Cited by 938Grief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthDeath Anxiety and Social ExclusionAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss.

Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan, Parker, Louise E., Larson, Judith·1994·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.92

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What else do you feel when you feel sad? Emotional overproduction, neuroticism and rumination.
Hervás, G., & Vázquez, C. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0021770 · Cited by 57
Different effects of rumination on depression: key role of hope
Sun, H., Tan, Q., Fan, G., & Tsui, Q. (2014) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/1752-4458-8-53 · Cited by 65
“They found that rumination can still predict the depression level for the next six months if the variation, including depression level, social support, pressure source, and gender, is controlled [16,17].”
Background
The effect of subjective social status on depressive thinking: An experimental examination
Schubert, T., Süssenbach, P., Schäfer, S. J., & Euteneuer, F. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.081 · Cited by 56
“As increased depressive cognitions and rumination are antecedents of depression (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994), their activation through low social status might represent one mechanism leading to a clinically relevant depression.”
BackgroundInfluential
Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the 10-Item Ruminative Response Scale Among Undergraduates and Depressive Patients
He, J., Liu, Y., Chang, C., Fang, S., Wang, X., & Yao, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626859 · Cited by 61
“According to the ruminative response style theory of depression, women have been shown to be more likely to ruminate about the causes of their mood than men in the face of depression (31), and it has been suggested that this difference in response styles could explain, at least in part, the gender disparity in adult d…”
Identification and Evaluation of Cognitive Affect-Regulation Strategies: Development of a Self-Report Measure
Kamholz, B. W., Hayes, A. M., Carver, C. S., Gulliver, S. B., & Perlman, C. A. (2006) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9013-1 · Cited by 59
Collaboration in Mindfulness‐Based Cognitive Therapy
Felder, J. N., Dimidjian, S., & Segal, Z. V. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21832 · Cited by 55
Self-compassion, a better alternative to rumination than distraction as a response to negative mood
Odou, N., & Brinker, J. (2015) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.967800 · Cited by 55
Where could we stand if I had…? How social power impacts counterfactual thinking after failure
Scholl, A., & Sassenberg, K. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.02.005 · Cited by 55
Mediating effects of peace of mind and rumination on the relationship between gratitude and depression among Chinese university students
Liang, H., Chen, C., Li, F., Wu, S., Wang, L., Xue, Z., & Zeng, B. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9847-1 · Cited by 60
Trauma resilience among youth in substitute care demonstrating sexual behavior problems
Leon, S. C., Ragsdale, B. L., Miller, S. A., & Spacarelli, S. (2007) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.04.010 · Cited by 54
Is Rumination after Bereavement Linked with Loss Avoidance? Evidence from Eye-Tracking
Eisma, M. C., Schut, H. A. W., Stroebe, M., van den Bout, J., Stroebe, W., & Boelen, P. A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104980 · Cited by 56
“For instance, Nolen-Hoeksema and colleagues, who conducted the first large-scale studies on rumination in bereavement [8,9], considered rumination to be the ‘‘opposite form of coping’’ to denial/suppression, referring to this process as ‘‘the polar opposite of avoidance and denial’’ [3,12].”
Test‐retest reliability of voluntary emotion regulation
Lee, H., Shackman, A. J., Jackson, D. C., & Davidson, R. J. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00830.x · Cited by 56
“However, unlike paper-andpencil measures of emotion regulation (e.g., Gross and John, 2003, Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994 ), the test-retest reliability of individual differences in psychophysiological measures of emotion regulation has never before been systematically examined.”
The Impact of Neuroticism on Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Elderly Adults: the Mediating Role of Rumination
Chen, X., Pu, J., Shi, W., & Zhou, Y. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9740-3 · Cited by 57
Adaptación al castellano de un instrumento para evaluar el estilo rumiativo
Hervás, G. (2008) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.vol.13.num.2.2008.4054 · Cited by 84
The Dynamics of Mood and Coping in Bipolar Disorder: Longitudinal Investigations of the Inter-Relationship between Affect, Self-Esteem and Response Styles
Pavlickova, H., Varese, F., Smith, A., Myin‐Germeys, I., Turnbull, O. H., Emsley, R., & Bentall, R. P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062514 · Cited by 59
“A number of studies have found that rumination predicts onset and severity of depression in unipolar patients [25,26,27].”
