., Hart, S., Vázquez, A., & Swann, W. B. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211424580 · Cited by 164
Brügger, A. (2019) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.102023 · Cited by 149
O’Connor, D. B., Archer, J., & Wu, F. C. W. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031354 · Cited by 149
“The State Self-Esteem Scale (38) consists of 20 items that are concerned with performance and social and appearance aspects of self-esteem.”
BackgroundSchimel, J., Arndt, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.35 · Cited by 150
Outcome expectancies and outcome values as predictors of children's aggression
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Brent Donnellan, M., Kenny, D. A., Trzesniewski, K. H., Lucas, R. E., & Conger, R. D. (2012) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.07.005 · Cited by 145
“In contrast, those interested in the state-like aspects of self-esteem have developed separate, single timepoint, measures to capture such components (e.g., Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) and have not focused on the consistency of these “state” measures over appreciable periods of time.”
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Howell, J. L., & Shepperd, J. A. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000315 · Cited by 145
Neural and computational processes underlying dynamic changes in self-esteem
Will, G., Rutledge, R. B., Moutoussis, M., & Dolan, R. J. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.28098 · Cited by 147
“Trait Self-Esteem ( Rosenberg, 1965 ) 21.60 (5.00) State Self-Esteem ( Heatherton and Polivy, 1991 ) 77.93 (10.23) Self-Perception ( Neemann and Harter, 1986 ) 2.98 (0.61) Narcissism ( Raskin and Terry, 1988 ) 11.26 (5.8) State Anxiety ( Spielberger et al., 1970 ) 1.62 (0.47) Trait Anxiety (…”
InfluentialLeadership efficacy and women leaders' responses to stereotype activation
Hoyt, C. L., & Blascovich, J. (2007) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430207084718 · Cited by 143
Self-esteem, self-affirmation, and schadenfreude.
DIJK, W. W. V., van Koningsbruggen, G. M., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Wesseling, Y. M. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0026331 · Cited by 142
“Self-esteem was assessed with the State SelfEsteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), a 20-item measure of state self-esteem ( .85; M 4.92, SD 0.74).”
MethodInfluentialKrause, H.-V., Baum, K., Baumann, A., & Krasnova, H. (2019) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2019.1656646 · Cited by 158
“Stanton et al. (2017) C 24.3 Frequency of use RSES o aStudy design: Cross-sectional survey design (C); bMean age of participants, [range] (NA: mean age not reported); cSelf-esteem scale: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965), Self-Perception Profile for children (SPPC; Harter, 1985), Single-Item trait Se…”
BackgroundInfluentialSbrocco, T., Nedegaard, R., Stone, J. M., & Lewis, E. L. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.67.2.260 · Cited by 142
“The groups' SSES scores did not differ at pretreatment, f(22) = — 1.46, ns, and the results suggest participants had good selfesteem ( Heatherton & Polivy, 1991 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFemale Leaders: Injurious or Inspiring Role Models for Women?
Hoyt, C. L., & Simon, S. (2011) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684310385216 · Cited by 140
The Moral Self-Image Scale: Measuring and Understanding the Malleability of the Moral Self
Jordan, J., Leliveld, M. C., & Tenbrunsel, A. E. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01878 · Cited by 140
Does Multiple Categorization Reduce Intergroup Bias?
Crisp, R. J., Hewstone, M., & Rubin, M. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201271007 · Cited by 140
“The scale was loosely based on the scale used by Heatherton and Polivy (1991) and consisted of 10 items that were designed to tap participants’ immediate evaluations of their ingroup (“I feel good about my group at the moment,” “I feel concerned about how my group did on the last questionnaire,” “I…”
MethodDonnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Robins, R. W. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444343120.ch28 · Cited by 143
Exogenous testosterone, aggression, and mood in eugonadal and hypogonadal men
O'Connor, D. B., Archer, J. E., Hair, W. M., & Wu, F. C. W. (2002) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00647-9 · Cited by 139
Santarossa, S., & Woodruff, S. J. (2017) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305117704407 · Cited by 171
“The SE variable used for analysis was created by summing the z-scores of the overall RSES and SSES scores for each case.”
MethodWojciszke, B., & Struzynska–Kujalowicz, A. (2007) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.4.472 · Cited by 136
“Measures. The main dependent variable, self–esteem, was measured with the State Self–Esteem Scale ( Heatherton & Polivy, 1991 ) translated and adapted to Polish in our previous research.”
