Cited by 938Grief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthDeath Anxiety and Social ExclusionAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss.

Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan, Parker, Louise E., Larson, Judith·1994·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.92

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“Such difficulty in diverting attention away from an uncontrollable event might share similar features with ruminative coping, a known correlate of depression among older individuals, whereby persistence and dwelling on negative events and emotions result in a depressed mood (Nolen-Hoeksema et al. 1994).”
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“According to Nolen-Hoeksema et al. (1994), rumination refers to the preoccupation with the causes and consequences of depressed symptoms and not the tendency to experience negative affect or the tendency to maintain negative, self-focused cognitions, which are characteristics associated with N.”
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“The RRS has been shown to have good internal consistency (α = .9; (Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991)), 5-month retest reliability (r = .80; ( Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994 )) and validity for predicting depression (Just & Alloy, 1997; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000).”
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“For example, in a longitudinal study of bereavement, we found that those people with more ruminative styles of responding to their distress shortly after their loss were more likely to remain highly distressed over the subsequent 18 months (Nolen-Hoeksema & Larson, in press; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994).”
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“We used data from the Stanford Bereavement Project, in which 455 caregivers of terminally ill patients were interviewed before the loss occurred and several times after the loss occurred (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2001; Davis et al., 1998; Nolen-Hoeksema & Davis, 1999; Nolen-Hoeksema & Larson, 1999; Nolen-Hoeksema et al…”
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“For example, a longitudinal study on bereavement found that individuals with a more ruminative style of responding during the time of their loss had higher levels of depressive symptoms during the 18 months following the loss (Nolen-Hoeksema & Davis, 1999 ; Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994 ).”
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“is maintained. Possible intervening factors are social support (Barnett & Gotlib, 1988), the occurrence of positive life events (Needles & Abramson, 1990), and the tendency to ruminate ( Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994 ).”
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“First, we used the same measure of rumination as most of these past studies, the Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ) (Nolan et al., 1998; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994 ).”
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“For example, Reinherz, Giaconia, Hauf, Wasserman, and Silverman (1999) found no gender differences in major depression at age 21, while Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, and Larson (1994) even suggested that the difference in female and male depression decreases during early adulthood.”
Background
Remitted major depression is characterized by reduced prefrontal cortex reactivity to reward loss
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“Given the clinical relevance of processing losses for MDD and MDD risk (Kendler and Hettema, 2003; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994), a critical question is whether abnormal neural responses to losses reflect a state-dependent abnormality consequent to active depressive symptoms or a trait marker of…”
Background
Rumination and Impaired Cortisol Recovery Following a Social Stressor in Adolescent Depression
Stewart, J. G., Mazurka, R., Bond, L., Wynne‐Edwards, K. E., & Harkness, K. L. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9740-1 · Cited by 90
“Response styles theory proposes rumination and distraction as adaptive and maladaptive responses to depressed mood, respectively, and proposes that they should have correspondingly opposing relations to depression symptoms (see Bagby and Parker 2001; Nolen-Hoeksema et al. 1994).”
Background
Pitfalls of the Peer World: How Children Cope with Common Rejection Experiences
Sandstrom, M. J. (2003) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/b:jacp.0000007581.95080.8b · Cited by 87
“This causal pathway is consistent with a large adult literature documenting the causal role of ruminative processing in the emergence of depression and other internalizing problems (e.g., Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994 ).”
Result
Stuck in a sad place: Biased attentional disengagement in rumination.
Grafton, B., Southworth, F., Watkins, E. R., & MacLeod, C. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000103 · Cited by 89
Measurement of Depressive Rumination and Associated Constructs
Luminet, O. (2003) · Depressive Rumination · doi:10.1002/9780470713853.ch10 · Cited by 87
A "feminine" model of vulnerability to depressive symptoms: A longitudinal investigation of middle-aged women.
Bromberger, J. T., & Matthews, K. A. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.70.3.591 · Cited by 97
Maintaining Life Satisfaction in Adolescence: Affective Mediators of the Influence of Perceived Emotional Intelligence on Overall Life Satisfaction Judgments in a Two-Year Longitudinal Study
Sánchez‐Álvarez, N., Extremera, N., & Fernández‐Berrocal, P. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01892 · Cited by 108
Is There an Association Between Rumination and Self-Reported Physical Health? A One-Year Follow-Up in a Young and an Elderly Sample
Thomsen, D. K., Mehlsen, M. Y., Olesen, F., Hokland, M., Viidik, A., Avlund, K., & Zachariae, R. H. (2004) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/b:jobm.0000028496.41492.34 · Cited by 83
“…studies also suggest that rumination may influence the duration and/or intensity of negative affect (Blagden and Craske, 1996; Morrow and Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1993, 1994, 1997; Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow, 1991; Rusting and Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Cognitive-behavioral factors in seasonal affective disorder.
Rohan, K. J., Sigmon, S. T., & Dorhofer, D. M. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.1.22 · Cited by 86
Sleep and Repetitive Thought
Pillai, V., & Drake, C. L. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417188-6.00010-4 · Cited by 92
Coping strategies for postpartum depression: a multi-centric study of 1626 women
Gutiérrez-Zotes, A., Labad, J., Martín-Santos, R., García-Esteve, L., Gelabert, E., Jover, M., Guillamat, R., Mayoral, F., Gornemann, I., Canellas, F., et al. (2016) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-015-0581-5 · Cited by 43
Interference resolution in major depression
Joormann, J., Nee, D. E., Berman, M. G., Jonides, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2010) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.10.1.21 · Cited by 81
“Previous studies using this measure have shown good test–retest reliability and acceptable convergent and predictive validity (Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991; Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994; Treynor, Gonzalez, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003).”
Goal reconstruction and depressive symptoms during the transition to motherhood: Evidence from two cross-lagged longitudinal studies.
Salmela‐Aro, K., Nurmi, J., Saisto, T., & Halmesmäki, E. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.81.6.1144 · Cited by 96
Anger rumination in Hong Kong and Great Britain: Validation of the scale and a cross-cultural comparison
Maxwell, J. P., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Chow, C. C. F., & Wong, C. F. C. (2005) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.03.022 · Cited by 77
The relationship of demographic, clinical, cognitive and personality variables to the discrepancy between self and clinician rated depression
Carter, J. D., FRAMPTON, C. M. A., Mulder, R., Luty, S. E., & Joyce, P. R. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.11.011 · Cited by 78
Change in emotional processing during a dialectical behavior therapy-based skills group for major depressive disorder
Feldman, G., Harley, R., Kerrigan, M., Jacobo, M., & Fava, M. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.01.005 · Cited by 79

Authors: Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L. E., & Larson, J.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1994
Volume: 67
Issue: 1
Pages: 92-104
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.92
OpenAlex: W4295812738
Cited by: 932
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 13.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: rumination, coping, depressive mood, bereavement, loss, grief

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Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss.

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