Background
Post-Event Processing in Social Anxiety Disorder: Idiosyncratic Priming in the Course of CBT
Kocovski, N. L., & Rector, N. (2008) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9152-z · Cited by 58
“Laboratory and naturalistic studies, with student and clinical samples, have provided support for the Response Style Theory of depression (e.g., Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991; Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994 ).”
Depressed versus nondepressed young adult tobacco users: Differences in coping style, weight concerns and exercise level.
Vickers, K. S., Patten, C. A., Lane, K., Clark, M. M., Croghan, I. T., Schroeder, D. R., & Hurt, R. D. (2003) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.22.5.498 · Cited by 53
Does worry affect adjustment to bereavement? A longitudinal investigation
Eisma, M. C., Boelen, P. A., Schut, H. A. W., & Stroebe, M. (2016) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2016.1229464 · Cited by 52
“Notably, the effects of worry on depression and prolonged grief were small in the longitudinal analyses, and somewhat smaller than effects of grief-related rumination and depressive rumination in previous studies (R(2) typically .02 −.08, depending on study design and the number of variables that are controlled for: e…”
Result
Impulsivity and Depressive Brooding in Internet Addiction: A Study With a Sample of Italian Adolescents During COVID-19 Lockdown
Diotaiuti, P., Girelli, L., Mancone, S., Corrado, S., Valente, G., & Cavicchiolo, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.941313 · Cited by 55
Mood-as-input hypothesis and perseverative psychopathologies
Meeten, F., & Davey, G. C. L. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.08.002 · Cited by 52
Submissive interpersonal style mediates the effect of brooding on future depressive symptoms
Pearson, K. A., Watkins, E. R., & Mullan, E. G. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.029 · Cited by 53
Getting over you: Contributions of attachment theory for postbreakup emotional adjustment
Fagundes, C. P. (2011) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01336.x · Cited by 60
Cognitive Coping Strategies and Stress in Parents of Children With Down Syndrome: A Prospective Study
van der Veek, S., Kraaij, V., & Garnefski, N. (2009) · Intellectual and developmental disabilities · doi:10.1352/1934-9556-47.4.295 · Cited by 52
“Although catastrophizing and rumination have been reported to be maladaptive strategies, positive refocusing, acceptance, and refocusing on planning are usually considered adaptive (Garnefski et al., 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006; Kraaij & Garnefski, 2006; Martin et al., 2005; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994).”
Background
Grief rumination mediates the association between self-compassion and psychopathology in relatives of missing persons
Lenferink, L. I. M., Eisma, M. C., de Keijser, J., & Boelen, P. A. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1378052 · Cited by 63
Social Support, Coping, and Psychological Adjustment
Holahan, C. J., Moos, R. H., & Bonin, L. (1997) · Sourcebook of Social Support and Personality · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1843-7_8 · Cited by 52
The positive and negative rumination scale: Development and preliminary validation
Yang, H., Wang, Z., Song, J., Lu, J., Huang, X., Zou, Z., & Pan, L. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9950-3 · Cited by 63
Electrophysiological scarring in remitted depressed patients: Elevated EEG functional connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex and the subgenual prefrontal cortex as a neural marker for rumination
Benschop, L., Poppa, T., Medani, T., Shahabi, H., Baeken, C., Leahy, R. M., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Vanderhasselt, M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.081 · Cited by 51
“robust association with MDD that persists even after controlling for other maladaptive cognitive styles such as perfectionism, neuroticism and pessimism (Flett et al., 2002; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994; Spasojević and Alloy, 2001).”