MethodDefensive pride and consensus: strength in imaginary numbers.
McGregor, I., Nail, P. R., Marigold, D. C., & Kang, S. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.978 · Cited by 137
Undieting: A program to help people stop dieting
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Self-citationDiscreditable: Stigma Effects of Revealing a Mental Illness History on Test Performance
Quinn, D. M., Kahng, S. K., & Crocker, J. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204264088 · Cited by 135
Leahey, T. M., Crowther, J. H., & Ciesla, J. A. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.07.003 · Cited by 151
Expectations about the Future and the Emotional Consequences of Perceiving Prejudice
Kaiser, C. R., Major, B., & McCoy, S. K. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203259927 · Cited by 133
“Participants completed Heatherton and Polivy’s (1991) State Social Self-Esteem Scale (α = .”
MethodSubjective social status moderates cortisol responses to social threat
Gruenewald, T. L., Kemeny, M. E., & Aziz, N. (2006) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2005.11.005 · Cited by 134
“The social and performance subscales of The State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton and Polivy, 1991 ) were used to assess participants’ thoughts about themselves in each of these domains before and after the stress tasks.”
MethodResilience to emotional distress in response to failure, error or mistakes: A systematic review
Johnson, J., Panagioti, M., Bass, J., Ramsey, L., & Harrison, R. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.11.007 · Cited by 153
“…using visual analogue scales of 18 mood adjectives; Performance selfesteem and social self-esteem (modified version of the Current Thoughts Scale ; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) 1) False feedback - positive or negative feedback on a computerised task, and 2) Objective errors/mistakes Socially…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSabik, N. J., Cole, E. R., & Ward, L. M. (2010) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2010.01557.x · Cited by 146
“Heatherton and Polivy (1991) demonstrated good overall reliability (α = .92), although they did not report alphas for the subscales of the measure.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialContingencies of Self–Worth and Depressive Symptoms in College Students
Sargent, J. T., Crocker, J., & Luhtanen, R. K. (2006) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.6.628 · Cited by 129
“William James (1890) suggested more than a century ago that people differ in what they believe they need to be or do to have value or worth as a person; events in these domains lead to fluctuations in state self–esteem around a person’s typical or trait level of self-esteem.”
BackgroundWinning a competition predicts dishonest behavior
Schurr, A., & Ritov, I. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1515102113 · Cited by 138
David De Cremer, A. (2003) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.162 · Cited by 131
“Providing further support for use of a social SE scale, Heatherton and Polivy (1991) also note that ‘the differential sensitivity of the component factors suggests that researchers may examine the specific subscales of the SSES to gauge the effectiveness of experimental treatments’ (p. 907).”
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Bai, Q., Lin, W., & Wang, L. (2016) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2016.02.014 · Cited by 138
“As a kind of self-evaluation, state self-esteem can be changed by situational factors (Jones, Rhodewalt, Berglas, & Skelton, 1981; Markus & Kunda, 1986; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
BackgroundSchroth, H. A., & Shah, P. P. (2000) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.3.462 · Cited by 129
Workplace ostracism and deviant and helping behaviors: The moderating role of 360 degree feedback
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Subordinate Self-esteem and Abusive Supervision.
Burton, J. P., & Hoobler, J. M. (2006) · Journal of managerial issues · Cited by 128
The motivational effects of diminished self-esteem for employees who experience abusive supervision
Vogel, R. M., & Mitchell, M. S. (2017) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206314566462 · Cited by 151
“We used 11 items from Heatherton and Polivy’s (1991) measure of state self-esteem.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEarle, T. L., Linden, W., & Weinberg, J. (1999) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(98)00075-0 · Cited by 127
“These measures were as follows: the Multiple Adjective Checklist–Hostility subscale [29], which assesses changes in negative affect, namely feelings of hostility and anger; the Activity-Affect Grid (30), which assesses general changes in physical arousal and pleasantness of affect; and the Current Thoughts State Self-…”
BackgroundMethodPervan, S., Bove, L. L., & Johnson, L. W. (2008) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2007.11.001 · Cited by 130
The perfectionism model of binge eating: Tests of an integrative model.
Sherry, S., & Hall, P. A. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014528 · Cited by 126
The detrimental effects of a suggestion of sexism in an instruction situation
Adams, G., Garcia, D. M., Purdie-Vaughns, V., & Steele, C. M. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.10.004 · Cited by 122
“The pretest questionnaire also included a subset of 16, 5- point scale items from the “Current Thoughts Scale” (CTS; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), a 20-item instrument designed to measure state self-esteem.”
