Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states.

“Neuroticism and Extraversion are of particular interest because they are consistently associated with proneness to experiencing negative and positive affect, respectively ( Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991 ).”

“…on emotional expression (e.g., Gross & John, 1997, 1998; Kring, Smith, & Neale, 1994), experience (e.g., Feldman, 1995; Lane & Schwartz, 1987; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991), and physiological responding (e.g., Fox, 1989; Goldsmith, 1993; Porges, 1995), as well as on the interrelations among…”

“In addition, Larsen and colleagues demonstrated that dispositional positive affectivity involves a susceptibility to experience positive moods (Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991; Rusting & Larsen, 1997).”

“For example, the Extraversion scale from the EPQ (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975) has been used to test individual-difference predictions deriving from Gray's theory (e.g., Larsen & Ketelaar , 1991).”

“Although there has been some support for individual differences in reactivity in laboratory studies (e.g., Larsen & Ketelaar 1989, 1991; Rusting & Larsen 1997), evidence of realworld reactivity assessed in experience-sampling studies has been mixed (see e.g., Gable et al. 2000, Lucas et al. 2002b),…”

“…prone to the experience of positive emotions respond favorably to situations designed to induce positive affect, whereas individuals predisposed to experience negative emotions and negative self-appraisals are less likely to respond positively to such situations (Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991).”

“Whereas dispositional emotions refer to the tendency to react with speci® c emotions across time and situations, momentary emotions refer to immediate affective reactions to a particular target (Gross, Sutton, & Ketelaar, 1998; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991; Lazarus, 1994; Malatesta, 1990).”

“Before delving into our own theoretical account, we clarify our definition of compassion and distinguish it from related states.”

“We selected the three 12-item measures of Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness because these traits have been linked to trait affectivity ( Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991; Watson & Clark, 1992) and resilience (J. Block & Kremen, 1996).”

“For example, in our study on reaction and adaptation to marriage (Lucas et al., 2003), we relied on laboratory studies of emotional reactivity (e.g., Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991) to predict that the happiest individuals should react most strongly to positive life events.”

“Larsen and Ketelaar (1991) tested a theoretical rationale for predicting dispositional differences in emotional susceptibility to rewards.”

“For example, participants with high neuroticism scores responded to a standard negative mood induction task with more negative affect than participants lower in neuroticism (Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991).”

“For instance, Larsen and Kerelaar (1991) showed that extraverts are more sensitive than introverts to laboratory-based positive mood induction procedures and that neurotics are more”

“Reexamining Adaptation and the Set Point Model of Happiness: Reactions to Changes in Marital Status Richard E. Lucas Michigan State University Andrew E. Clark Département et Laboratoire d’Economie Théorique et Appliquée Yannis Georgellis Brunel University Ed Diener University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Accordi…”

“…systems responsible for behavior and affect, one responsible for facilitating behavior and/or generating positive affect, and the other responsible for inhibiting behavior and/or generating negative affect (Cacioppo & Berntson, 1994; Dickson & Dearing, 1979; Konorski, 1967; Lang, 1995;…”

“Larsen and Ketelaar (1991) provided empirical support for the notion that extraversion can be thought of as a susceptibility to the experience of PA. Diener and Lucas (1999) presented evidence demonstrating a very strong relationship between extraversion and positive mood (see also DeNeve & Cooper,…”

“When considering affect, behaviours and cognition, a particularly strong link has been established between personality and affect (e.g., Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991; McCrae & Costa, 1991; Yik, Russell, Ahn, Dols, & Suzuki, 2002).”

“…prone to the experience of positive emotions respond favorably to situations designed to induce positive affect, whereas individuals predisposed to experience negative emotions and negative self-appraisals are less likely to respond positively to such situations (Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991).”

“Researchers working from this perspective have suggested that extraverts may simply respond with greater amounts of positive affect to rewarding stimuli (Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991).”

“Next, we tested whether EI still moderated the impact of mood induction on mood selfreport even after controlling for extraversion and neuroticism, two variables that have been shown to relate to emotional reactivity to positive and negative mood induction, respectively (Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991).”

“Other researchers found that people demonstrate differential and independent sensitivity to manipulations of pleasant and unpleasant states, both in the laboratory (Larsen & Ketelaar, 1989, 1991), as well as to life events (Goldstein & Strube, 1994).”

“Consistent with RST, Larsen and Katelaar [85] reported that NA was highest in E 2 /N þ (high Anx) individuals; but inconsistent with theory was the finding that PA was highest in E þ /N 2 (low Anx) individuals, not E þ /N þ (high Imp) individuals.”