Background
Neural underpinnings of individual differences in emotion regulation: A systematic review
Morawetz, C., & Basten, U. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105727 · Cited by 62
Gender Differences in Depressive Symptom Profile: Results from Nationwide General Population Surveys in Korea
Kim, J. H., Cho, M. J., Hong, J. P., Bae, J. N., Cho, S., Hahm, B., Lee, D. W., Park, J., Lee, J., Jeon, H. J., et al. (2015) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2015.30.11.1659 · Cited by 53
“Furthermore, women may be more apt to dwell on their stress and turn transient negative emotions into severe depressive symptoms, whereas men tend to minimize their depressive mood engaging in more active behaviors (2).”
Background
Work and Family Stress and Well-Being: An Integrative Model of Person-Environment Fit Within and Between the Work and Family Domains
(2004) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410611529-23 · Cited by 50
Narrating Bereavement: Thematic and Grammatical Predictors of Adjustment to Loss
Capps, L. M., & Bonanno, G. A. (2000) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1207/s15326950dp3001_01 · Cited by 51
Examining the association between rumination, negative affectivity, and negative affect induced by a paced auditory serial addition task
Feldner, M. T., Leen‐Feldner, E. W., Zvolensky, M. J., & Lejuez, C. W. (2005) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.06.002 · Cited by 58
Depression and Creativity During COVID-19: Psychological Resilience as a Mediator and Deliberate Rumination as a Moderator
Xu, Y., Shao, J., Zeng, W., Wu, X., Huang, D., Zeng, Y., & Wu, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.665961 · Cited by 59
Distress Disclosure across Social Media Platforms during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Untangling the Effects of Platforms, Affordances, and Audiences
Zhang, R., Bazarova, N. N., & Reddy, M. C. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445134 · Cited by 57
“Second, thinking about and expressing negative thoughts or feelings can facilitate rumination, increasing the salience and memorability of the distressing event [24, 86, 94].”
Background
Making Behavioral Activation More Behavioral
Kanter, J. W., Manos, R. C., Busch, A. M., & Rusch, L. C. (2008) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445508317265 · Cited by 50
“Rumination. Excessive rumination predicts the onset (Just & Alloy, 1997; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000), length (Umberson, Wortman, & Kessler, 1992), and severity ( Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994 ) of depression.”
Anticipatory and Post-Event Rumination in Social Anxiety Disorder: A Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature
Penney, E. S., & Abbott, M. J. (2014) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2014.3 · Cited by 49
THE OUTCOME OF SHORT‐TERM PSYCHODYNAMIC ART THERAPY COMPARED TO SHORT‐TERM PSYCHODYNAMIC VERBAL THERAPY FOR DEPRESSED WOMEN
Thyme, K. E., Sundin, E., Ståhlberg, G., Lindstrom, B., Eklöf, H., & Wiberg, B. (2007) · Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/02668730701535610 · Cited by 53
“…ISSN 0266-8734 print/ISSN 1474-9734 online # 2007 The Association for Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy in the NHS http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals DOI: 10.1080/02668730701535610 Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy (September 2007) Vol. 21, No. 3, 250–264 higher degree than men (Nolen-Hoeksema et al. 1994).”
BackgroundInfluential
Rising from Failure, Staying Down, or More of the Same? An Inductive Study of Entrepreneurial Reentry
Williams, T. A., Thorgren, S., & Lindh, I. (2019) · Academy of Management Discoveries · doi:10.5465/amd.2018.0047 · Cited by 56
The Influence of Parental Rejection on the Development of Maladaptive Schemas, Rumination, and Motivations for Self-Injury
Quirk, S. W., Wier, D., Martin, S. M., & Christian, A. S. (2014) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-014-9453-y · Cited by 56
“(2008) note that the tendency to brood and reflect on one’s negative affect and behavior is an emotion-regulation strategy that exacerbates negative emotional states, depressive symptoms, and contributes to impulsive maladaptive behaviors such as binge eating and drinking (Nolen-Hoeksema & Harrell 2002; Nolen-Hoeksema…”
Background
Psychosocial predictors of the short-term course and outcome of major depression: A longitudinal study of a nonclinical sample with recent-onset episodes.