MethodInfluentialSelf‐esteem: a behavioural genetic perspective
Neiss, M. B., Sedikides, C., & Stevenson, J. (2002) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.456 · Cited by 124
“Self-esteem is associated with positive affectivity (Brown & Marshall, 2001; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991 ) and subjective well-being (Diener & Diener, 1995), and is inversely linked to depression (Tennen & Herzberger, 1987), loneliness (Jones, Freemon, & Goswick, 1981), generalized anxiety (Brockner, 1984), and death an…”
BackgroundFlett, G. L., Nepon, T. B., Goldberg, J. O., Rose, A. L., Atkey, S. K., & Zaki-Azat, J. (2021) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/07342829211050544 · Cited by 126
“The psychometric properties of these subscales are well established (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
Developing and Testing a Self-affirmation Manipulation
Napper, L., Harris, P. R., & Epton, T. (2009) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860802079786 · Cited by 123
“Another subgroup ( N = 188) instead completed the 20-item Current Thought Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991 ) state self-esteem measure ( Not at all / A little bit / Somewhat / Very much / Extremely ).”
MethodMoenkemeyer, G., Hoegl, M., & Weiß, M. (2012) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726711431350 · Cited by 129
“According to Heatherton and Polivy (1991), self-esteem may be subject to temporary changes, thus representing a malleable construct.”
BackgroundI Own, So I Help Out: How Psychological Ownership Increases Prosocial Behavior
Jami, A., Kouchaki, M., & Gino, F. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucaa040 · Cited by 133
“Researchhasrecognized and differentiated between trait and state self-esteem (Heatherton and Polivy 1991).”
BackgroundGolec de Zavala, A., Federico, C. M., Sedikides, C., Guerra, R., Lantos, D., Mroziński, B., Cypryańska, M., & Baran, T. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000260 · Cited by 157
Personality across the life span
Matthews, G., Deary, I. J., & Whiteman, M. C. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511812736.005 · Cited by 120
Liberty and Justice for All? Implications of Exposure to the U.S. Flag for Intergroup Relations
Butz, D. A., Plant, E. A., & Doerr, C. E. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206296299 · Cited by 119
“Participants’ state self-esteem was assessed using Heatherton and Polivy’s (1991) 20-item State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES).”
MethodSync or sink? Interpersonal synchrony impacts self-esteem
Lumsden, J., Miles, L. K., & Macrae, C. N. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01064 · Cited by 118
“Subsequent to the impression formation task, participants were given a final set of questionnaires which included ratings of mood and the Heatherton and Polivy (1991) state self-esteem scale.”
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Illegitimate tasks reach into afterwork hours: A multilevel study.
Sonnentag, S., & Lischetzke, T. (2017) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000077 · Cited by 127
“Social self-esteem is a person’s evaluation of how others perceive him or her and what they think of him or her (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991; Heatherton & Wyland, 2003).”
BackgroundMeasuring Student Well-Being in the Context of Australian Schooling: Discussion Paper
Fraillon, J. (2004) · ACEReSearch Repository (Australian Council for Educational Research) · Cited by 118
The nonconsciousness of self-consciousness.
Hull, J. G., Slone, L. B., Meteyer, K., & Matthews, A. R. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.83.2.406 · Cited by 117
Conformity and dietary disinhibition: A test of the ego‐strength model of self‐regulation
Kahan, D., Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (2003) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10132 · Cited by 116
Self-citationBarry, R. A., Lakey, B., & Orehek, E. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206296102 · Cited by 116
“Participants rated their state self-esteem when with each attachment figure using the State SelfEsteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991).”
MethodEmotional Distress and Disinhibited Eating: The Role of Self
Heatherton, T. F., Striepe, M. I., & Wittenberg, L. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167298243007 · Cited by 116
Self-citationWhen Do Consumers Eat More? The Role of Appearance Self-Esteem and Food Packaging Cues
Argo, J. J., & White, K. (2012) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jm.09.0512 · Cited by 103
“We measured ASE on six five-point item scales ( = .80; e.g., “I am dissatisfied with my weight” [reverse-scored]; Heatherton and Polivy 1991).3 After the participant left the study, her bowl was weighed, and the difference between its weight and the initial weight was recorded as a measure of total…”
MethodInfluentialReactions to ethnic deviance: The role of backlash in racial stereotype maintenance.