“These trait variables are also linked to affective states, with high BIS individuals being more susceptible to negative mood inductions and high BAS individuals being more susceptible to positive mood inductions (Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991).”

“Most important, these traits were specifically discussed in this role in the development of AET (Weiss & Cropanzano, 1996), and the majority of studies on differential reactivity have focused on these traits (e.g., Bolger & Schilling, 1991; Bolger & Zuckerman, 1995; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991).”

“More recent theories argue that the distinction between emotional states and traits can be blurry and that, indeed, traits merely refer to the likelihood of experiencing particular states ( Fleeson, 2001 ; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991 ).”

“Although different forms of SWB are often grouped together, research shows the importance of separately analyzing different types of SWB (e.g., Emmons & Diener, 1985; Kahneman & Deaton, 2010; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991).”

“Consistent with previous studies of personality and affective reactivity (Costa & McCrae, 1980; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991), Neuroticism correlated positively with usage of several different negative emotion word categories, including Anxiety/Fear, Sadness, Anger, and total Negative Emotions (Table 1;…”

“The conductance hypothesis is reminiscent of Larsen and Ketelaar’s (1991) findings that affective traits such as Extraversion and Neuroticism have specific effects on people’s reactions to emotionally valenced life events. Larsen and Ketelaar found that Extraversion appears to moderate the link between laboratory even…”

“Moreover, Larsen and Ketelaar (1991) suggested that people high in extraversion (which is highly correlated with trait positive affect) are more sensitive to stimuli that induce positive affect, whereas people high in neuroticism (which is highly correlated with trait negative affect) are more…”

“, 2005; see Lyubomirsky [2008] for a review).”

“Nevertheless, extraverts are more reactive to positive stimuli ( Larsen & Ketelaar, 1989, 1991 ), so even weak smiles from customers might be encouraging.”

“G ross, Sutton, & Ketelaar, 1998; Larsen & Diener, 1987; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991; Watson & Clark, 1992).”

“…such as neuroticism (David et al., 1997) and behavioral inhibition (Gable et al., 2000) may moderate reactions to negative events, whereas extraversion (Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991), agreeableness (Moskowitz & Côté, 1995), and self-esteem (Wood et al., 2003) may moderate responses to positive events.”

“Previous research has documented a link between activated PA and cues of reward, goal progress, and positive events more generally (e.g., Gable, Reis, & Elliot, 2000; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991).”

“[182,183] More specifically, extraversion has been shown to be closely linked with positive affect.[184-186] Eysenck hypothesised that, in general, the relationship between sensory stimulation and hedonic tone can be described as an ‘inverted-U’; that is, too little (i.”

“Personality traits, such as extraversion and neuroticism, have been related to reactivity to emotional stimuli (Canli et al., 2001; Larsen and Ketelaar, 1991; Rusting and Larsen, 1997; Tamir et al., 2002; Zelenski and Larsen, 1999).”

“…to moderate appetitive responses, whether assessed by EMG startle reactions to pleasant slides (e.g. Corr, et al., 1995b), induced positive emotion (Larsen & Katelaar, 1991), instrumental approach behaviour (Corr, Pickering, & Gray, 1995a), or appetitive classical conditioning (Mangan, 1978;…”

“…(Costa & McCrae, 1980; Diener et al., 1992) and neuroticism measures predict anxiety in response to threatening stimuli in much the same way as do measures designed to reflect threat sensitivity (Carver & White, 1994; Gross et al., 1998; Harmon-Jones & Allen, 1997; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991).”

“Dispositional factors are known to influence the extent to which individuals experience positive and negative moods [106, 107].”

“as anger, depression, and anxiety) (13, 27, 28, 63), report more negative life events over time (64), and are more likely to develop an axis I psychiatric disorder (for example, major depression) when faced with an adverse life event (65, 66).”

“Thus, for example, Larsen and Ketelaar (1991) found that neuroticism was related to negative affect following imagination of an unpleasant situation (e.g., having a close friend die from a painful disease), whereas extraversion was related to positive affect following imagination of a pleasant situation (e.g., winning…”

“Secondly, in agreement with the hyper-responsivity hypothesis (Spector et al ., 2000), individuals high on traitNA may have an increased emotional reactivity when facing stressors such as negative interpersonal behaviors (Larsen & Ketelaar, 1991).”

“For example, if we averaged out all the momentary and situational influences on affect, what would be the person’s base level of PA or NA? Persons high in NA will exhibit, on average, higher levels of distress, anxiety, and dissatisfaction, and they tend to focus on the unpleasant characteristics of themselves, the wo…”

“For example, Larsen and Ketelaar (1991) showed that extraverts increase positive affect more than do introverts when watching a comedy or viewing pleasant photographs.”