Lara, M. E., Klein, D. N., & Kasch, K. L. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.4.644 · Cited by 48
Social context and depression: An integrative stress and coping framework.
Holahan, C. J., Moos, R. H., & Bonin, L. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10311-002 · Cited by 48
Rumination, automatic thoughts, dysfunctional attitudes, and thought suppression as transdiagnostic factors in depression and anxiety
Yapan, S., Türkçapar, M. H., & Boysan, M. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01086-4 · Cited by 48
The Impact of Rumination on State Paranoid Ideation in a Nonclinical Sample
Martinelli, C., Cavanagh, K., & Dudley, R. E. J. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.02.002 · Cited by 54
Individual Differences in Self-Regulation
Kühl, J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65094-4_13 · Cited by 51
How Depressive Symptoms Hinder Positive Information Processing: An Experimental Study on the Interplay of Cognitive Immunisation and Negative Mood in the Context of Expectation Adjustment
Kube, T., & Glombiewski, J. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10191-4 · Cited by 45
A literature review on bereavement and bereavement care
Wimpenny, P., Unwin, R., Dempster, P., Grundy, M., Work, F., Brown, A. H., & Wilcock, S. E. (2007) · Bereavement Care · doi:10.1080/02682620708657678 · Cited by 50
Cognitive Vulnerabilities, Negative Life Events, and Depressive Symptoms in Young Adolescents
Young, C. C., LaMontagne, L. L., Dietrich, M. S., & Wells, N. (2011) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2011.04.008 · Cited by 50
Cognitive and Interpersonal Moderators of Daily Co-occurrence of Anxious and Depressed Moods in Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Starr, L. R., & Davila, J. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9434-3 · Cited by 51
“As the process of rumination may disrupt adaptive problem-solving and evoke negative autobiographical memories (Lyubomirsky et al. 1998, 1999; Nolen-Hoeksema et al. 1994), Starr and Davila (in press) suggested that ruminative responses to anxiety symptoms may play a role in anxiety-depression…”
Background
Attentional disengagement from emotional information predicts future depression via changes in ruminative brooding: A five-month longitudinal eye-tracking study
Sánchez-López, Á., Koster, E. H. W., van Put, J., & Raedt, R. D. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.03.013 · Cited by 50
How Incivility and Academic Stress Influence Psychological Health among College Students: The Moderating Role of Gratitude
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“Most probably they attribute sources of these uncivil behaviors and comments to themselves and ruminate on how they could change their thoughts, thus aggravating their psychological problems [40].”
Background
Rumination, posttraumatic stress disorder, and mood symptoms in borderline personality disorder
Dell'Osso, L., Cremone, I. M., Carpita, B., Dell'Oste, V., Muti, D., Massimetti, G., Barlati, S., Vita, A., Fagiolini, A., Carmassi, C., et al. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s198616 · Cited by 45
“Moreover, in response to negative life events, rumination seems to increase the risk of experiencing depressive episodes and is positively related to the length and severity of a depressive episode.(27,30,31)”
Background
Gender Differences in Selective Media Use for Mood Management and Mood Adjustment
Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2007) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838150701308069 · Cited by 42
“…to ruminate when in dysphoric states could explain why they are twice as likely as men to be depressed (Ingram, Cruet, Johnson, & Wisnicki, 1988; Nolen-Hoeksema, Larson, & Grayson, 1999; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994; Wood, Saltzberg, Neale, Stone, & Rachmiel, 1990).”
BackgroundResult
The effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy on mood-related ruminative response style in depressed adolescents
Wilkinson, P. O., & Goodyer, I. M. (2008) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-2-3 · Cited by 48
“Ruminating is significantly associated with neuroticism [4,11], hopelessness [11], faulty attribution [11] and dysfunctional attitudes [11] in adults and neuroticism in adolescents [12].”