Phelan, J. E., & Rudman, L. A. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018304 · Cited by 124
“To reduce consistency effects, we used the State SelfEsteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) at Time 1 and the Self-Esteem Scale (SES; Rosenberg, 1965) at Time 2.”
MethodUnconditional self-acceptance and responses to negative feedback
Chamberlain, J. M., & Haaga, D. A. F. (2001) · Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1023/a:1011141500670 · Cited by 116
Kumashiro, M., & Sedikides, C. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01603.x · Cited by 113
Intuition and the correspondence between implicit and explicit self-esteem.
Jordan, C. H., Whitfield, M., & Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1067 · Cited by 114
“explicit SE: Heatherton and Polivy’s (1991) state SE scale and the”
BackgroundMethodMcCoy, S. K., Wellman, J. D., Cosley, B. J., Saslow, L. R., & Epel, E. S. (2013) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1959 · Cited by 115
“89), and 2 subscales from Heatherton and Polivy’s (1991) self-esteem scale: performance (“I feel confident about my abilities”; PSE; a = 0.”
BackgroundProcedural Fairness, Managers' Self-Esteem, and Managerial Behaviors Following a Layoff
Wiesenfeld, B. M., Brockner, J., & Thibault, V. (2000) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2000.2894 · Cited by 112
Ridolfi, D. R., Myers, T. A., Crowther, J. H., & Ciesla, J. A. (2011) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9961-0 · Cited by 130
“The State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton and Polivy 1991) is a 20-item self-report inventory with good psychometric properties measuring general state selfesteem.”
MethodSelf‐concept: a tourism application
Todd, S. (2001) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.64 · Cited by 114
Arndt, J., & Greenberg, J. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299259001 · Cited by 114
“Results indicated that positive feedback participants reported significantly higher scores on both the single-item measure (means of 7.00 and 5.80) and the State Self-Esteem Scale (81.53 and 71.14) than did neutral profile participants, both ts > 3.00, ps .01.”
MethodInfluentialFrequent Change and Turnover Intention: The Moderating Role of Ethical Leadership
Babalola, M. T., Stouten, J., & Euwema, M. (2014) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2433-z · Cited by 164
Swim, J. K., Johnston, K. E., & Pearson, N. B. (2009) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2009.28.5.597 · Cited by 112
Cyber-dehumanization: Violent video game play diminishes our humanity
Bastian, B. B., Jetten, J., & Radke, H. R. M. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.009 · Cited by 112
Body talk among college men: Content, correlates, and effects
Engeln, R., Sladek, M. R., & Waldron, H. (2013) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.02.001 · Cited by 127
Motives for Online Friending and Following: The Dark Side of Social Network Site Connections
Ouwerkerk, J., & Johnson, B. K. (2016) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305116664219 · Cited by 114
The IT Identity Threat: A Conceptual Definition and Operational Measure
Craig, K., Thatcher, J. B., & Grover, V. (2019) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2018.1550561 · Cited by 131
“Rosenberg 1965 [77]; Heatherington and Polivy 1991 [39]; Burke and Reitzes 1991 [16]; Davis 2013 [30] .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEffects of prolonged and repeated body image exposure in binge-eating disorder
Hilbert, A., Tuschen‐Caffier, B., & Vögele, C. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00314-2 · Cited by 110
Brockner, J., Heuer, L. B., Magner, N. R., Folger, R. G., Umphress, E. E., van den Bos, K., Vermunt, R. C., Magner, M., & Siegel, P. A. (2003) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/s0749-5978(02)00531-9 · Cited by 109
“The dependent variable was adapted from Heatherton and Polivy s (1991) state selfesteem scale.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEnhancing the self-esteem of youth swimmers through coach training: Gender and age effects
Coatsworth, J. D., & Conroy, D. E. (2005) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.08.005 · Cited by 117
Leahey, T. M., & Crowther, J. H. (2008) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.03.002 · Cited by 108
“The State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) is a 20-item questionnaire with three subscales assessing Social, Appearance, and Performance Esteem.”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1991-06
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 895-910
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1984877678
- Cited by
- 2,007
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 82
- FWCI
- 9.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- state self-esteem, self-esteem measurement, scale development, performance self-esteem, social self-esteem, appearance self-esteem, manipulation checks, self-concept stability
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