Longitudinal cohort study describing persistent frequent attenders in Australian primary healthcare
Pymont, C., & Butterworth, P. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008975 · Cited by 45
“▸ Ruminative style: Repetitive focus on negative thoughts was assessed via the 10-item version of the Rumination Responses Scale.29 ▸ Life events: Previous studies have demonstrated an association between frequent attendance and the experience of adverse life events.21 In PATH, participants’ experience of stressful li…”
Method
Does repetitive negative thinking affect attention? Differential effects of worry and rumination on attention to emotional stimuli.
Lewis, E. J., Blanco, I., Raila, H., & Joormann, J. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000535 · Cited by 43
Letting go of unmet goals: Does self-focused rumination impair goal disengagement?
van Randenborgh, A., Hüffmeier, J., LeMoult, J., & Joormann, J. (2010) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-010-9190-9 · Cited by 51
“Likewise, there is evidence that a lack of goal disengagement is associated with depression (Kuhl and Helle 1986; Nolen-Hoeksema et al. 1994 ).”
Background
Psychological intervention targets for people with visual impairments: The importance of cognitive coping and goal adjustment
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., Graaf, M. D., & Karels, L. (2009) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638280903071859 · Cited by 45
“A cognitive coping strategy that has repetitively been shown to be associated with higher levels of depression is rumination [16].”
Background
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) versus the health-enhancement program (HEP) for adults with treatment-resistant depression: a randomized control trial study protocol
Eisendrath, S. J., Gillung, E. P., Delucchi, K. L., Chartier, M., Mathalon, D. H., Sullivan, J. C., Segal, Z. V., & Feldman, M. D. (2014) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-95 · Cited by 43
“Putative mediators, enhanced mindfulness (FFMQ), enhanced selfcompassion (SCS), diminished rumination (RRS) and decreased experiential avoidance (AAQ) will be assessed at weeks 4, 8, 24, 36, and 52.”
Method
Metacognition and Emotional Schemas: Effects on Depression and Anxiety
Leahy, R. L., Wupperman, P., Edwards, E., Shivaji, S., & Molina, N. (2019) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-018-0035-8 · Cited by 44
Response styles and cognitive and affective symptoms of depression
Sakamoto, S., Kambara, M., & Tanno, Y. (2001) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00203-8 · Cited by 43
Gender differences in coping with depression across the lifespan
Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (1995) · Depression · doi:10.1002/depr.3050030113 · Cited by 45
Self-citation
The Role of Self-Concept Clarity in Prolonged Grief Disorder
Boelen, P. A., Keijsers, L., & van den Hout, M. (2011) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31823e577f · Cited by 51
“Moreover, rumination is associated with more intense grief (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994).”
Background
Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies with depression and anxiety
Omran, M. P. (2011) · Open Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4236/ojpsych.2011.13015 · Cited by 43
“[18] who showed that a ruminative coping style tended to be associated with higher levels of depression.”
Background
Self-Focused Attention, Meaning, and Posttraumatic Growth: The Mediating Role of Positive and Negative Affect for Bereaved Women
Boyraz, G., & Efstathiou, N. (2011) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2010.507658 · Cited by 44
“Further, research suggests that women may experience more adjustment difficulties compared to men following the loss of a loved one (Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994 ).”
Background
Individuals with depressive tendencies experience difficulty in forgetting negative material: two mechanisms revealed by ERP data in the directed forgetting paradigm
Xie, H., Jiang, D., & Zhang, D. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19570-0 · Cited by 43
Patients’ perception of their depressive illness
Manber, R., Chambers, A. S., Hitt, S. K., McGahuey, C. A., Delgado, P., & Allen, J. J. B. (2003) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(03)00019-0 · Cited by 43
Gender Differences in Negative Psychological Responses to Crisis News: The Case of the I-35W Collapse
Lachlan, K. A., Spence, P. R., & Nelson, L. D. (2010) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824090903293601 · Cited by 44
“People with rumination tendencies tend to experience longer and more severe periods of depressive symptoms following a traumatic event, which may then lead to acute depressive disorders (Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991 ; Nolen-Hoeksema, Morrow, & Fredrickson, 1993 ; Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994 ).”
Background
An Alternative Transdiagnostic Mechanistic Approach to Affective Disorders Illustrated With Research From Clinical Psychology
Watkins, E. R. (2015) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073915575400 · Cited by 45
Cognitive Coping and Goal Adjustment After First-Time Myocardial Infarction: Relationships With Symptoms of Depression
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., Schroevers, M. J., Aarnink, J., van der Heijden, D. J., Es, S., van Herpen, M. M., & Somsen, G. A. (2009) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964280903232068 · Cited by 43
“10 Rumination can be described as the tendency to think repetitively and passively about one's (negative) feelings and thoughts.”
Background
How is Anxiety Involved in the Longitudinal Relationship between Brooding Rumination and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents?
Jose, P. E., & Weir, K. F. (2012) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9891-3 · Cited by 47
Predicting anger in social anxiety: The mediating role of rumination
Trew, J. L., & Alden, L. E. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.019 · Cited by 43
Gender Differences in Grief Reactions following the Death of a Parent
Lawrence, E., Jeglic, E. L., Matthews, L., & Pepper, C. (2006) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/55wn-1vuf-tq3w-gd53 · Cited by 42
A multimethod assessment to study the relationship between rumination and gender differences
Ando, A. M. C., Giromini, L., Ales, F., & Zennaro, A. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12666 · Cited by 52
Direct and indirect links between peer factors and adolescent adjustment difficulties
Criss, M. M., Houltberg, B. J., Cui, L., Bosler, C. D., Morris, A. S., & Silk, J. S. (2016) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2016.01.002 · Cited by 47
Posttraumatic Stress, Family Functioning, and Externalizing in Adolescents Exposed to Violence: A Moderated Mediation Model
Deane, K. C., Richards, M. H., Mozley, M. M., Scott, D., Rice, C., & Garbarino, J. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1197836 · Cited by 41
“Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, and Larson (1994) attributed these gender differences to socialization at a very young age and to stereotypes of men as guarded and women as empathic and sensitive.”
Background
Developmental Perspectives on Links Between Attachment and Affect Regulation Over the Lifespan
Diamond, L. M., & Fagundes, C. P. (2008) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(08)00003-7 · Cited by 42
Rumination and dysphoria: The buffering role of adaptive forms of humor
Olson, M. L., Hugelshofer, D. S., Kwon, P. H., & Reff, R. C. (2005) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.05.006 · Cited by 42
“Previous research examining the relationship between rumination and depression has found that ruminative response styles predict the onset (Just & Alloy, 1997; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000), length (Umberson, Wortman, & Kessler, 1992), and severity (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994) of depressive episodes.”
Background
Identifying moderators of the adherence-outcome relation in cognitive therapy for depression
Sasso, K. E., Strunk, D. R., Braun, J. D., DeRubeis, R. J., & Brotman, M. A. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000045 · Cited by 40
Delineating Characteristics of Maladaptive Repetitive Thought: Development and Preliminary Validation of the Perseverative Cognitions Questionnaire
Szkodny, L. E., & Newman, M. G. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117698753 · Cited by 38
Measuring Decentering and Related Constructs: Capacity and Limitations of Extant Assessment Scales
Hadash, Y., Lichtash, Y., & Bernstein, A. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0743-9 · Cited by 40
Brooding, Inattention, and Impulsivity as Predictors of Adolescent Suicidal Ideation
Sarkisian, K. L., Hulle, C. A. V., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2018) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0435-5 · Cited by 43
Humor styles, emotion regulation and subjective well-being in young adults
Amjad, A., & Dasti, R. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01127-y · Cited by 50
Rumination and Prospective Changes in Depressive Symptoms
Grassia, M., & Gibb, B. E. (2008) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.9.931 · Cited by 40
“In addition, these studies have focused on whether rumination assessed at the initial time point predicts residual change in depressive symptoms over the follow-up without explicitly examining whether rumination predicts equally well for participants exhibiting high versus low depressive symptoms at the initial assess…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Ruminative Response Style
Wisco, B. E., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-045078-0.00010-1 · Cited by 44
Self-citation
Rumination in bipolar disorder: a systematic review
Júnior, É. D. M. S., & Kauer‐Sant’Anna, M. (2015) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2014-1556 · Cited by 41
Avoidance and Activation as Keys to Depression: Adaptation of the Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale in a Spanish Sample
Mairal, J. B., Álvarez, M. P., & Bleda, J. H. L. (2011) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5209/rev_sjop.2011.v14.n2.45 · Cited by 39
The impact of ruminative processing on the experience of self-referent intrusive memories in dysphoria.
Williams, A. D., & Moulds, M. L. (2010) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.12.003 · Cited by 47
Discontinuity Theory: Cognitive and Social Searches for Rationality and Normality—May Lead to Madness
Zimbardo, P. G. (1999) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60276-2 · Cited by 39
Selective attention to stressful distracters: effects of neuroticism and gender
Osorio, L. C., Cohen, M., Escobar, S. E., Salkowski-Bartlett, A., & Compton, R. J. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00074-0 · Cited by 39
Ruminative Response Style and the Severity of Seasonal Affective Disorder
Young, M. A., & Azam, O. A. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023565427082 · Cited by 38
“, Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994; Schwartz & Koenig, 1996) and clinical populations (Just & Alloy, 1997; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994; Kuehner & Weber, 1999; in contrast, Bagby & Parker, 2001; Kasch, Klein, & Lara, 2001).”
Method
A meta‐mood model of rumination and depression: Preliminary test in a non‐clinical population
Salguero, J. M., Extremera, N., & Fernández‐Berrocal, P. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12026 · Cited by 47
Current bereavement theory: Implications for art therapy practice
Lister, S., Pushkar, D., & Connolly, K. (2008) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2008.06.006 · Cited by 38
The impact of negative moods on self-enhancing cognitions: The role of reflective versus ruminative mood orientations.
McFarland, C., Buehler, R., von Rüti, R., Nguyen, L., & Alvaro, C. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.728 · Cited by 39
Primary, secondary, and emotional control across adulthood
McConatha, J. T., & Huba, H. M. (1999) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-999-1025-z · Cited by 40
The Relationship between Rumination and Affective, Cognitive, and Physiological Responses to Stress in Adolescents
Aldao, A., McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Sheridan, M. A. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.039113 · Cited by 45
“Rumination has been examined in the context of several other types of life stressors, including bereavement and natural disasters (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991).”
Background
The effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on risk and protective factors of depressive relapse – a randomized wait-list controlled trial
Schanche, E., Vøllestad, J., Visted, E., Svendsen, J. L., Osnes, B., Binder, P. E., Franer, P., & Sørensen, L. (2020) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00417-1 · Cited by 46
Hypostability in the default mode network and hyperstability in the frontoparietal control network of dynamic functional architecture during rumination
Chen, X., & Yan, C. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118427 · Cited by 36
A factor-analytic study of cross-cultural differences in emotional rumination and emotional inhibition
Roger, D., García‐Banda, G., Lee, H. S., & Ólason, D. Þ. (2001) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00131-8 · Cited by 37
Rumination and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Halari, R., Premkumar, P., Farquharson, L., Fannon, D., Kuipers, E., & Kumari, V. (2009) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181b3af20 · Cited by 37
“, 2005) and also that rumination can increase vulnerability and levels of depressive symptoms (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994).”
BackgroundResult
Dark shadows of rumination: Finnish young adults' identity profiles, personal goals and concerns
Marttinen, E., Dietrich, J., & Salmela‐Aro, K. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.10.024 · Cited by 44

Authors: Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L. E., & Larson, J.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1994
Volume: 67
Issue: 1
Pages: 92-104
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.92
OpenAlex: W4295812738
Cited by: 932
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 13.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: rumination, coping, depressive mood, bereavement, loss, grief

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Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss.

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